1.Water MicrobiologyPurposes What is water and water microbiology? Why water should be tested microbiologically? How water could be sampled ? How transported ?

2. Different names are given to waters various forms:1. according to state Solid - ice Liquid - water Gaseous - water vapor2. levitating particles clouds Fog mist3. according to occurrence: Groundwater Fresh water Surface water Mineral water - contains much minerals Brackish water Dead water - strange phenomenon which can occur when a layer of fresh or brackishwater rests on top of denser salt water, without the two layers mixing. It is dangerous forship traveling. Seawater Brine 3. 4. according to uses tap water bottled water drinking water purified water:distilled waterdouble distilled waterdeionized water5. according to other features soft water contains less minerals hard water from underground, contains more minerals distilled water, double distilled water, deionized water - contains no minerals Water of crystallization water incorporated into crystalline structures Hydrates water bound into other chemical substances heavy water made from heavy atoms of hydrogen - deuterium. It is in nature innormal water in very low concentration. It was used in construction of first nuclearreactors.6. according to microbiology drinking water wastewater stormwater or surface water 4. Water cycle:The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuousexchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water,surface water, groundwater, and plants.Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting offollowing transfer processes:1. evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air and transpiration fromland plants and animals into air.2. precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to earth or ocean.3. runoff from the land usually reaching the sea. 5. Water: Water is essential for the maintenance of all life on Earth. It also acts as the vector for many diseases caused by bacteria,viruses, protozoa and worms. For water to be regarded as potable, i.e. of a quality fit andsafe for drinking, it must be:1. free from pathogens.2. it must not contain any other noxious substances such aschemical hazards including pesticides, insecticides orherbicides, artificial fertilizers or heavy metal ions.3.should not have an unpleasant odor or taste. 6. What are water-borne diseases?1. Among the bacterial infections that are spread by water are: choleraenteric feversdysentery.2. Among the viruses are:Hepatitis Apoliovirus cause infections after drinking contaminated water.3. Among the protozoa are:Amoebic dysentery is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica and isspread either by drinking contaminated water or by eating food such as freshfruit, salad or raw vegetables that have been washed in contaminated water. Other protozoal diseases such as those caused by Giardia intestinalis(Giardia lamblia)Balantidium coli and Cryptosporidium species are spread in a similar fashion.4. Among the helminthes are:Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a water-borne infestation causedby worms of the genus Schistosoma. 7. Water microbiology assist in providing theanswers : How do we know that the water used is safe? Can we drink it? Is a particular beach okay for swimming? Can it be used for irrigation?The answers to these questions are of vital public health importance to all of us.The Water Microbiology field can assist in providing the answers.How can I confirm that the water is microbiologically safe to use for theintended purpose? 8. 1. Total Coliform (TC)2. Faecal Coliform (FC)3. Faecal Streptococci (FS)4. EnterococciThis is achieved by conducting standard microbiological tests to assess thesanitary quality of water. These tests are designed to determine thepresence/absence of the following indicator organisms:Indicator Organisms:The tests results are compared to standards or guideline values that have beendesigned to protect human health. 9. Why do we concentrate on testing for these indicatororganisms? It is impossible to test for every known pathogenic organism on aroutine basis. Indicator bacteria have been studied extensively. Their detectionand enumeration employ simpler and more economic test that canbe performed routinely. The presence of such organisms in a water sample suggest thatthe water has been compromised by faecal contamination andthat pathogens may be present.Indicator is generally isolated and identified easily in laboratory.It is less cost effective in the lab. 10. Aquatic Facilities Microbiological Water Sampling Technique1. General Rules of SamplingTake extra care to avoid contaminating the sample container and water sample.Do Not: Contaminate the bottle by touching the inside of the bottle. Contaminate the bottle lid by touching the inside rim. Put the bottle lid on the ground while sampling. Rinse the bottle. Transport aquatic facility water samples with other water samples, e.g. effluent ordrinking water.Always: Collect microbiological samples before collecting other samples. Label the bottle before sampling. Discard damaged or contaminated bottles. If in doubt throw it out and take sample in anew bottle. Wash your hands thoroughly before and collecting samples. 11. 2. Labeling : Sender reference number Site code Point of Collection (Aquatic Facility Name and pool (ie toddlers pool) Source (ie Pool outlet) Date and time of collection Transport temperature (4C or ambient) Authority or Company Name 12. 1) A student creates a pendulum effect in order to castthe bucket out as far as possible.2) A student aims to retrieve the top surface of the watersample.3. Sampling Collection Procedure: 13. 4) A student checks to make sure that the water samplehas not been muddied during retrieval.3) The student uses his arm like a crane to retrieve thesample bucket without picking up any bottom sediment. 14. 4. Sample Transportation: Temperature :Once water samples for bacteria are collected, they should be immediately stored withina chilled insulation container (esky) preferably at a temperature between 1C and 4C.To chill the samples/container, use freezer ice bricks if available, or loose ice.The chilled temperatures are used to prevent the multiplication of bacteria whichmay result in false bacterial counts. Cool and dark conditions should also bemaintained throughout transportation to the laboratory. Time:1. the aim of delivering the samples to the laboratory as soon as possible, or within 6hours of commencing sampling, whilst keeping the sample bottle temperatures at 4C2C.2. Under exceptional circumstances (regional locations), the sampling and transport timemay exceed 6 hours but should never exceed more than 24 hours. 15. 5. Submitting Samples : Parameters:All water test reports list the water quality parameters that were tested. The list includesonly those you asked the laboratory to analyze or the lab recommended for your watersample. The number of parameters can vary from just a few to dozens of tests. Results:The most important information on your water test report are the actual results that thelaboratory found for your water sample.The result for each test should be compared to the drinking water standard:1. maximum contaminant level (MCL) for that parameter.2. Sometimes, the lab reports a water test result as ND (Not Detected), which meansthe lab was unable to detect any of that contaminant with its equipment.3. Similarly, some results may have a less-than sign (