Control of water pollution

Presented by Rekha

4th semester

26 February 2015

BBAU Lucknow.

WASTEWATER

NEED FOR WATER MANAGEMENT

Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level

of water is continually decreasing.

In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any

water resources that contain pure water.

The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we

manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places

where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for

future use.

Thousands of gallons of water can be saved if we keep our drainage system proper.

Many non-profit organizations are coming forward and they approach people for the

noble cause of saving water.

They educate people that how they can manage and save water in their homes. A lot of

water gets wasted due to leakage in water pipes. If we check all pipes and connections

timely, then we can avoid leakage problems.

Bringing Awareness

Measure 1 is bringing awareness among people. So people must be against of dumping

wastes and sewage in to fresh water. They must force the government to go for an

alternate way like treating the sewage before dumping. And people who dump wastes

must be penalised.

Leakages from Drainage Pipe Lines

Leakages from drainage pipe lines must be avoided. If this enters fresh water it causes

water pollution. So leakages must be avoided by repairing immediately.

Industrial Wastes

Industrial wastes are the main cause of water pollution. They often dump all these

wastes in to near by lakes or rivers. So government must pass strict orders not to dump

wastes in to rivers. They must be provided with other options like treatment of that

wastes before dumping.

DON’T Use too much Pesticides

Farmers must take care and see that they don't use too much pesticides.

This will prevent runoffs of the material into nearby water sources.

Avoid Paint and Petroleum to Sinks

Do not throw paints or petroleum products in to your toilets or sinks. Since

paints and petroleum products cannot be treated they should not be

dumped to sewage water as it results in long lasting effects

Avoid Oil Spills in Oceans

Oil spills in ocean are one of the major contributors of water pollution.

So ships must transport oil only when weather conditions are good.

During storms ships must not be allowed to transport oil which might

result in shipwrecks and eventually oil spills.

GANGA ACTION PLANThe Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by Rajiv Gandhi in

1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river.

Human waste- domestic usage like bathing, laundry and public defecation

Industrial waste-dumping untreated waste into it.

Religious events -During festival seasons, people bathe in the Ganges to

cleanse themselves from their sins.. A Hindu belief is that dropping the ashes

of cremated bodies (at Varanasi) in the Ganges would give Moksha

(liberation) to the jiva (soul).

Characteristics Designated best use

A B C D E

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)mg/l, min 6 5 4 4 -

Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD)mg/l, max 2 3 3 - -

Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml, max 50 500 5,000 - -

pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.0-8.5

Colour, Hazen units, max. 10 300 300 - -

Odour Un-objectionable - -

Taste Tasteless - - - -

Total dissolved solids, mg/l, max. 500 - 1,500 - 2,100

Total hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -

Calcium hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -

Magnesium hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -

Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 1.5 - 1.5 - -

Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max. 0.3 - 0.5 - -

Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, max. 0.5 - - - -

Cholorides (as Cu), mg/l, max. 250 - 600 - 600

Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l, max. 400 - 400 - 1,000

Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l, max. 20 - 50 - -

Fluorides (as F), mg/l, max. 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -

Phenolic compounds (as C2H5OH), mg/l, max. 0.002 0.005 0.005 - -

Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max. 0.001 - - - -

Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.01 - -

Salenium (as Se), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.05 - -

Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 - -

Cyanide (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.05 0.05 - -

Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.1 - 0.1 - -

Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 15 - 15 - -

Water Quality Standards in India (Source IS 2296:1992)

ParameterWorld Health

OrganizationEuropean Union United States China

Arsenic 10μg/l 10 μg/l 10μg/l 50μg/l

Antimony ns 5.0 μg/l 6.0 μg/l “

Boron 2.4mg/l 1.0 mg/L “ “

Cadmium 3 μg/l 5 μg/l 5 μg/l 5 μg/l

Chromium 50μg/l 50 μg/l 0.1 mg/L 50 μg/l (Cr6)

Copper “ 2.0 mg/l TT 1 mg/l

Cyanide “ 50 μg/l 0.2 mg/L 50 μg/l

Fluoride 1.5 mg/l 1.5 mg/l 4 mg/l 1 mg/l

Lead “ 10 μg/l 15 μg/l 10 μg/l

Mercury 6 μg/l 1 μg/l 2 μg/l 0.05 μg/l

Nickel “ 20 μg/l “ “

Nitrate 50 mg/l 50 mg/l 10 mg/L (as N) 10 mg/L (as N)

Nitrite “ 0.50 mg/l 1 mg/L (as N) “

Pesticides

(individual)“ 0.10 μg/ l “ “

Pesticides — Total “ 0.50 μg/l “ “

Selenium 40 μg/l 10 μg/l 50 μg/l 10 μg/l

MEASUREMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.

Quantitative Water Quality Tests

Fecal Coliform/Coliform

Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)

Temperature

Turbidity/Total SuspendedSolids (TSS)

Heavy metals, (e.g., lead,mercury, cadmium)

Carbon dioxide

Nitrite

Salinity

Ammonia

Macro or micronutrients (e.g., K,S, Mo)

Chlorine

Iron

Selenium

Hardness

Sulfate and Sulfite

Methane

Conductivity/Total DissolvedSolids (TDS)

Alkalinity/Acid Neutralizing

Capacity (ANC) Color Odor

Synthetic organics (e.g.,pesticides, PCBs)

pH

Measures hydrogen ion concentration

Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration

Ranges from 0 to 14 std. units

pH

7 neutral

0 - 7 acidic

7 - 14 alkaline

Thanks to Phil Brown

Solubility of Specific Ions Based on Water pH

Toxic metals less available in water at pH 6 to 8.

pH - Scientists measure pH to determine the

concentration of hydrogen in the water. Most waters

range from 6.5 to 8.5. Changes in pH can affect how

chemicals dissolve in the water and whether organisms

are affected by them. High acidity can be deadly to fish

and other aquatic organisms.

Low pH - corrosion, metallic taste

High pH – bitter/soda taste, depositsa decrease in pH

(below 6) may increase the amount of mercury soluble in

water. An increase in pH (above 8.5) enhances the

conversion of nontoxic ammonia (ammonium ion) to a

toxic form of ammonia (un-ionized ammonia).

CONDUCTIVITY

Measures electric conductivity (EC) of water

Higher value means water is a better electrical conductor

Increases when more salt (e.g., sodium chloride) is dissolved in water

Indirect measure of salinity

Units are μmhos/cm at 25o

C or μSiemens/cm

Thanks to Phil Brown

SALINITY

Classification of Ground Water

Composition Based on Total Dissolved

Solids Content Salts in Sea Water

Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/l)

Fresh water < 1,000 mg/l

Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/l

Moderatly saline water

3,000 - 10,000 mg/l

Highly saline water 10,000 - 35,000 mg/l

Sea water > 35,000 mg/l

TURBIDITY

Turbidity is a measure of the amount of total suspended solid (TSS) particles in the water. Algae, suspended sediment, and organic matter particles can cloud the water making it more turbid.

Suspended particles diffuse sunlight and absorb heat. This can increase temperature and reduce light available for algal photosynthesis.

If the turbidity is caused by suspended sediment, it can be an indicator of erosion, either natural or man-made. Suspended sediments can clog the gills of fish. Once the sediment settles, it can foul gravel beds and smother fish eggs and benthic insects. The sediment can also carry pathogens, pollutants and nutrients

The units of turbidity from a calibrated nephelometer are called Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

TURBIDITY Measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)

Estimates light scattering by suspended particles

Photocell set at 90o to the direction of light beam to estimate scattered rather than absorbed light

Good correlation with concentration of particles in water.

Thanks to Phil Brown

Temperature

If the temperature gets too hot or too cold for some organisms, theydie. Temperature also can affect the chemistry of the water. Forexample, warm water holds less oxygen than cold water. A healthycluster of trees and vegetation next to a stream or river helps keeptemperatures cool for trout and other fish.

Temperatures can increase the solubility and thus toxicity of certaincompounds. These elements include heavy metals such as cadmium,zinc and lead as well as compounds like ammonia .

Water temperature can not only increase the solubility of toxiccompounds, but it can also influence an organism’s tolerance limit .

Mortality rates for zinc are significantly higher at temperaturesabove 25°C than at temperatures below 20°C . This occurs becausetissue permeability, metabolic rate and oxygen consumption allincrease with increased water temperature.

In one study on labeo bata fish, the 24 hour 50% lethalconcentration (LC50) at 15°C was 540 mg/L, while at 30°C, theLC50 dropped to 210 mg/L .

Dissolved Oxygen

Amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in water

Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration, and through photosynthesis

DO range from 0-18 mg/l

Need 5-6 mg/l to support a diverse population

DO < 2 mg/l – Hypoxia

The Winkler test is used to

determine the concentration

of dissolved oxygen in

water samplesThanks to Phil Brown

CBOD=Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand

NBOD = Nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Measures oxygen required for biological oxidation of

biodegrable compounds.

BOD: oxygen uptake by microorganism during aerobic growth in ww sample

Standard BOD: 5 day incubation @ 20°C

Samples require a series of dilutions to achieve suitable oxygen consumption

Pure water BOD = 1 ppm

Polluted water BOD = 5 ppm or above

WHO Standard COD value=10mg/l

Differences between BOD and COD measurements.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Measure the amount of food (or organic

carbons) that bacteria can oxidize.

Measures the content of all chemicals

present in the water that are capable of

being oxidized by the oxidizing agent.

Slow : five days required for BOD studies. Faster : takes just two hours to

complete.

Can only be use to test water from

wastewater treatment plants that do not

contain toxic industrial wastes.

*industrial wastewater that is rich in

cyanides or heavy metal ions is toxic to

the bacteria.

Can be use to test water from industrial

and domestic waste water.

Toxicity

Toxic Substances - Scientists also test for many harmful (toxic) things like metal, pesticides, andoil. For example, scientists are finding mercury in certain types of fish, especially in lakes andestuaries. Mercury comes from mining, natural sources and air harmful substances are aproblem in a stream, lake or bay.

Nutrients - The two major nutrients scientists measure are nitrogen and phosphorus. The presence of too many nutrients can hurt aquatic organisms by causing lots of algae to grow in the water. Nutrients can also affect pH, water clarity and temperature, and cause water to smell and look bad.

Algae blooms

DO changes, fish kills

Shift of trophic status toward eutrophication.

Drinking water impairment (direct and indirect)

Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell)

Uptake and release of toxics

Fecal coliform and total coliform

Increased levels of fecal coliforms (fecal bacteria) provide a warning of failure

in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, or

possible contamination with pathogens.

The assay is intended to be an indicator of fecal contamination, or more

specifically E. coli which is an indicator microorganism for other pathogens

that may be present in feces.

EPA acceptable Levels is 0 colonies.

Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E. coli are all considered

indicators of water contaminated with fecal matter. Contaminated water may

contain other pathogens (micro-organisms that cause illness) that are more difficult

to test for. Therefore these indicator bacteria are useful in giving us a measure of

contamination levels

Indicator species Amphibians

Include frogs, toads,

salamanders, newts, and

gymnophiona, and are cold-

blooded animals that

metamorphose from a juvenile,

water-breathing form to an

adult, air-breathing form.

Are indicator species of

ecological conditions relating

to global warming, air

pollution chemicals, stormwater

runoff, and newly extant

diseases (e.g. fungus).

Control of water pollution act

Safe Water Drinking Act 1974

Established maximum contaminate levels

Regulated volatile organic compounds

Required lead-free plumbingWell-head protection

Clean water act 1972

Restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biologicalintegrity of the nations water.

provide enforcement mechanisms (e.g. civil actions/criminalpenalties) to ensure.

Reduce polluted runoff from urban areas and animal feedingoperations.

Water Pollution Control Policy:

Domestic Dimension [U.S.]

Water Pollution Control Act, 1956

(i) Federal financial support for construction of waste treatment plants

focused on a control strategy based on subsidizing construction of waste treatment plants as a particular control activity.

Municipalities would receive grant of upto 55% for construction of waste treatment plants.

(ii) Enforcement conference mechanism

sought to effect direct federal regulation of waste discharges

Federal authority could call for a conference of interstate water pollution problem.