water pollution types and effects of water pollution 2009-10
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Pollution
Types and
Effects of
Water Pollution2009-10
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Infectious Agents
Most serious in terms of human health Pathogenic organisms Typhoid, cholera, dysentery, polio,
infectious hepatitis, schistosomiasis Insect transmitted-yellow fever and malaria Untreated human waste
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Developed vs. Developing Countries
Developed-– 90% sewage treatment– 95% clean drinking water
Developing– 2.5 billion people lack adequate sanitation– 80% of all infectious disease– At least 2 million children die from dysentery
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Coliform Tests
Residents of colon Not pathogenic Detect in water, assume sewage present Figure 20.4
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Oxygen Demanding Waste
BOD DO Oxygen Sag Figure 20.6 “Flowing waters can recover rapidly from degradable,
oxygen-demanding wastes and excess heat through a combination of dilution and bacterial decay.”– BUT……..cannot recover IF……
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Clean Zone DecompositionZone
Septic Zone Recovery Zone Clean Zone
Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly)
Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)
Fish absent, fungi,sludge worms,
bacteria(anaerobic)
Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)
Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly)
8 ppm
Dissolved oxygen
Biological oxygendemand
Oxygen sag
2 ppm
8 ppm
Con
cen
trat
ion
Typ
es o
fo
rgan
ism
s
Time or distance downstream
Direction of flow
Point of waste orheat discharge
Figure 19-5Page 488
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WaterQuality
Good 8-9
Do (ppm) at 20¢C
Slightlypolluted
Moderatelypolluted
Heavilypolluted
Gravelypolluted
6.7-8
4.5-6.7
Below 4.5
Below 4
Figure 19-3Page 485
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Plant Nutrients & Eutrophication
Oligotrophic -low nutrients and low productivity
Eutrophic-rich in organisms and organic material
Eutrophication-normal successional process Chesapeake Bay - a story Poisoned Waters - Frontline
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Cultural Eutrophication
Increased nutrients-nitrates & phosphates– Fertilizers and detergents– Nitric acid (precipitation_– Human, animal, and industrial wastes
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Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage
(nitrates and phosphates)
Nitrogen compoundsproduced by cars
and factories
Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage
(primary and secondarytreatment:
nitrates and phosphates)
Discharge of detergents
( phosphates)
Manure runofffrom feedlots
(nitrates,phosphates,
ammonia)
Dissolving of nitrogen oxides
(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)
Runoff and erosion(from cultivation,
mining, construction,and poor land use)
Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction
lots (nitrates andphosphates)
Lake ecosystemnutrient overload
and breakdown of chemical cycling
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Inorganic fertil izer runoff(nitrates and phosphates)
Figure 19-7Page 491
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Process of Eutrophication
Increase of aquatic algae and plants– Algae blooms - primarily summer– Ugly-decrease recreational value
Bacterial populations increase Lower of oxygen levels - fish kill Marine-red tides
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Pollution of Lakes and Ponds (489)
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Toxic Inorganics - Heavy Metals
Fatal in as small as parts per million Mercury poison - 1950s - Minamata,
Japan Bioaccumulation -persistent in
ecosystems Lead, mercury, cadmium Industrial and leaching from mines
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Water0.000002 ppm
Stepped Art
Figure 19-6Page 490
Phytoplankton0.0025 ppm
Zooplankton0.123 ppm
Rainbow smelt1.04 ppm
Lake trout4.83 ppm
Herring gull124 ppm
Herring gull eggs124 ppm
BIOMAGNIFICATIONBIOMAGNIFICATION
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Toxic Inorganics - Salts
Arsenic, chlorides, selenium Road salts Irrigation Mobilization - irrigation and acid
precipitation Road salting
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Toxic Inorganics - Acids & Bases Industries -ammonia, metal plating,
petroleum, chemical Home use - dumped into sewers Acid mine drainage-sulfuric “Toxic” precipitation
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Great Lakes Region - Water Problems (492)
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Organic Chemicals
Thousands of synthetic organics Pesticides, plastics, fibers, medicines,
gasoline, oil, Many highly toxic Disposal of household and industrial Runoff of pesticides Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
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10 to 20 percent
Not tested
Greater than 20 percent
Contaminated Probability Figure 19-11Page 495
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Sediments Largest volume/mass of water
pollutants Increased erosion rate - soil loss Fills lakes, obstructs shipping Increased cost for industrial users and
water purification plants Block sunlight Smother insects, etc. Carry pesticides, bacteria, fertilizers
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Thermal Pollution
Aquatic organisms poorly adapted to changes in temperature
Reduce DO Causes
– Industrial - especially electrical plants– Loss of riparian buffers– Increased runoff (decreased infiltration)
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Water Pollution Control
Source Reduction Nonpoint sources and land
management Human Waste disposal
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Measuring Water Quality
Coliform bacteria counts(swimming 200 colonies per 100 ml)
DO in water (BOD of waste) Chemical analysis Macroinvertebrate assessment (indicator
species) Physical properties:
– Temperature– Suspended solids - turbidity
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Figure 19-2Page 485
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Point and Nonpoint
Nonpoint Scattered or Diffuse May be Episodic Precipitation
acid and toxic rain
Runoff pavement, lawns, farms
construction sites
Point• Discharge pollution
from specific locations– Drain pipes
– ditches
– Sewer outlets
• Discrete and identifiable
• Easier to monitor and regulate
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Figure 19-4Page 486
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Ocean Non-point Ocean Non-point sourcessources
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Great Lakes drainage basin
Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board
“Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments
Eutrophic areas
CANADA
WISCONSIN
MINNESOTA
IOWA
ILLINOISINDIANA OHIO
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW YORK
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
Nipigon Bay
Thunder Bay
Silver Bay
St. Louis R.
Jackfish Bay
St. Mary’s R.Spanish R.
Penetary Bay
Sturgeon Bay
SaginawBaySaginaw R.
SystemSt. Clair R.
Detroit R.Rouge R.Raisin R.
Maumee R.
Black R.Rocky R.
Cuyahoga R.Ashtabula R.
Thames R.
Grand R. Niagara Falls
Niagara R.Buffalo R.
St. Lawrence R.
Figure 19-8Page 492
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IndustryNitrogen oxides from autosand smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavymetals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.
CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.
Urban sprawlBacteria andviruses from sewersand sept ic tankscontaminate shellfishbeds and closebeaches; runoffof fert ilization fromlawns adds nit rogenand phosphorus.
Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.
FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure, andfert ilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tidesExcess nitrogen causes explosivegrowth of toxic microscopic algae,poisoning f ish and marine mammals.
Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support f ish.
Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses,use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,kill spawning f ish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.
Closed shellfish bedsClosed
beach Oxygen-depletedzone
Figure 19-12Page 498
Coastal Coastal PollutionPollution
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Drainagebasin
No oxygen Low concentrationsof oxygen
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW YORK
WESTVIRGINIA
MARYLAND
DELAWARE
NEWJERSEY
ATLANTICOCEAN
VIRGINIA
Cooperstown
Harrisburg
Baltimore
Washington
Richmond
Norfolk Chesapeake Bay
Figure 19-14Page 500
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Open Ocean Pollution
Dumping of toxics, human wastes – Common in developing, often shipped from
developed!!
Radioactive wastes Excessive nutrients Sediments from land – destroying coral
reefs
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Petroleum –
Crude and refined – much variation Sources
– Accidents (blowouts and tankers – Valedez)Normal operations
– 50-90% - from land and sewers!! Effects – many variables Volatile organic hydrocarbons – toxics to many
organisms Crude – coats birds and some mammals Coat, smother bottom dwellers Poison bivalves
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Toxics in the oceans
Metals and slowly degrading chemicals threaten inland and coastal waters. Toxic materials settle into sea-floor sediments - hazards to benthic organisms that live in and feed on bottom muds.
Persistent chemicals may enter the food web and contaminate the fish and shellfish we eat.
May bioaccumulate and biomagnify
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Debris and trash
Almost 300 miles from the nearest inhabited island and over 3000 miles from the nearest continent, Ducie Atoll in the South Pacific is one of the most remote islands
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Regulation
The Law of the Sea limits exploitation The London Convention discourages
dumping at sea
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Oceans and Nutrient Pollution
Warning Signs Too many nutrients lead to too little
oxygen
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Climate Change and the Oceans
Oceans are crucial in shaping climate - they store and move heat around the planet – think of ocean currents
they're a major source and storehouse for gases (such as carbon dioxide) that affect climate
Storms might rage Shores might be submerged §
Sea level would rise if the oceans warmed, If polar ice caps melted, sea level would rise further
A rise of even a few centimeters would flood low-lying islands and coastal cities.
Coral reefs might die back §
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Figure 19-15Page 502
Prevention
Reduce input of toxic pollutants
Separate sewage and storm lines
Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material
Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping
Regulate coastal development
Recycle used oil
Require double hulls for oil tankers
Cleanup
Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities
Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage or use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other sewage treatment methods
Require improved air pollution cleanup to reduce input from the atmosphere
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Where is Pennsylvania’s Where is Pennsylvania’s Ground Water?Ground Water?
Everywhere ! !Below Water TableFilling pore spaceFilling fractures
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5 Years5 Years
Recharge AreaRecharge Area
Discharge AreaDischarge Area
Recharge AreaRecharge Area
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E VA P O TR A N S P O R ATIO N20 IN C H E S
P R E C IP ITAT IO N41 IN C H E S
S U R F A C E R U N O F F 8 IN C H E S
S T R E A M F LO W21 IN C H E S
IN F ILT R AT IO N13 IN C H E S
Hydrologic Cycle in PennsylvaniaHydrologic Cycle in Pennsylvania
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Where is Ground-WaterWhere is Ground-Water
Most ImportantMost Important??
>50% GW>50% GW
>50% Homes>50% Homes
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Sandstone & ShaleSandstone & Shale
CarbonatCarbonatee
CrystallineCrystallineUnconsolidatedUnconsolidated
Aquifers by Rock TypeAquifers by Rock Type
Sand & Gravel Sand & Gravel
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Sandstone & ShaleSandstone & Shale
CarbonaCarbonatete
CrystallineCrystallineUnconsolidatedUnconsolidated
Carbonate Rock AquifersCarbonate Rock Aquifers
Sand & Gravel Sand & Gravel
CarbonateCarbonate
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Water table
Solution opening
J oint
Carbonate rocks
NOT TO SCALE
Regolith
AlluviumSinkhole
Intermittent stream
Overland flow
Characteristics of Carbonate RocksCharacteristics of Carbonate Rocks
Large OpeningsHigh YieldsVulnerableHigh Recharge
Precipitation
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Sandstone & ShaleSandstone & Shale
CarbonaCarbonatete
CrystallineCrystallineUnconsolidatedUnconsolidated
Crystalline-Rock AquifersCrystalline-Rock Aquifers
Sand & Gravel Sand & Gravel CrystallineCrystalline
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10
100
1000
10000
Jan-99
Feb-99
Mar-99
Apr-99
May-99
Jun-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Oct-99
Nov-99
Dec-99
DIS
CH
AR
GE
(C
FS
)GW Discharge to StreamsGW Discharge to Streams
85%Baseflow
STREAMFLOW
BASEFLOW
SHERMAN CREEK
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Waste Disposal –Waste Disposal –Septic SystemsSeptic Systems
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Figure 19-10Page 494
Coal stripmine runoff
Pumpingwell
Waste lagoon
Accidentalspills
Groundwaterflow
Confinedaquifer
Discharge
Leakagefrom faultycasing
Hazardous wasteinjection well
Pesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasolineand solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspoolseptic tank
De-icingroad salt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Waterpumping well
Landfill
Groundwater Groundwater PollutantsPollutants
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38° 44 ' 30"
39° 45 ' 30"
76° 36 ' 76° 35 '
D E E R C R E E KB AS IN
M U D DYC R E E KB AS IN
5 26C O LU M N
11
33
RO
W
B as e fro m U .S . G eo lo g ical S urveyS tewartsto wn 1:24,000, 1983N o rrisville PA -M D 1:24,000, 1984
Area contributingRecharge to well
Wellhead ProtectionWellhead Protection
Supply Well
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Factors Related to Bacteria in Well Water
•Lack of sanitary seal Lack of sanitary seal
•Lack of groutLack of grout
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MINE
RESOURCE EXTRACTIONRESOURCE EXTRACTION
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Agricultural Sources of ContaminationAgricultural Sources of Contamination
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Sewage Disposal
What goes “down the drain”? What are problems posed by the
substances? Natural processes - natures way Outhouses Septic Systems Sewage Treatment Wetlands
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Householdwastewater
Perforatedpipe
Distributionbox
(optional)
Septic tank
Manhole (forcleanout)
Drainfield
Vent pipe
Nonperforatedpipe
Gravel orcrushedstone
Septic System - Name All PartsSeptic System - Name All Parts
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Raw sewagefrom sewers
Bar screenGritchamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tank
Chlorinedisinfection tank
Sludge
Sludge digester
Activated sludge
Air pump
(kills bacteria)
To river, lake,or ocean
Sludge drying bed
Disposed of in landfill orocean or applied to cropland,pasture, or rangeland
Primary Secondary
Figure 19-17Page 504
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
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Primary
Preliminary Metal Grating - large
solids Grit Tank
Sedimentation Tank• Undissolved solids
settle• About 30% efficient
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Secondary
Biological degradation of dissolved organic matter
Trickling Filter or aeration tank Disposal of sludge (anaerobic digestion) 90-95% efficient Most communities use this
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Tertiary Treatment
Removes nutrients or other dissolved organic material
Expensive Not common
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Anaerobic Digestion
Sludge treatment From where in the sewage treatment
process does the sludge come from? Purpose Process End results
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Alternatives
Wetlands Natural Artificial 20-30 days
Effluent Sewerage• Third World• Hybrid-Septic Tank
and central facility from septic tanks