water pollution number

7/29/2019 Water Pollution Number

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ContentsSl. No. Topics

1. Water Pollution

2. Introduction

3. Water Quality

4. Sources of Water Pollution

5. Causes of Water Pollution

6. Types of Water Pollution

7. Ground Water

8. Sources of Water Pollution (Khurda)

9. Effect of Water Pollution

10. Control of Water Pollution11. Thermal Pollution

12. Ecological Magnification

13. Eutrophication

14. Red Tide

15. Wastewater Treatment16. Oil Spill Clean-up

17. Conclusion


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WATER POLLUTIONWhen toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers,

oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or liesuspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This

results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the

deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can

also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.

Water pollution has many sources. The most polluting

of them are the city sewage and industrial waste

discharged into the rivers. The facilities to treat waste

water are not adequate in any city in India. Presently, only

about 10% of the waste water generated is treated; the

rest is discharged

as it is into our

water bodies. Due

to this, pollutantsenter groundwater,

rivers, and other

water bodies. Such

water, which

ultimately ends up

in our households,

is often highly

contaminated and carries disease-causing microbes.

Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that drains

into rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains

fertilizers and pesticides.

Domestic sewage refers to waste water that is

discarded from households. Also referred to as sanitary


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sewage, such water contains a wide variety of dissolved

and suspended.


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INTRODUCTION

Comprising over 70% of the Earths surface, water is

undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists

on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound

comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be

non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to

grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this

fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes and

oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harmingour planet to the point where organisms are dying at a

very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying

off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is

our ability to use water for recreation purposes. In order to

combat water pollution, we must understand the problems

and become part of the solution.

WATER QUALITY

Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the

state of economic development. In industrialized countries,

bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious

health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800s.

By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North

America began building sewer networks to route domestic

wastes downstream of water intakes. Development of

these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in

urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two

decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban

population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has

outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage andwater infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been


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eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera

and other similar diseases still occur with alarming

frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II

and the birth of the chemical age, water quality has beenheavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural

chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human

and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater

from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts

of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution

is a recent phenomenon and threaten aquatic life in many

area of the world. In developed countries, these general

types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the

result that most developed countries have successfully

dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast,

however, newly industrialized countries such as China,

India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these

issues simultaneously.SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

According to the American College Dictionary,

pollution is defined as: to make foul or unclean, dirty.

Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely

affected due to the addition of large amount of materials to

the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water isconsidered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist;

point source and

nonpoint source.

Point sources of

pollution occur when

harmful substances

are emitted directly


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enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as

leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock

feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and

protozoan in the water break down this organic material,they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water.

Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot

survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to

five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic

organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in

the food chain.


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TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

The major sources of water pollution can be classified

as municipal, industrial and agricultural. For many years,the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply

to reduced its content of suspended solids, oxygen-

demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds and

harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress

has been placed on improving means of disposal of the

solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The

basic methods of treating

municipal

wastewater fall

into three

stages: primary

treatment,

including grit

removal,

screening, grinding and sedimentation; secondary

treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic

matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which

is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which

advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal andchemical and physical methods such as granular filtration

and activated carbon absorption are employed. The

handling and disposal of solid residues can account for 25

to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a

treatment plant. The impact of industrial discharges

depends not only on their collective characteristics, such as

biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended


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solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and

organic substances. Three options are available in

controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at

the point of generation in the plant; wastewater can bepretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources or

wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and

either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.

GROUND WATER

Ninety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is

ground water. Ground water is found in natural rockformations. Nationally, 53% of the population relies on

ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas

this figure is even higher. Eighty one percent of community

water is dependent on ground water. Although the 1992

Section 305 (b) State Water Quality Reports indicate that,

overall, the Nations ground water quality is good to

excellent; many local areas have experienced significant

ground water contamination. Some examples are leaking

underground storage tanks and municipal landfills.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION (KHURDA):-

INDUSTRIAL WASTE:-

The Industries water is used for many purposes suchas cooling, processing, treatment of materials at different

stages of their production. The bi-product water released

from the Industrial processes reach directly or indirectly in

to water bodies like river.

The Industries like

chemical, textile, and leather,


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plastic release a large amount of polluted water. When

these water enter into fresh water bodies then pollution is

caused. Metals like Zinc, Copper, Arsenic, and Cadmium

are widely used in Industries.

The wastage of Industries possesses high amount of

these metals, which are extremely harmful for leaving

organism. Due to more amount of nutrient in water

excessive growth of aquatic vegetation and micro

organism takes place. This condition is known as

eutrofication. The eutrofication causes Oxygen deficiency

in water. So there is shortage of dissolve oxygen in water,

it causes the water pollution.

DOMESTIC WASTE:

Diseases causing agent like Bacteria, Virus & Parasite

worms enter the water from domestic sewage and animalwaste, they cause water borne diseases. Contamination of

fresh water and shallow off Source Sea by domestic

sewage occurs.

RAIN WATER CAUSING WATER POLLUTION:

Rain water is the major source of water pollution. Rain

water carries all type of pollutant like dust particle, bad

polythene by product, all waste in its route to river or sea.

Its route to river it mixes with local drain, Municipality

waste and contaminate the River water.

AGRO CHEMICALS:

The fertilizers and pesticides, insecticides frequentlyused in the crop fields are washed by flowing water and


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thus carried by the latter to other water bodies to pollute

them. When the water bodies polluted by Agro Chemicals

is used, causes health hazards for live stock, wild animals,

aquatic animals and man. A good no. of pesticides doesnot degradable easily and remains stable in the

environment and get incorporated in the food chain. They

enter the bodies of organism through food and water and

get deposited in the Tissues of human being and animals.

The pesticides not only destroy the harmful insects and

other pests but also beneficial organism like earthwormand fishes.

EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION

The effects of water pollution are not only devasting

to people but also to animals, fish and birds. Polluted water

is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture and

industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and

rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys

aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually,

it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the

effects of water pollution.

The individual and the community can help

minimize water pollution. By simple housekeeping and

management practices the amount of waste generated can

be minimized.

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION


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Water pollution can be controlled by enacting

stringent laws to punish the people who pollute the

water.

Regular cheeks and supervisions should be

undertaken to maintain the quality of drinking and

potable water.

Scientific methods should be adopted to handle and

dispose the garbage, sewage, excreta and industrial

wastes.

The industrial discharges should be released to the

water bodies only after their neutralization and proper

treatment.

Instead of releasing to the water bodies, the effluent

water can be used for growing algae and aquatic

plants to produce biomass for use in biogas plants.

THERMAL POLLUTION

The rise in temperature of water bodies is detrimental

to the life of aquatic animals. The water used for cooling

purposes in nuclear reactors, electricity generation plants,

steel plants and oil refiners becomes hot and this heated

water is generally discharged into ponds, lakes, rivers of

seas. As a consequence, the temperature of these water

bodies rise, thereby depleting the oxygen concentration in

water. High temperature and low oxygen concentration

make the water inhospitable for the aquatic animals.

ECOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION


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Polluted water contains many unnatural toxic

substances like metals and pesticides which remain stable

in the environment without being degraded. These

substances find their way into the body of living organismthrough food chain. The body of the organism neither can

degrade them into harmless simple components nor can

excrete them easily. As a result, gradually they accumulate

in the tissues of Plant & Animals and pass from one tropic

level to the other in the food chain to reach man finally.

The concentration of these chemicals or substances is veryhigh in the organisms of higher tropic levels of the food

chain. Increasing accumulation of the stable toxic

substances in the tissues of organism at different tropic

levels of food chain is referred to as Ecological

Magnifications.


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EUTROPHICATION

The domestic sewage and run-off water from

agricultural fields release inorganic and organic nutrients

and fertilizers into different water bodies. As a result, the

nutrient load of these water bodies gradually increase

which facilitates algal bloom in them. Water bodies with

algal bloom appear totally green. Algal bloom and other

organisms present in these water bodies promote a large

population of decomposers like bacteria and fungi. When

the algae and other organisms die, they are decomposed

by this decomposer. The dissolved oxygen of the water is

consumed by the decomposer and also by other aquatic

organisms during their respiration. These processes result

in the depletion of oxygen concentration of these water

bodies and thus create problems for the fishes. The

phenomenon of depletion of concentration of water as a

consequence of increase in nutrient load is called

eutrophication.

RED TIDE

When coastal water becomes enriched with nutrients

of the discharged sewage, blooms of dinoflagellate occur in

them. This dinoflagellate produces toxic substances which

causes death of marine fauna. The dinoflagellate blooms

make the tidal water appear red in colour, hence the name

Red Tide.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT


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Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets and

industrial process. Treatment of the sewage is required

before it can be safely buried, used or released back into

local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste ispassed through a series of screens, chambers and

chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The

three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary

and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage

of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed

from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is

reducing organic material by accelerating natural biologicalprocesses. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water

will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and

various chemical processes are sued to ensure the water is

as free from impurity as possible.

Agriculture, including commercial livestock and

poultry farming, is the source of many organic and

inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.

These contaminants include both sediment from erosion

cropland and compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen that

partly originate in animal wastes and commercial

fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding

material, nitrogen and phosphorus ant they often harbour

pathogenic organisms. Wasters from commercial feedersare contained and disposed of on land, their main threat to

natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching.

Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited

biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a

variety of both methods.

OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP


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Workers use special nets to clean up a California

beach after an oil tanker spill. Tanker spills are an

increasing environmental problem because once oil has

spilled, it is virtually impossible to completely remove orcontain it. Even small amounts spread rapidly across large

areas of water. Because oil and water do not mix, the oil

floats on the water and then washes up on broad expanses

of shoreline. Attempts to chemically treat or sink the oil

may further disrupt marine and beach ecosystems.


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CONCLUSION

Clearly, the problems associated with water pollutionhave the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great

extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat waterpollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollutionis, indeed, a serious issue. But the government alone cantsolve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to beinformed, responsible and involved when it comes to theproblems we face with our water. We must become familiarwith our local water resources and learn about ways for

disposing harmful household wastes so they dont end upin sewage treatment plants that cant handle them orlandfills not designed to receive hazardous materials.

These are just a few of the many ways in which we, ashumans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As wehead into the 21 st century, awareness and education willmost assuredly continue to be the two most importantways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are nottaken and water pollution continues, life on earth will sufferseverely.

Global environmentalcollapse is not inevitable. But thedeveloped world must work withthe developing world to ensurethat new industrialized economics

do not add to the worldsenvironmental problems.Politicians must think of sustainable development ratherthan economic expansion. Conservation strategies have tobecome more widely accepted and people must learn thatenergy use can be dramatically diminished without

sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that


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currently exists, the years of global environmentalmistreatment can begin to be reversed.

water pollution number

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