Water Properties

Life

Intro

Bio-Chemistry

Macro-Molecules

Carbon/ Organic

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Water $100

• What term describes the clinging of one substance to another?

• ADHESION

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Water $200

• In a cup of coffee the water is the ___ and the coffee is the ___

• Solvent / Solute

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Water $300

• What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

• Hydrophilic is “water loving” – has “an affinity for water; Hydrophobic = “water hating” = repels water.

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Water $400

• If molecules do not dissolve in solution and are considered to be suspended – the solution is a/an ___.

• Colloid

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Water $500

• Most mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lover body temperature.?

• The absorption of heat by breaking of hydrogen bonds.

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Water $600

• Acid precipitation has lowered the pH of a lake to 4.0; What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? ___ The hydroxide ion concentration? ___

• 10-4 M = hydrogen ion / 10-10 M = hydroxide ion concentration

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Water $700

• Which of the following is hydrophobic?– Paper; Table Salt; Wax; Sugar; Pasta

• WAX

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Water $800

• The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are …?– Ionic bonds– Bonds between water molecules– Polar covalent bonds– Nonpolar covalent bonds

• Bonds between water molecules

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Water $900

• Describe the properties of water (density); organization, heat capacity.

• Ice is less dense than liquid water because its more organized hydrogen bonding causes expansion into crystal formation. The lower density causes ice to float, and allows life to exist under the frozen surfaces of lakes and polar seas.

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Life $100

• All the organisms on the Kenston “Campus” make up a/an ___.– Ecosystem– Community– Population– Experimental Group

• A Community

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Life $200

• The “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its …

• GENOME

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Life $300

• What is the term that describes that each step “upwards” in the hierarchy of biological order – new properties emerge that weren’t present at the level just below.

• EMERGENT PROPERTIES

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Life $400

• Reducing complex systems into simpler components that are easier to study is – and figure out the “inner workings” – is called …

• REDUCTIONISM

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Life $500

• The most common form of “Feedback Regulation” is ___; where the output or product shuts down the reaction or at least slows it down. What is this called --- and EXAMPLE.

• Negative Feedback / ATP- excess ATP inhibits enzyme near beginning of pathway; Trp Operon.

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Life $600

• When doing an experiment the ___ variable is what you COUNT or MEASURE / the ___ variable that the experimenter changes is called the ___ variable.

• Count = Dependent Variable

• Change = Independent Variable

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Life $700

• These two snakes look alike – although the coral snake is the only one that is poisonous. What general term describes the “look alike” protection gained by the king snake?

• MIMICRY

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Life $800

• In November 1859 ___ published one of the most important & controversial books ever written; entitled On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection

• Charles Robert Darwin

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Life $900

• What is the difference between

inductive & deductive reasoning?

• Inductive reasoning takes analysis from specific cases; deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general knowledge.

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Biochemistry $100

• What are the four main classes of large biological molecules?

• Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

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Biochemistry $200

• How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long?

• 9 = with one water required to hydrolyze each connected pair of monomers

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Biochemistry $300

• Write the formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons.

• C3H6O3 or C3(H2O)3

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Biochemistry $400

• A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for maltose?

• C12H22O11

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Biochemistry $500

• What type of organic compound is to the left?

• Lipid = Glycerol & 3 Fatty acids

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Biochemistry $600

• How do saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats, both in structure and in behavior?

• Saturated fats have no double bonds; whereas an unsaturated fat has at least one double bond.

• Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid.

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Biochemistry $700

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Label the four diagrams: as to Primary; Secondary; Tertiary and Quaternary Structure.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Biochemistry $800

• Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally?

• The function of each protein is determined by its specific shape, which is lost when a protein becomes denatured.

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Biochemistry $900

• Which of the following is not a protein?  – Hemoglobin, Insulin, Cholesterol, Antibody,

Enzyme

• CHOLESTEROL

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Macromolecules $100

• What four chemical elements are most abundant in the food you ate yesterday?

• Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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Macromolecules $200

• A nitrogen atom has 7 protons, and the most common isotope of nitrogen has 7 neutrons. A radioactive isotope of nitrogen has 8 neutrons. What is the atomic number and mass number of this radioactive nitrogen? Write as a chemical symbol with a subscript and superscript.

• Atomic number = 7

• mass number = 15

• 157N

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Macromolecules $300

• Explain what holds together the atoms in a crystal of magnesium chloride (MgCl2).

• The attractions between oppositely charged ions form ionic bonds.

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Macromolecules $400

• Which occurs faster at equilibrium, the formation of products from reactants, or reactants from products?

• Neither - At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the

same rate sorry didn’t mean to be tricky

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Macromolecules $500

• In a DNA double helix, a region along one DNA strand has this sequence of nitrogenous bases: 5.-TAGGCCT-3.. List the base sequence along the other strand of the molecule, clearly indicating the 5. and 3. ends of this strand.

• 3′—ATCCGGA—5′

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Macromolecules $600

• The 5’ end of a polynucleotide strand contains the ___ group; the 3’ end contains the ___.

• 5’ end contains the phosphate group

• 3’ end contains the –OH (hydroxyl) group

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Macromolecules $700

• Number the Carbons in the following diagram. (click once)

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Macromolecules $800

• A pyrimidine has one ring = a six-member ring of Carbon with Nitrogen; a purine has two rings a six member fused with a five member ring. Name the three pyrimidines; name the two purines:

• Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

• Purines: Adenine & Guanine

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Macromolecules $900

• Describe the structure of a phospholipid: which end is hydrophilic (polar)?; which end is hydrophobic (non-polar)?

• A phospholipid has a hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acids); the kink in the tail is due to a “cis” double bond.

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Carbon / Organic $100

• What is the chemical similarity between gasoline and fat?

• Both consist largely of hydrocarbon chains.

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Carbon / Organic $200

• What does the term “amino acid” signify about the structure of such a molecule?

• It has both an amino group (−NH2 ) and a carboxyl group (−COOH), which makes it a carboxylic acid.

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Carbon / Organic $300

• What change usually occurs in ATP when it releases energy?

• The ATP molecule loses a phosphate, becoming ADP.

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Carbon / Organic $400

                                           

      

• The importance of isomers and functional groups in biochemistry is enormous; For example L-dopa is effective against Parkinson; D-dopa is not. What drug was prescribed to pregnant women (to reduce morning sickness) in the 1950’s & 1960’s that caused severe birth defects?

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Thalidomide

Carbon / Organic $500

• Draw a structural formula for C2H4.

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Carbon / Organic $600

• Geometric Isomers: What is the difference between a cis isomer and a trans isomer?

• In a cis isomer the “X” groups are on the same side; in a trans isomer the “X” groups are on opposite sides

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Carbon / Organic $700

• Describe the properties of a phosphate group

• Often an energy storage / transfer molecule (ATP); and tend to make the molecule more negative

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Carbon / Organic $800

• Write the formula for a Carboxyl Group; and describe the properties

• -COOH; One side of an Amino Acid; and tends to make the molecule more Acidic

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Carbon / Organic $900

• What is a Chaperonin?

• Describe (and name) the four “protein shapes”

• Chaperonin helps to fold proteins.

• Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

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