Water management

Mohamed Wahby Hussien

Alexandria University - Faculty of science

Microbiology/Environmental sciences

Bibliotheca Alexandrina – LYM – April 15, 2012

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Chemical composition

Solvent

• Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves all substances

Water pH

Three states

Water is unique in that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three physical states liquid, solid, and gas

Phase changes in water

Difference between vapour and steam

• Water vapour is the gas formed when water evaporates and becomes a gas it is invisible

Difference between vapour and steam

• Steam is a collection of small water droplets formed when water vapour condense in the air and it is visible as a cloud.

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Water cycle

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/multimedia/uploads/alberta/watercycle.html

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Water importance

Water importance

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Water uses

Water uses

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Water distribution in nature

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

The driving forces and pressures on our water resources

• Population growth, particularly in water-short regions• Major demographic changes as people move from

rural to urban environments• Higher demands for food security and socio-economic

well-being• Pollution from industrial, municipal and agricultural

sources.

Contents

• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water

resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see

Egypt challenges

• Arid• About 98% of its fresh water resources from

outside its international borders• Increasing population (86 million, 2025)• 1 more country is added to the Nile basin.

Nile basin

Nile basin

I. Water supplies(109 m3/yr) 1990 2000 2025

Nile water 55.5 57.5* 57.5*

Groundwater:

      In the Delta and New Valley 2.6 5.1 6.3

   In the desert 0.5

Reuse of agricultural drainage water 4.7 7.0 8.0

Treated sewage water 0.2 1.1 2.4

Management and saving wasted water ? 1.0 ?

Total 63.5 71.7 74.2

II. Water demands(109 m3/yr) 1990 2000 2025

Agriculture 49.7 59.9 61.5

Households 3.1 3.1 5.1

Industry 4.6 6.1 8.6

Navigation 1.8 0.3 0.4

Total 59.2 69.4 75.6

* After the Gungli CanalBased on Abdel-Dayem (1994) and El-Kassas (1998).

Future challenges for water management in Egypt, Dia Al-Quesy, 2008

Distribution of water uses in Egypt, 2008

Agricultural 56.4 (BCM)

Industrial 5.1 (BCM)

Municipal 9 (BCM)

80%

7%

13%

Agricultural Industrial Municipal

89%

7% 5%

Surface irrigation Localized irrigation Sprinkler irrigation

FAO Water Report 29 (2005)

Irrigation techniquesTotal: 3 422 178 ha in 2000

Water quantity per capita (m3)

1897 1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1960 1970 1986 1992 2000

5084

4414

38543484

3103

2604

1893 1713

1138

981957

Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection EndeavorsHussein I. Abdel-Shafy1 and Raouf O. Aly2

Water quantity per capita (m3)

1897 1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1960 1970 1986 1992 2000

5084

4414

38543484

3103

2604

1893 1713

1138

981957

UN – bottom line

Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection EndeavorsHussein I. Abdel-Shafy1 and Raouf O. Aly2

Future challenges

Future challenges

Future challenges

• Almost two in every three people who need safe drinking water survive on less than $2 a day and one in three on less than $1 a day.

Facts

• 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation

• Improved sanitation facilities are estimated to result in an average reduction in cases of diarrhea of more than 33%

• Washing hands with soap has been found to reduce diarrhea by more than 40%

What you can do?

• Turn off the water while shaving• Scrape dishes instead of rinsing them• Purchase a high-efficiency washing machine

and wash only full loads • Water your lawn only in the early morning or

evening to avoid losing water to evaporation• Constant repair and check ups

Know the value of what you are using

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8628832.stm

http://www.wateruseitwisely.com/100-ways-to-conserve/index.php

Thank you