water quality assessment and objectives for the tsulquate ......an overview report is available...

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION

WATER STEWARDSHIP DIVISION

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

Water Quality Assessment and Objectives

for the Tsulquate River Community Watershed

TECHNICAL REPORT

Prepared pursuant to Section 5(e) of the Environmental Management Act (2003),

Section 150 (1)(a)(ii) of the Forest and Range Practices Act (2002) and

Section 8 (1) of the Government Actions Regulation (2004)

Approved By: Date

Fern Schultz, Director, Science and Information

Water Stewardship Division

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ii

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Epps, Deborah

Water quality assessment and objectives for Tsulquate River

Community Watershed [electronic resource] : technical report.

Electronic monograph in PDF format.

Authors: Deborah Epps, Burke Phippen. Cf. Acknowledgements.

"Prepared pursuant to Section 5(e) of the Environmental Management

Act (2003), Section 150 (1)(a)(ii) of the Forest and Range Practices Act (2002) and

Section 8 (1) of the Government Actions Regulation (2004)".

An overview report is available separately.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-7726-6138-8

1. Water quality--British Columbia--Tsulquate River Watershed.

2. Water quality--British Columbia--Port Hardy Region. I. Phippen, B. W

II. British Columbia. Environmental Protection Division III. Title.

TD227 B7 E66 2009 363.739'42097112 C2009-902019-X

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TECHNICAL REPORT ...............................................................................................................I

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................III

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. IV

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... V

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1

2.0 WATERSHED PROFILE AND HYDROLOGY .........................................................................5

2.1 BASIN PROFILE ......................................................................................................... 5

2.2 HYDROLOGY AND PRECIPITATION ............................................................................ 5

3.0 WATER USES ...................................................................................................................8

3.1 WATER LICENSES ..................................................................................................... 8

3.2 FISHERIES ................................................................................................................. 8

3.3 RECREATION ............................................................................................................ 8

3.4 WILDLIFE ................................................................................................................. 8

3.5 DESIGNATED WATER USES ...................................................................................... 9

4.0 INFLUENCES ON WATER QUALITY .................................................................................10

4.1 LAND OWNERSHIP .................................................................................................. 10

4.2 LICENSED WATER WITHDRAWALS ......................................................................... 10

4.3 FOREST HARVESTING AND FOREST ROADS ............................................................ 10

4.4 RECREATION .......................................................................................................... 11

4.5 WILDLIFE ............................................................................................................... 12

4.6 MINING AND PERMITTED DISCHARGES .................................................................. 12

5.0 DESCRIPTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING DATA ................................................14

5.1 WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 14

5.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL ........................................................... 15

6.0 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND OBJECTIVES .........................................................16

6.1 COLIFORM BACTERIA.............................................................................................. 16

6.2 PH….. .................................................................................................................... 18

6.3 TEMPERATURE ....................................................................................................... 19

6.4 TRUE COLOUR ........................................................................................................ 21

6.5 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ...................................................................................... 22

6.6 CONDUCTIVITY....................................................................................................... 23

6.7 TURBIDITY ............................................................................................................. 25

6.8 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS .................................................................................... 29

6.9 NUTRIENTS (NITRATE, NITRITE AND PHOSPHORUS) ............................................... 30

6.10 METALS ............................................................................................................... 31

7.0 MONITORING RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................................31

7.1 BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES ...................................................................................... 32

8.0 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ...............................................33

LITERATURE CITED .............................................................................................................34

APPENDIX I. SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA ...........................................................36

APPENDIX II. SUMMARY OF TURBIDITY EVENTS >0.5 HOURS IN DURATION MEASURED BY

AUTOMATED STATION .....................................................................................................40

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Overview of Vancouver Island terrestrial Ecoregions (based on ecosection

divisions in Demarchi (1996). ..................................................................................... 2

Figure 2. Tsulquate River Community Watershed. ........................................................... 4

Figure 3. Climate normal data for Port Hardy (Environment Canada Climate Station

1026270) for the period 1971 to 2000. ....................................................................... 6

Figure 4. Water level data collected by the Ministry of Environment at EMS Site

E229565, Tsulquate River near the Port Hardy intake, 2003 – 2004. ........................ 7

Figure 5. Automated water temperature data collected from the Tsulquate River above

the intake between March 2003 and March 2005. .................................................... 20

Figure 6. Specific conductivity and water level measured at the Ministry of Environment

automated monitoring station between March 2003 and March 2005. ..................... 25

Figure 7. Turbidity levels in the Tsulquate River between March 2003 and March 2005

as measured on 15-minute intervals by the automated water quality monitoring

station near the Port Hardy intake. ............................................................................ 27

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary of automated turbidity data measured at Tsulquate River at District of

Port Hardy intake station between March 2003 and March 2005. ............................ 26

Table 4. Summary of proposed water quality objectives for the Tsulquate River

Community Watershed (Site E229565). ................................................................... 33

Table 5. Proposed schedule for future water quality and benthic invertebrate monitoring

in the Tsulquate River. .............................................................................................. 33

Table 3. Comparison of turbidity values reported by laboratory analyses and automated

turbidity probe. .......................................................................................................... 65

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT vi

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance in the

preparation of this report: Kevin Rieberger, Ministry of Environment (Victoria) and Rosie

Barlak, Ministry of Environment (Nanaimo). We would also like to thank the

stakeholders who reviewed and provided comments, including the Town of Port Hardy,

EPCOR, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Island Timberlands, and Environmental

Stewardship Division regional staff (Nanaimo).

Deborah Epps, Environmental Impact Assessment Biologist

Environmental Protection Division

Ministry of Environment

Burke Phippen, RPBio.

BWP Consulting Inc.

Kamloops, BC

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND OBJECTIVES: TSULQUATE CREEK

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Environment is conducting a program to assess water quality in

designated community watersheds. Community watersheds are defined under the Forest

Practices Code Act of BC as “the drainage area above the downstream point of diversion

and which are licensed under the Water Act for waterworks purposes”. These watersheds

are generally small (<500 km2) and the stream response times are short and opportunities

for dilution or settling are minimal. The purpose of this program is to accumulate the

baseline data necessary to assess water quality and to establish ambient water quality

objectives on an individual community watershed basis. Water quality objectives provide

policy direction for resource managers, serve as a guide for issuing permits, licences, and

orders by the Ministry of Environment, and establish benchmarks for assessing the

Ministry’s performance in protecting water quality.

There are over 60 community watersheds within the Vancouver Island Region of the

Ministry of Environment. Rather than developing water quality objectives for each of

the watersheds on an individual basis, an ecoregion approach has been implemented. The

ecoregion areas are based on the ecosections developed by Demarchi (1996). However,

for ease of communication with a wide range of stakeholders the term ecoregion has been

adopted by Vancouver Island MOE regional staff. Thus, Vancouver Island Region has

been split into eleven terrestrial ecoregions, based on similar climate, geology, soils,

hydrology etc. (see Figure 1).

Due to accessibility and holding times of samples only six ecoregions on Vancouver

Island are being considered at this time. Fundamental baseline water quality should be

similar in all streams and all lakes throughout each ecoregion. However, the underlying

physical, chemical and biological differences between streams and lakes must be

recognized. Representative lake and stream watersheds within each ecoregion are

selected (initially stream focused) and a three year monitoring program is implemented to

collect water quality and quantity data, as well as biological data. Standard base

monitoring programs have been established for use in streams and lakes, to maximize

data comparability between watersheds and among ecoregions, regardless of location.



Watershed objectives will be developed for each of the representative lake and stream

watersheds based on this data, and these objectives will also be applied on an interim

basis to the remaining lake and stream watersheds within that ecoregion. Over time,

other priority watersheds within each ecoregion will be monitored for one year to verify

the validity of the objectives developed for each ecoregion and to determine whether the

objectives are being met for individual watersheds.

Figure 1. Overview of Vancouver Island terrestrial Ecoregions (based on ecosection

divisions in Demarchi (1996)).

Partnerships formed between the Ministry of Environment and local municipalities and

stewardship groups are another key component of the water quality network. Water

quality sampling conducted by the public works departments of local municipalities and

stewardship groups has enabled the Ministry to significantly increase the number of



watersheds studied, as well as increase the sampling regime within these watersheds.

These partnerships have not only allowed the Ministry to study watersheds over a greater

geographic range and in more eco-sections across Vancouver Island, but have also

resulted in a strong relationship with local government and interest groups, provided

valuable input and local support and, ultimately, have resulted in a more effective

monitoring program.

This report examines the existing water quality of the Tsulquate River and recommends

water quality objectives for this watershed based on potential impacts and water quality

parameters of concern. The Tsulquate River is a fourth-order stream 19.77 km in length,

draining into Johnstone Straight near the community of Port Hardy, BC. The portion of

the watershed designated as a community watershed is 4,475 ha in area, and includes the

upper reaches of the Tsulquate River above the Port Hardy water intake (Figure 2). The

intake is located approximately 2.5 km upstream from its confluence with Hardy Bay.

Anthropogenic land uses within the watershed include timber harvesting, and recreation

which, in addition to natural erosion and wildlife, can potentially affect water quality in

the Tsulquate River.

One water quality monitoring location was selected within the Tsulquate River

watershed: Site E229565, located upstream from the main water intake (see Figure 2).

Water samples were collected at this site a few times in 1998 and 1999 and then on

approximately a monthly basis between June 2002 and May 2005. The sampling

frequency usually increased to weekly during summer low-flows and during fall peak-

flows. Water samples were then sent to a laboratory for analyses of fecal coliforms, E.

coli, turbidity, non-filterable residue, temperature, true colour, specific conductivity, pH,

nitrate and nitrite, total phosphorus, and metals concentrations.



Figure 2. Tsulquate River Community Watershed.



2.0 WATERSHED PROFILE AND HYDROLOGY

2.1 BASIN PROFILE

The community watershed portion of the Tsulquate River is approximately 4,475 ha in

area and ranges from approximately 100 m elevation at the Port Hardy water intake to

about 610 m in the upper watershed. The river is approximately 19.8 km long in total,

and about 18 km long from its headwaters to the Port Hardy intake. There is one large

lake in the watershed, Kains Lake, located at an elevation of 307 m, with a maximum

depth of 25 m and a surface area of 218 ha. This lake is man-made and water levels are

controlled with a dam. The upper portion of the watershed, above Kains Lake, has large

areas of organic terrain that likely contributes significant amounts of organics to the water

and increases overall retention times (Rollerson, 1999).

The watershed falls completely within the Coastal Western Hemlock (southern very wet

hypermaritime, CWHvh1) biogeoclimatic zone. The Tsulquate River falls within the

Nahwitti Lowland (NWM) eco-region established for Vancouver Island by MoE staff (see

Figure 1).

2.2 HYDROLOGY AND PRECIPITATION

The nearest climate station to the watershed for which climate normal data is available is

at Port Hardy (elevation 21.6 m, Environment Canada Climate Station 1026270).

Average daily temperatures in Port Hardy ranged from 3.3oC in January to 14.1

oC in July

and August for the 30-year period between 1971 and 2000. Average total annual

precipitation is 1,869 mm, with only 56 mm (water equivalent) (3%) of this falling as

snow (Figure 3).



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Janu

ary

Febru

ary

Mar

chApr

ilM

ay

June Ju

ly

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Octob

er

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Pre

cip

itati

on

(m

m)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Mean monthly snowfall (mm)

Mean monthly rainfall (mm)

Daily Mean Temp (°C)

Figure 3. Climate normal data for Port Hardy (Environment Canada Climate Station

1026270) for the period 1971 to 2000.

Water Survey Canada (WSC) has not operated a hydrometric station on the Tsulquate

River. However, hydrometric data was collected as part of the automated monitoring

program between 2003 and 2005, and shows peak water levels occurring between

September and January (Figure 4).



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Mar/03 May/03 Jul/03 Sep/03 Nov/03 Jan/04 Mar/04 May/04 Jul/04 Sep/04 Nov/04 Jan/05 Mar/05

Date

Wa

ter

leve

l (m

)

Figure 4. Water level data collected by the Ministry of Environment at EMS Site

E229565, Tsulquate River near the Port Hardy intake, 2003 – 2005. Note due to

equipment malfunction data was not collected from June to December 2004.



3.0 WATER USES

3.1 WATER LICENSES

Two water licenses have been issued for the Tsulquate River within the community

watershed boundaries. The District of Port Hardy has a license to withdraw 2,323

dam3/year for domestic use. A second license, also issued to the District of Port Hardy,

permits the storage of 1,234 dam3/year in Kains Lake.

3.2 FISHERIES

The Tsulquate River has high fisheries values and is utilized by pink (Oncorhynchus

gorbuscha), coho (O. kisutch) and chum (O. keta) salmon, as well as cutthroat trout (O.

clarkii), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), rainbow trout (O. mykiss), and steelhead (O.

mykiss) (FISS, 2005). The river was also stocked with 4,298 Steelhead fry in 2001 (FISS

2005). Kains Lake has cutthroat trout, Dolly Varden, and rainbow trout (FISS 2005).

3.3 RECREATION

There are no BC Forest Service recreation sites located in the Tsulquate River watershed.

No specific studies have been conducted to determine the recreational use of the

Tsulquate River watershed. However, the presence of logging roads throughout the

watershed allows limited recreational access. The main road is gated and the remaining

roads have been overgrown by vegetation.

3.4 WILDLIFE

The Tsulquate River watershed provides habitat to a variety of species typical of west

coast Vancouver Island, including blacktail deer, black bear, cougar, and numerous other

small mammals and birds. The BC Conservation Data Centre (CDC) lists one Species of

Special Concern, the anguinae subspecies of ermine (Mustela erminea anguina), that has

been observed within the watershed boundaries (CDC, 2005).



3.5 DESIGNATED WATER USES

Designated water uses are those water uses that are designated for protection in a

watershed or waterbody. Water quality objectives are designed for the substances or

conditions of concern in a watershed so that attainment of the objectives will protect the

designated uses.

As discussed in Section 3.1, two water licenses have been issued for the Tsulquate River

community watershed, for waterworks purposes. In addition to drinking water, the

presence of salmonid species in the river as well as the normal fauna of the area suggests

that water should also be protected for aquatic life and wildlife.



4.0 INFLUENCES ON WATER QUALITY

The Tsulquate River community watershed is located primarily on Crown Land, and is

part of Timber Supply Area (TSA) 3. There are no licensed discharges within the

watershed. Recreational use is generally limited to seasonal activities such as hunting,

and there are no sanctioned camping areas within the watershed. Therefore, the primary

concerns with regards to potential anthropogenic impacts on water quality in the

Tsulquate River are associated with forestry activities.

4.1 LAND OWNERSHIP

The community watershed portion of the Tsulquate River consists primarily of Crown

lands, as well as two small privately owned parcels. There are no private households

located within the community watershed boundaries, and so potential sources of

contamination associated with households (such as septic fields) will not impact water

quality in the upper Tsulquate River.

4.2 LICENSED WATER WITHDRAWALS

Water licenses can impact aquatic habitat downstream from the withdrawal, especially

during low-flow periods. As mentioned in Section 3.1, there are two licensed water

withdrawals from the Tsulquate River community watershed, with an overall maximum

volume of 2,323 dam3/year. Assuming water was withdrawn from the Tsulquate River at

a constant rate throughout the year (an unlikely scenario), this would result in an average

withdrawal rate of 0.074 m3/s. As no flow data is available for the Tsulquate River, it is

uncertain whether this volume of water is likely to impact flows downstream from the

intake.

4.3 FOREST HARVESTING AND FOREST ROADS

Forestry activities can impact water quality both directly and indirectly in several

ways. The removal of trees can decrease water retention times within the watershed

and result in a more rapid response to precipitation events and earlier and higher

spring freshets. The improper construction of roads can change drainage patterns,

destabilize slopes and introduce high concentrations of sediment to streams.



The Tsulquate River watershed consists primarily of Crown lands located within TSA 3

and is designated a community watershed under the Forest and Range Protection Act.

The most recent watershed assessment overview was completed in April, 1999

(Rollerson, 1999). The report divides the community watershed into two equal-sized sub-

basins: Kains Lake, which includes the upper watershed to the outlet of Kains Lake

(2,245 ha), and the Lower Tsulquate River, which includes the area below the Kains Lake

outlet and above the Port Hardy intake (2,230 ha).

Limited harvesting has taken place in the Tsulquate River watershed, primarily in the

Kains Lake sub-basin, during the late 1980’s. At that time, the Equivalent Clearcut Area

(ECA) above 300 m was 6% in the Kains Lake sub-basin and 2% in the Lower Tsulquate

sub-basin. This was forecast to increase slightly to between 6-8% by 2005 as some small

portions of private land were still being logged. By 1999 all cutblocks on public land

were well regenerated. The total road density in the Kains Lake sub-basin was 0.7

km/km2, while the density in the Lower Tsulquate sub-basin was 0.4 km/km

2. One short

section of road (50 - 100 m in length) was given a high rating as a sediment source in the

Kains Lake sub-basin, and none of the roads in the Lower Tsulquate sub-basin were given

a high rating. There was a 100 m section of road in the upper watershed that was

considered to be potentially unstable. There were no landslides in either the upper or

lower portion of the watershed, and none of the stream channel in either the upper or

lower portion of the watershed was considered to be unstable. There were 13 stream

crossings in the Kains Lake sub-basin and three crossings in the Lower Tsulquate sub-

basin.

Overall, the rate of harvesting within the Tsulquate River watershed has been low, and it

appears that there is relatively low risk of landslides or sedimentation from roadways due

to logging and/or road-building activities within the watershed.

4.4 RECREATION

Recreational activities can affect water quality in a number of ways. Erosion associated

with 4-wheel drive and ATV vehicles, direct contamination of water from vehicle fuel,



and fecal contamination from human and domestic animal wastes (e.g., dogs or horses)

are typical examples of potential effects. As no specific studies have been conducted on

recreation within the Tsulquate River watershed, the relative impacts of recreational

activities cannot be discussed, but they are likely to be minimal due to the lack of

camping areas within the watershed.

4.5 WILDLIFE

Wildlife can influence water quality because warm-blooded animals can carry pathogens

such as Giardia lamblia, which causes giardiasis or “beaver fever”, and Cryptosporidium

oocysts which cause the gastrointestinal disease, cryptosporidiosis. Virtually every

mammal ever tested can carry Giardia, while aquatic mammals and domestic livestock

carry Cryptosporidium. In addition, warm-blooded animals excrete fecal coliforms in

their feces, and can cause elevated levels of this indicator in water. Fecal contamination

of water by animals is generally considered to be less of a concern to human health than

contamination by humans because there is less risk of inter-species transfer of pathogens.

However, without specific source tracking methods, it is impossible to determine the

origins of coliforms.

As discussed in Section 3.4, the Tsulquate River provides habitat for a wide variety of

wildlife. Therefore, a risk of fecal contamination from natural wildlife populations within

the watershed does exist.

4.6 MINING AND PERMITTED DISCHARGES

Mining activities can impact water quality by introducing high concentrations of metals to

the watershed, depending on the location, and can also contribute to acidification of the

water. Mining activities generally also result in road construction and land-clearing,

which can change water movement patterns and result in increased turbidity levels.

MINFILE reports that the local geology consists of Karmutsen Formation andesites and

minor limestone in contact to the southwest with Quatsino Formation limestone, both of

the Upper Triassic Vancouver Group (MINFILE, 2005). A number of mineral showings

(copper and zinc) are reported within the watershed (MINFILE, 2005). As such, there is



a possibility of future mining activities that might impact water quality. However, before

such explorations were allowed to occur environmental impact assessments would be

required to ensure that impacts to water quality did not occur.

Discharges from commercial operations can affect water quality and timing of flow,

however, there are no licensed discharges within the Tsulquate River watershed.



5.0 DESCRIPTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING DATA

This report provides an assessment of water quality data collected from 1998 to 2005 in

the Tsulquate River watershed. Key drinking water characteristics such as fecal

coliforms, turbidity, colour, pH, phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite and specific conductivity are

considered to protect raw drinking water supplies. Drinking water is the most sensitive

water use in the Tsulquate River for these characteristics. In addition, based on current

knowledge of potential anthropogenic impacts to the watersheds (generally associated

with forestry), and the lack of permitted waste discharges, these are the water quality

parameters most likely to change should impacts occur. Nutrient (nitrate, nitrite and

phosphorus) concentrations are also considered as these parameters may be influenced by

forestry-related activities.

5.1 WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURES

One water quality monitoring site was selected within the Tsulquate River watershed:

EMS Site #E229565, Tsulquate River at the water intake (Figure 2).

Water samples were collected at this site a few times in 1998 and 1999 and then on a

monthly basis between June 2002 and May 2005. The sampling frequency was increased

to weekly during summer low-flows and during fall peak-flows. Samples were collected

according to Resource Inventory Committee (RIC) standards (RIC, 1994). Data are

summarized in Appendix 1.

An automated water quality/quantity monitoring station was also installed at the water

quality monitoring site, and programmed to log water temperature, turbidity, specific

conductivity and water levels at 15-minute intervals. The station operated from April

2003 to March 2005.

Benthic invertebrates were collected in the fall of 2004 and 2005 to provide a picture of

the overall ecosystem health of the watershed.



5.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL

Water samples were collected in strict accordance with RISC standards, by trained

personnel. Quality assurance and quality control was also verified by collecting duplicate

samples. Duplicate co-located samples are collected by filling two sample bottles in as

close to the same time period as possible (one right after the other) at a monitoring

location, and then calculating the percent difference between the laboratory results

reported for the various samples. The maximum acceptable percentage difference

between duplicate samples is 25%.

Three sets of duplicate samples were collected during the sampling program (See

Appendix I). In 84% of the instances, relative percent mean differences and relative

percent standard deviations were found to be within acceptable limits as discussed above.

For the remaining samples, concentrations were almost invariably less than five times the

detection limits, and therefore the guidelines for interpreting acceptability do not apply.

Based on these samples, the data can be considered to be within acceptable limits for data

quality.



6.0 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND OBJECTIVES

There are two sets of guidelines that are commonly used to determine the suitability of

drinking water. The British Columbia water quality guidelines (B.C. Ministry of

Environment, 2006) are used to assess water at the point of diversion of the natural

stream into a waterworks system. These BC guidelines are also used to protect other

designated water uses such as habitat for aquatic life. The Guidelines for Canadian

Drinking Water Quality (Health Canada, 2006) are national guidelines that apply to

drinking water at the point of consumption after treatment processes that may include

particle removal and bacterial disinfection. The Ministry of Health requires water

purveyors to disinfect all surface water as a minimum prior to drinking (Drinking Water

Protection Act – Drinking Water Protection Regulation 2005). In addition, the

Vancouver Island Health Authority requires all new water systems to provide

Cryptosporidium control.

6.1 COLIFORM BACTERIA

Coliform bacteria are present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals, and

although rarely pathogenic themselves, they are used as indicators of fecal contamination

in water. Fecal coliforms are quite specific to the feces of warm-blooded animals and E.

coli are even more specific, whereas total coliforms have many non-fecal sources (e.g.

soils, plants), and thus are less indicative of fecal contamination. Coliforms generally do

not survive long in cold, fresh water (Brettar and Höfle, 1992), but can survive for

prolonged periods in stream sediment, soils or fecal material, when associated with

particulate matter, or in warmer water (Howell et al., 1996; Tiedemann et al., 1987).

Disturbance of these sediments can therefore result in coliforms appearing in overlying

water for extended periods (Jawson et al., 1982; Stephenson and Rychert, 1982). The

inclusion of a small piece of fecal matter in a sample can result in extremely high

concentrations (>1,000 CFU/100 mL), which can skew the overall results for a particular

site. It is therefore important to consider the range of values, as well as the standard

deviation, to determine if numbers are consistently high or if one value “artificially”

inflated the mean. For this reason, the 90th

percentile is generally used to determine if the



water quality guideline is exceeded, as extreme values would have less effect on the data.

Water from the Tsulquate River is chlorinated prior to consumption. The drinking water

guideline for raw waters receiving disinfection only is that the 90th

percentile of at least

five samples collected in a 30-day period should not exceed 10 CFU/100 mL (B.C.

Ministry of Environment). To represent the worst case scenario, bacteriological samples

were only collected during summer low flow (August/September) and fall flush

(October/November) periods.

Fecal coliform concentrations were measured 39 times in the Tsulquate River, with

values ranging from below detectable limits (<1 CFU/100 mL) to a maximum of 283

CFU/100 mL. Samples were collected with sufficient frequency (a minimum of five

weekly samples within 30 days) on four occasions, and the 90th

percentile for these

groups of samples ranged from 1.4 CFU/100 mL to 174.6 CFU/100 mL. The average for

all four 90th

percentiles is approximately 52 CFU/100mL; only one sampling period

exceeds this value, likely due to one high result (283 CFU/100mL) measured on August

26, 2003.

E. coli concentrations ranged from below detectable limits (< 1 CFU/100 mL) to 264

CFU/100 mL for the 30 samples collected. In the three instances when the requisite

sampling frequency was met (at least five weekly samples in 30 days), 90th

percentiles

ranged from 6.6 CFU/100mL to 162.4 CFU/100mL. Similar to fecal coliforms, the

average 90th percentile value for all three sample periods was 60 CFU/100mL; only one

sampling period exceeds this value, again, due to one high result measured on August 26,

2003.

The drinking water guideline for raw water receiving disinfection only (10 CFU/100mL)

was exceeded in two of the four instances for fecal coliforms and in two of three

instances for E. coli. Occasionally, individual water samples have quite high

concentrations of bacteriological indicators. As there is limited road access to the upper

watershed and no cattle grazing permitted within the watershed, it is likely that the source

of these coliforms is the endemic wildlife.



In consideration of the above information and given the lack of anthropogenic influences

in the watershed, the values collected during this three year sampling program are

reflective of natural or background concentrations. Therefore, it is recommended that

the 90th

percentile of a minimum of 5 weekly samples collected within a 30-day period

must not exceed 60 CFU/100 mL for fecal coliforms and/or E. coli. While this

proposed objective is higher than the provincial guideline it does represent the natural

variability within the watershed with respect to bacteriological values. This highlights the

need for water purveyors to provide adequate treatment prior to consumption. Meeting

these objectives will provide protection from most pathogens but not from parasites such

as Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Sampling for these pathogens falls under the auspices of

the water purveyor, in this case the District of Port Hardy.

6.2 PH

pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in water and can range over

14 orders of magnitude, therefore, pH is defined on a logarithmic scale between 0 and 14.

A pH between 0 and 7 is acidic (the lower the number, the more acidic the water) and a

pH between 7 and 14 is alkaline (the higher the number, the more basic the water). The

aesthetic objective for drinking water is a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 (B.C. Ministry of

Environment, 2006). Corrosion of metal plumbing may occur at both low and high pH

outside of this range, while scaling or encrustation of metal pipes may occur at high pH.

The effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant is also reduced outside of this range.

However, natural source water outside the guidelines may be safe to drink from a public

health perspective.

pH in the Tsulquate River watershed was slightly acidic, with values ranging from 6.1 to

7.9 pH units and a mean of 6.7 pH units. pH values were occasionally below the drinking

water guideline, with 10 of 46 values less than 6.5 pH units. This is likely due to the

highly organic boggy areas located in the upper portion of the watershed and high rainfall

in the area (rainwater typically has a low pH) rather than any anthropogenic activities.

Given there is little or no activity within the watershed these values are reflective of



background pH concentrations. The pH guideline for the protection of aquatic life states

no statistically significant decrease in pH from background levels. Therefore, we

recommend an objective for pH in the Tsulquate River where pH should remain within

the range of 6.0 and 8.5 pH units. While this range is slightly lower than the drinking

water guideline for pH, the risk to human health is neglibile. The issues arise in the

distribution system with corrosion of pipes due to the acid water. In the case of Port

Hardy, the treatment process (addition of soda ash) likely elevates the pH back to within

the acceptable drinking water guideline prior to leaving the water treatment plant.

6.3 TEMPERATURE

Temperature is considered in drinking water for aesthetic reasons. The aesthetic

guideline is 15°C – temperatures above this level are considered to be too warm to be

aesthetically pleasing (B.C. Ministry of Environment, 2006). For the protection of

aquatic life, the allowable change in temperature is 1°C from naturally occurring levels.

This guideline is established in situations where wastewater is discharged into a body of

water, and therefore does not apply to this watershed. For salmonids and other cold water

species, there are a number of guidelines set depending on the species and life stage of the

fish. For steelhead, present in the Tsulquate River, the optimum temperature ranges are:

9 – 13°C for incubation; 15 – 19°C for rearing; and 9 – 16.5°C for spawning (B. C.

Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 2001).

Water temperatures in the Tsulquate River varied seasonally, with maximum

temperatures occurring in late July. Water temperatures measured by the automated

station ranged from near 0°C in the winter months to a maximum of 18.2°C in July 2003

(Figure 5).

Water temperatures occasionally exceeded the guideline of 15°C, although since

temperature data was collected over only one summer, it is not certain that these

exceedences occur annually. It is likely that elevated water temperatures are due to

longer retention times in the upper portion of the watershed, rather than anthropogenic

activities such as forestry activities that might decrease canopy cover or alter retention



patterns. However, the elevated summer temperatures are an aesthetic concern, and

for this reason, a water quality objective is proposed for temperature in the Tsulquate

River. The objective is that maximum instantaneous water temperatures should not

exceed 15°C during the summer months, and the maximum hourly temperature

change should not exceed +/- 1°C.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


Date

Wate

r te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)

Figure 5. Automated water temperature data collected from the Tsulquate River above

the intake between March 2003 and March 2005. Note due to equipment malfunction data

was not collected from June to November 2004.



6.4 TRUE COLOUR

Colour in water is caused by dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic matter. True

colour is a measure of the dissolved colour in water after the particulate matter has been

removed, while apparent colour is a measure of the dissolved and particulate matter in

water. Colour can affect the aesthetic acceptability of drinking water, and the aesthetic

guideline is a maximum of 15 true colour units (TCU) (B.C. Ministry of Environment,

2006). However, this drinking water guideline only applies to systems in which

background color levels are less than or equal to 15 TCU. Colour is also an indicator of

the amount of organic matter in water. When organic matter is chlorinated it produces

disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs).

Colour in the Tsulquate River ranged from 40 TCU to 125 TCU, with an average of 66

TCU for 13 samples collected. All samples had colour values exceeding the aesthetic

guideline of 15 TCU. It is likely that colour in the watershed is a result of natural

processes (high concentrations of organics in the boggy portions of the upper watershed)

rather than anthropogenic activities, but it is possible that human activities may cause

further increases in true colour. During the monitoring period there has been little or no

activity in the watershed and, as such, color values are relatively constant but are subject

to some fluctuations during rain storm events. This suggests that the data collected

actually reflects background levels. Based on the 90th

percentile of the data set the true

color background levels are 90 TCU, which indicates that the drinking water supply

guideline for raw water based on aesthetics considerations does not apply to Tsulquate

River.

High color values are usually associated with higher levels of organic matter (see Section

6.5 Total Organic Carbon) which can increase the level of disinfection by-products being

produced after chlorination. These disinfection by-products can be a risk to human

health. Therefore the water purveyor, in this case, the District of Port Hardy, needs to

consider additional water treatment methods, prior to chlorination, to remove the excess

organics and reduce disinfection by-product formation.



To protect aquatic life it is recommended that the average of 5 weekly samples in 30 days

should not exceed the background level by more than 5 TCU in clear water systems

(background levels less that or equal to 20 TCU) or by more than 20% in colored systems

(background levels greater than 20 TCU) (B.C. Ministry of Environment, 2006). Given

that background levels exceed 20 TCU, an objective has been developed based on the 90th

percentile of the data set (background) plus 20% of background to reflect natural

variability. Thus, an objective of 108 TCU is proposed based on the mean of 5 weekly

samples in 30 days to reflect no further increases to true color concentrations from any

future activities in the watershed.

It should be noted that the District of Port Hardy were aware of these issues around high

organics and color values in the source water, and the associated links with disinfection

by-products. In 2000 a new water treatment plant was constructed. This plant, operated

by EPCOR, provides pretreatment in the form of flocculation and filtration, to remove

organics prior to disinfection, ultimately reducing the overall potential for disinfection by-

product formation.

6.5 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

Most waters contain organic matter that can be measured as total organic carbon (TOC).

Sources of organic carbon in fresh waters include living material (plants and animals),

waste materials and effluents. Total organic carbon consists of dissolved (DOC) and

particulate organic carbon (POC) and is therefore affected by pronounced fluctuations in

suspended solids in riverine systems. Elevated total organic carbon (TOC) levels (above

4.0 mg/L) can result in higher levels of THMs in finished drinking water if chlorination is

used to disinfect the water (B.C. Ministry of Environment, 2006). As Port Hardy uses

chlorine to disinfect their drinking water, TOC concentrations were monitored.

Concentrations of TOC ranged from 5.9 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L for 16 samples collected,

suggesting that TOC is likely a concern in the Tsulquate River. As with true colour, it

may be that anthropogenic activities are not impacting TOC levels in the Tsulquate River

and the higher concentrations found in the river are due to natural conditions within the



watershed. During the monitoring period there has been little or no activity in the

watershed and as such TOC values have been maintained at a relatively constant level

with some fluctuations during rain storm events. This suggests that the data collected

actually reflects background levels and as such the objective for TOC was developed

based on the 90th

percentile of the data set. Therefore, a water quality objective is

proposed for the Tsulquate River community watershed, such that TOC concentrations

at the District of Port Hardy intake should not exceed 12.0 mg/L based on the average

of five weekly samples collected over a 30-day period. It is recognized that this

objective exceeds the provincial drinking water guideline of 4.0 mg/L, however, it

reflects natural background levels. This value is meant to ensure no further increase

to total organic carbon concentrations from future activities in the watershed. If there

are concerns over the naturally high TOC values (and corresponding high true color

values), and the subsequent higher potential for formation of disinfection by-products, the

raw water should be treated to remove organics prior to chlorination. It should be noted

that the District of Port Hardy currently pre-treats (removal of organics) the water prior to

disinfection.

It should be noted that while drinking water supply is the most sensitive use for this

parameter (guideline value of 4.0 mg/L), there is also a water quality guideline for TOC

for the protection of aquatic life, which is based on the 30-day median + 20% of the

median background concentration. Assuming that the data collected reflects background

levels as mentioned above, TOC data in this equation would produce an objective of 13.5

mg/L. Therefore the proposed TOC objective of 12.0 mg/L will protect all uses in the

watershed.

6.6 CONDUCTIVITY

Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct an electric current. The

conductivity of a water sample gives an indication of the amount of dissolved ions in the

water. The more ions dissolved in a solution, the greater the electrical conductivity.

Because temperature affects the conductivity of water (a 1ºC increase in temperature

results in approximately a 2% increase in conductivity), specific conductivity is used



(rather than simply conductivity) to compensate for temperature. For drinking water a

maximum specific conductivity of 700 S/cm is allowed (B.C. Ministry of Environment,

2006). Coastal systems, with high annual rainfall values and typically short water

retention times, generally have low specific conductivity (<80 S/cm), while interior

watersheds generally have higher values. Increased flows resulting from precipitation

events or snowmelt tends to dilute the ions, resulting in decreased specific conductivity

levels with increased flow levels. Therefore, water level and specific conductivity tend to

be inversely related. However, in situations such as landslides where high levels of

dissolved and suspended solids are introduced to the stream, specific conductivity levels

tend to increase. As such, significant changes in specific conductivity can be used as an

indicator of potential impacts.

In the Tsulquate River, specific conductivity values ranged from 13.6 µS/cm to 27

µS/cm, with an average of 18 µS/cm for 39 samples. At the automated station, specific

conductivity values ranged from 2 µs/cm to 82 S/cm , with an average of 12 S/cm.

Values were closely correlated with flows, with the highest conductivity occurring during

low flows (when dilution was lowest) and conductivity values dropping during the winter

(when dilution from rainfall was highest) (Figure 6). All values were well below the

drinking water guideline of 700 µs/cm, and no objective is proposed for specific

conductivity in the Tsulquate River.



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4


Date

Wate

r le

vel (m

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sp

ecif

ic c

on

du

cti

vit

y (

µS

/cm

)

Water level (m)

SpCond µS/cm

Figure 6. Specific conductivity and water level measured at the Ministry of Environment

automated monitoring station between March 2003 and March 2005. Note due to

equipment malfunction data was not collected from June to November 2004.

6.7 TURBIDITY

Turbidity is a measure of the clarity or cloudiness of water, and is measured by the

amount of light scattered by the particles in the water as nephelometric turbidity units

(NTU). Elevated turbidity levels can decrease the efficiency of disinfection, allowing

coliforms to enter the water system. As well, there are aesthetic concerns with cloudy

water, and particulate matter can clog water filters and leave a film on plumbing fixtures.

The guideline for drinking water that does not receive treatment to remove turbidity is an

induced turbidity over background of 1.0 NTU (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and

Parks, 1997). An aesthetic guideline allowing a maximum of 5.0 NTU exists, but this is



primarily related to turbidity sources within the distribution system (after disinfection has

occurred) (B.C. Ministry of Environment, 2006). In general, it is considered that turbidity

values greater than 2.0 NTU will compromise disinfection efficiency (VIHA pers. comm..

2006).

At the intake site, turbidity values ranged from 0.3 NTU to 4.4 NTU, with an average of

1.0 NTU for the 46 samples collected between 1998 and 2005. While the less-stringent

drinking water guideline of 5 NTU was not exceeded, the more stringent guideline of 1.0

NTU was exceeded in 12 of the 46 samples collected.

Turbidity values were also measured by the automated water quality monitoring station

situated at the Port Hardy intake dam. Here, a McVan analyte turbidity sensor was

installed within the stream flow and polled every 15 minutes by a FWS-12 datalogger A

summary of turbidity data collected between March, 2003 and March, 2005 is given in

Table 1. The distribution of data shows that about 83% of values were below the

drinking water guideline of 5 NTU, and that about 17% of the time, or about 2,283 of the

13,087 hours when turbidity was measured over the course of the study, turbidity values

exceeded the drinking water criterion of 5 NTU.

Table 1. Summary of automated turbidity data measured at Tsulquate River at District of

Port Hardy intake station between March 2003 and March 2005.

Number Percentage Cumulative %

Number Turbidity ≤ 1 NTU 41,179 78.7% 78.7%

Number Turbidity > 1, ≤5 NTU 2,035 3.9% 82.6%

Number Turbidity > 5, ≤10 NTU 1,119 2.1% 84.7%

Number Turbidity > 10, ≤ 50 1,732 3.3% 88.0%

Number Turbidity > 50 6,281 12.0% 100.0%

Totals 52,346 100

It is important to consider not only the total amount of time the criterion was exceeded,

but also how long each exceedence lasted. For example, high turbidity levels for five

consecutive hours are more likely to impact drinking water quality than five one-hour

events separated by a few hours of low-turbidity water. Figure 7 shows a summary of the

intensity and duration of turbidity events occurring at the automated station between 2003



and 2005. A turbidity event, for the sake of this summary, is defined as a number of

consecutive turbidity values measured at 15-minute intervals exceeding the 5 NTU

threshhold. The recovery time is the length of time that has passed since the previous

turbidity event (i.e., since the turbidity last exceeded 5 NTU). For the sake of brevity and

ease of reading, Appendix III, Table 1 includes only the longest-duration events (i.e.,

events over 10 hours in length) – the remainder of the summary is included as Appendix

III, Table 2, arranged in chronological order. The longest turbidity event was over 350

hours in length, with maximum values of over 100 NTU.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500


Date

Tu

rbid

ity

(N

TU

)

Mean Turbidity NTU

Drinking water guideline

Figure 7. Turbidity levels in the Tsulquate River between March 2003 and March 2005

as measured on 15-minute intervals by the automated water quality monitoring station

near the Port Hardy intake.



Turbidity is notoriously difficult to measure accurately with automated equipment due to

the wide variety of factors that can affect measurements, including fish and other aquatic

organisms, algae and air bubbles. Appendix III, Table 3 shows a comparison of

laboratory results compared with the automated data collected at the same time. This data

shows that automated and laboratory turbidity values occasionally varied significantly,

with differences as high as 421 NTU. This indicates that there were significant problems

with the turbidity probe, because maintenance visits to the automated station should be

made at the same time as discrete samples are collected, and the probes should be

recalibrated at that time. Extended periods of high readings by the automated equipment

that is not corroborated by discrete samples collected at the same time suggest that the

probe is dirty or contaminated with biological growth. As well, it is thought that

backwash created by the treatment plant may have resulted in elevated turbidity values at

least some of the time (Epps, 2005 pers. comm.).

During the monitoring period there has been little or no activity in the watershed

suggesting that the data collected actually reflects background levels. The turbidity levels

during this period have remained at a constant level with only minor fluctuations during

rain storm events. The 90th

percentile of the grab sample data reflects a background

turbidity level at approximately 1NTU. Therefore the recommended objective for

turbidity measured at the intake is a mean of ≤2 NTU, based on five weekly samples

collected within a 30-day period, and no results exceeding 5 NTU at any time. It should

be noted that turbidity values above 2.0 NTU may affect disinfection in a chlorine-only

system. An alternative to the average objective of 2.0 NTU would be to treat the raw

water prior to chlorination to remove some of the turbidity and increase chlorine

efficiency. The District of Port Hardy is aware of these concerns and pre-treatment does

occur at the water treatment plant.

Future monitoring should focus on collecting discrete water samples following significant

rain events, in order to try and capture these occasional elevated turbidity levels. In the

event of a significant turbidity event (i.e., turbidity values exceeding 5 NTU for a period



of at least 24 hours), grab-samples should be collected at other sites within the system to

determine the origin of the problem.

6.8 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Total suspended solids (TSS, also referred to as non-filterable residue or NFR) include all

of the undissolved particulate matter in a sample. This value should be closely correlated

with the turbidity value, however, unlike turbidity it is not measured by optics. Instead, a

quantity of the sample is filtered, and the residue is dried and weighed so that a weight of

residue per volume is determined. No guideline has been established for drinking water

at this time, however for the protection of aquatic life the induced TSS concentrations

should not exceed background levels by more that 25 mg/L during any 24 hour period,

when background is less than or equal to 25 mg/L and the average TSS concentrations

(five weekly samples in 30 days) should not exceed background by more than 5 mg/L

(B.C. Ministry of Environment, 2006).

Concentrations of total suspended solids were generally below detectable limits (46 of 56

measurements were < 1 mg/L) with a maximum value of 5 mg/L. No samples exceeded

25 mg/L. Based on the samples that have been collected, it does not appear that

suspended solids are a concern in the Tsulquate River at this time. However, suspended

solids can be related to turbidity and color values, for which objectives have been

recommended. During the monitoring period there has been little or no activity in the

watershed, and as such the total suspended solids have remained at a constant level

suggesting that the data collected actually reflects background levels. Based on the 90th

percentile of the data collected background TSS levels for both the maximum and 30 day

average for Tsulquate River is 1 mg/L. Therefore, it is recommended that maximum

total suspended solids measured at the intake should not exceed 26.0 mg/L at any time

and the mean of five weekly samples in a 30 day period should not exceed 6.0 mg/L.

This reflects an induced level above background as recommended from the guidelines.

The objective is meant to apply to situations which result from human activities within

the watershed.



6.9 NUTRIENTS (NITRATE, NITRITE AND PHOSPHORUS)

The concentrations of nitrogen (including nitrate and nitrite) and phosphorus are

important parameters, since they tend to be the limiting nutrients in biological systems.

Productivity is therefore directly proportional to the availability of these parameters.

Nitrogen is usually the limiting nutrient in terrestrial systems, while phosphorus tends to

be the limiting factor in freshwater aquatic systems. In watersheds where drinking water

is a priority, it is desirable that nutrient levels remain low to avoid algal blooms and foul

tasting water. Similarly, to protect aquatic life, nutrient levels should not be too high or

the resulting plant and algal growth can deplete oxygen levels when it dies and begins to

decompose, as well as during periods of low productivity when plants consume oxygen

(i.e., at night and during the winter under ice cover). The guideline for the maximum

concentration for nitrate in drinking water is 10 mg/L as N and the guideline for nitrite is

a maximum of 1 mg/L as N (B.C. Ministry of Environment, 2006). When both nitrate

and nitrite are present, their combined concentration must not exceed 10 mg/L as N. For

the protection of aquatic life the maximum concentration of nitrate is 13 mg/L and the

maximum concentration of nitrite is 0.06 mg/L (CCME, 2002). There are no proposed

guidelines for phosphorus in streams.

Nitrogen concentrations were measured in terms of dissolved nitrite (NO2) and dissolved

nitrate (NO3). Dissolved nitrate concentrations ranged from below detectable limits (<

0.001 mg/L as nitrogen) to a maximum of 0.018 mg/L as nitrogen for 35 samples, while

dissolved nitrite concentrations ranged from below detectable limits (< 0.002 mg/L as N)

to a maximum of 0.006 mg/L as N. All values of both nitrate and nitrite species were

well below the aquatic life guidelines.

Total phosphorus concentrations ranged from below detectable limits (< 0.002 mg/L) to a

maximum of 0.009 mg/L for 40 samples collected during the program. There is no

guideline for P concentrations in streams, but P concentrations in the Tsulquate River are

not likely to be a concern.



As concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus are generally low in the Tsulquate

River, no objectives are proposed for these parameters.

6.10 METALS

Total metals concentrations were measured on 20 occasions in the Tsulquate River. The

concentrations of most metals were below detectable limits, and well below guidelines

for drinking water and aquatic life. However, the concentration of dissolved aluminum

exceeded the drinking water guideline of 0.2 mg/L on one occasion, with a maximum

concentration of 0.211 mg/L, and frequently exceeded the aquatic life guideline of 0.1

mg/L. It is likely that the elevated dissolved aluminum is due to the natural geography of

the area and not anthropogenic impacts, and unlikely to cause significant problems for

drinking water quality. Therefore, no water quality objectives are proposed for metals

concentrations in the Tsulquate River.

Metal speciation determines the biologically available portion of the total metal

concentration. Only a portion of the total metals level is in a form which can be toxic to

aquatic life. Naturally occurring organics in the watershed can bind substantial

proportions of the metals which are present, forming metal complexes which are not

biologically available. The relationship will vary both seasonally and depending upon the

metal (e.g. copper has the highest affinity for binding sites in humic materials). Levels

of organics, as measured by DOC vary from ecoregion to ecoregion. To aid in the future

development of metals objectives, DOC has been included in the Tsulquate River

monitoring program.

7.0 MONITORING RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to capture the periods where water quality concerns are most likely to occur (i.e.,

freshet and summer low-flow) we recommend that a minimum of five weekly samples be

collected within a 30-day period between August and September, as well as between

November and February. Samples collected during the winter months should coincide

with rain events whenever possible. In this way, the two critical periods (minimum

dilution and maximum turbidity), will be monitored. Samples should be analyzed for



general water chemistry (including TSS, turbidity, true colour, TOC/DOC, nutrients and

pH) as well as bacteriology (including fecal coliforms and E. coli). One of the samples

collected during both the high-flow and the low-flow period should also be analyzed for

total and dissolved metals concentrations.

7.1 BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES

Objectives development has traditionally focused on physical, chemical and

bacteriological parameters. Biological data have been underutilized due to the highly

specialized interpretation required and the difficulty in applying the data quantitatively.

Not withstanding this problem, with few exceptions, the most sensitive use of our water

bodies is aquatic life. Therefore biological objectives need to be incorporated into the

overall objectives development program.

In streams, benthic invertebrates have been accepted as a very important assessment tool.

Considerable progress has been made in the development of benthic invertebrate indices,

which can be incorporated into impact assessments and water quality objectives. On

Vancouver Island, benthic sampling has been conducted at a limited number of sites over

the past three years. The dataset at present is too limited to be able to make a sound

judgment as to the state of the ecosystem health. To be able to apply and test the benthic

invertebrate approach, Vancouver Island regional staff will be collecting more data at a

broad range of both reference and test sites. Once all the data has been compiled and

analyzed, biological objectives and/or indices will be developed for those watersheds

where water quality objectives have already been developed.



8.0 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES

Table 2. Summary of proposed water quality objectives for the Tsulquate River

Community Watershed (Site E229565).

Parameter Objective Value

Fecal Coliform Bacteria 60 CFU/100 mL (90th percentile based on a

minimum of 5 weekly samples collected over a 30-

day period

Escherichia coli 60 CFU/100 mL (90th percentile based on a

minimum 5 weekly samples collected over a 30-

day period

Turbidity 2 NTU average (based on a minimum 5 weekly

samples collected over a 30-day period)

5 NTU maximum

pH 6.0 – 8.5 pH units

Temperature 15oC (long-term) with hourly rate of change not

exceeding 1oC

True Colour < 108 TCU (90th percentile based on a minimum of

five weekly samples collected over a 30-day

period)

Total Suspended Solids 26 mg/L maximum in a 24-hour period

6 mg/L average (based on a minimum of five

weekly samples collected over a 30-day period)

Total Organic Carbon < 12 mg/L (90th percentile based on a minimum of

five weekly samples collected over a 30-day

period) Designated water uses: drinking water, aquatic life, and wildlife

Table 3. Proposed schedule for future water quality and benthic invertebrate monitoring

in the Tsulquate River.

Frequency and timing Parameters to be measured

August – September (low-flow

season): five weekly samples in a

30-day period

TSS, turbidity, true colour, pH, DOC/TOC,

fecal coliforms and E. coli

November – February (high-flow

season): five weekly samples in a

30-day period

TSS, turbidity, true colour, pH, DOC/TOC,

fecal coliforms and E. coli

Once each during low-flow and

high-flow season

Total and dissolved metals and nutrients (total

phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite)

Once every five years Benthic invertebrate sampling



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Victoria, BC.

Stephenson, G.R. and R.C. Rychert. 1982. Bottom sediment: a reservoir of Escherichia

coli in rangeland streams. J. Range Manage. 35: 119-123.

Tiedemann, A.R., D.A. Higgins, T.M. Quigley, H.R. Sanderson and D.B. Marx. 1987.

Responses of fecal coliform in streamwater to four grazing strategies. J. Range

Manage. 40(4): 322 – 329.

Vancouver Island Health Authority. 006. Gary Anderson – personal communication.

Landuse – Water Consultant, North Vancouver Island Health Service Delivery Area.

Water Survey Canada. 2005. Environment Canada Hydat Online Database. Available

online at: http://www.wsc.ec.gc.ca/hydat/H2O/

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/doc_sup-appui/sum_guide-res_recom/index_e.html

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/doc_sup-appui/sum_guide-res_recom/index_e.html

http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/mining/geolsurv/minfile/

http://ilmbwww.gov.bc.ca/risc/pubs/aquatic/ambient/index.htm

http://www.wsc.ec.gc.ca/hydat/H2O/



APPENDIX I.

Summary of duplicate samples collected from Tsulquate River*.

Date: 10/10/2001

Parameter Sample 1 Sample 2 Relative % Difference

Fecal coliforms (CFU/100mL) 30 27 10.5%

E Coli (CFU/100mL) 30 27 10.5%

Enterococci (CFU/100mL) <1 <1 0.0%

Carbon Total Organic (mg/L) 16.1 16.1 0.0%

Color True (Col.unit) 125 125 0.0%

Turbidity (NTU) 1.27 1.3 2.3%

pH (pH units) 6.76 6.4 5.5%

*Bold numbers denote exceedences of acceptable limits of % relative differences

(duplicates: 25%)

Date: 11/02/2004

Parameter Sample

1 Sample

2 Relative % Difference

Fecal coliforms (CFU/100mL) 9 6 40.0%

E Coli (CFU/100mL) 5 5 0.0%

Carbon Dissolved Organic (mg/L) 9.5 9.4 1.1%

Nitrate (NO3) Dissolved (mg/L) 0.006 0.007 15.4%

Nitrate + Nitrite Diss. (mg/L) 0.009 0.009 0.0%

Nitrogen - Nitrite Diss. (mg/L) 0.003 0.002 40.0%

Ortho-Phosphate Dissolved (mg/L) <0.001 <0.001 0.0%

P--T (mg/L) 0.003 0.004 28.6%

Phosphorus Tot. Dissolved (mg/L) <0.002 <0.002 0.0%

Residue Non-filterable (mg/L) <4 <4 0.0%

Specific Conductance (S/cm) 18 19 5.4%


UV Absorbance 250nm (AU/cm) 0.4 0.35 13.3%






pH (pH units) 6.6 6.5 1.5%


(duplicates: 25%)



Date: 14/12/2004

Parameter Sample

1 Sample

2 Relative % Difference

Carbon Dissolved Organic (mg/L) 6.3 6.4 1.6%

Nitrate (NO3) Dissolved (mg/L) <0.003 <0.002 40.0%

Nitrate + Nitrite Diss. (mg/L) 0.005 0.003 50.0%

Nitrogen - Nitrite Diss. (mg/L) <0.002 <0.002 0.0%

Ortho-Phosphate Dissolved (mg/L) 0.003 0.002 40.0%

P--T (mg/L) <0.002 <0.002 0.0%

Phosphorus Tot. Dissolved (mg/L) 0.002 <0.002 0.0%

Residue Non-filterable (mg/L) <4 <4 0.0%

Specific Conductance (S/cm) 15 15 0.0%








pH (pH units) 6.4 6.3 1.6%


(duplicates: 25%)


APPENDIX II. SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA

Summary of general water chemistry at Site E229565, Tsulquate River at Intake.

Variable Minimum Maximum Average Std Dev No. of

samples

Carbon Diss. Inorganic (mg/L) 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.1 8

Carbon Dissolved Organic (mg/L) 3.9 11.4 6.4 1.7 39

Carbon Total Dissolved (mg/L) 6.5 8.7 6.9 0.7 8

Carbon Total Inorganic (mg/L) 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.1 9

Carbon Total Organic (mg/L) 5.9 16.1 8.7 3.0 16

C--T (mg/L) 6.5 11.1 7.2 1.5 9

Ca-D (mg/L) 1 1.43 1.27 0.14 9

Ca-T (mg/L) 1 1.6 1.3 0.2 9

Color True (Col.unit) 40 125 65.6 27.4 13

Hardness Total (D) (mg/L) 3.7 5.5 4.5 0.5 16

Hardness Total (T) (mg/L) 4.1 6.1 4.7 0.6 9

Nitrate (NO3) Dissolved (mg/L) < 0.001 0.018 0.004 0.005 35

Nitrate + Nitrite Diss. (mg/L) < 0.002 0.043 0.009 0.008 40

Nitrogen - Nitrite Diss. (mg/L) < 0.002 0.006 0.003 0.001 36

pH (pH units) 6.08 7.9 6.74 0.37 46

Ortho-Phosphate Dissolved (mg/L) < 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001 33

Phosphorus Tot. Dissolved (mg/L) < 0.002 0.01 0.003 0.002 31

P--T (mg/L) < 0.002 0.009 0.004 0.002 40

Residue Non-filterable (mg/L) < 1 < 5 2.4 1.7 56

Specific Conductance (S/cm) 13.6 27 18.4 3.2 39

Turbidity (NTU) 0.3 4.37 0.96 0.78 46

Fecal coliforms (CFU/100mL) < 1 283 16.6 46.2 39

E. coli (CFU/100mL) < 1 264 16.1 47.7 30

Enterococci (CFU/100mL) < 1 < 1 < 1 0 6

UV Absorbance 250nm (AU/cm) 0.16 0.83 0.32 0.16 18




UV Absorbance 360nm (AU/cm) < 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.03 18

UV Absorbance 365nm (AU/cm) < 0.01 0.13 0.06 0.03 18

Ag-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0 20

Ag-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0 20

Al-D (mg/L) 0.07 0.211 0.137 0.039 27

Al-T (mg/L) 0.06 0.34 0.15 0.06 27

As-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 < 0.0001 0 20

As-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.00002 20

Ba-D (mg/L) 0.0006 0.0012 0.0008 0.0002 20

Ba-T (mg/L) 0.0006 0.0018 0.0008 0.0003 20

Be-D (mg/L) < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 0 20

Be-T (mg/L) < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 0 20

Bi-D (mg/L) < 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0 20

Bi-T (mg/L) < 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0002 20

Cd-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20


Variable Minimum Maximum Average Std Dev No. of

samples

Cd-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

Co-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

Co-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001 0.0001 20

Cr-D (mg/L) < 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 20

Cr-T (mg/L) < 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 20

Cu-D (mg/L) 0.0004 0.0065 0.0019 0.0017 20

Cu-T (mg/L) 0.0005 0.0046 0.0014 0.0012 20

Fe-D (mg/L) 0.097 0.19 0.118 0.029 9

Fe-T (mg/L) 0.133 0.271 0.172 0.046 9

K--D (mg/L) < 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 7

K--T (mg/L) < 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 7

Li-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0012 0.0002 0.0003 18

Li-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0013 0.0002 0.0003 18

Mg-D (mg/L) 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 9

Mg-T (mg/L) 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.1 9

Mn-D (mg/L) < 0.001 0.0104 0.0035 0.0022 27

Mn-T (mg/L) 0.002 0.0171 0.0054 0.0038 27

Mo-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0 20

Mo-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0 20

Na-D (mg/L) 0.1 2 1.3 0.6 9

Na-T (mg/L) 1.2 2 1.5 0.3 9

Ni-D (mg/L) 0.0001 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 20

Ni-T (mg/L) 0.0001 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 20

Pb-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0012 0.0003 0.0003 20

Pb-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0011 0.0003 0.0003 20

Sb-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

Sb-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.00002 20

S--D (mg/L) 0.13 0.2 0.2 0.0 7

S--T (mg/L) 0.16 0.4 0.26 0.09 7

Se-D (mg/L) < 0.0002 0.0004 0.0002 0.00005 18

Se-T (mg/L) < 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0 18

Si-D (mg/L) 0.05 1.01 0.61 0.36 9

Si-T (mg/L) 0.06 1.01 0.75 0.39 9

Sn-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

Sn-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

Sr-D (mg/L) 0.002 0.0084 0.005 0.002 27

Sr-T (mg/L) 0.0037 0.0076 0.005 0.001 27

Ti-D (mg/L) < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 0 7

Ti-T (mg/L) < 0.002 0.01 0.006 0.003 7

Tl-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

Tl-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0 20

U--D (mg/L) < 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0 20

U--T (mg/L) < 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0 20

V--D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 20

V--T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0009 0.0003 0.0002 20

Zn-D (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.0107 0.0030 0.0024 27

Zn-T (mg/L) < 0.0001 0.084 0.0079 0.0194 27


APPENDIX III.

Table 1. Summary of turbidity events exceeding 10 hours in duration reported by

automated turbidity meter at Ministry of Environment station between 2003 and 2005.

Start Date

Start

Time

Recovery

Time

(hrs)

Water

Level

(m)

Change

in water

level (m)

Duration

of event

(h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg.

turb

(NTU) St.Dev.

02/12/2003 14:24 35.25 0.619 0.019 10.25 436.6 0.6 349.6 140.5

06/03/2005 23:45 2.25 0.639 0.07 10.25 127.6 3.8 40.0 27.4

28/08/2003 23:15 0.25 0.346 -0.005 10.75 342.3 3.7 107.2 65.5

08/03/2004 21:39 0.25 0.673 0.022 10.75 444.7 0.2 226.1 150.2

05/03/2004 07:09 0.25 0.64 -0.03 11.5 247.6 2.1 93.5 61.1

23/11/2003 11:39 7.5 0.488 0.168 11.75 414.7 0.6 291.6 148.1

07/10/2003 13:09 0.75 0.617 -0.024 13 434.9 0 143.7 161.9

22/01/2004 07:54 0.25 0.72 -0.045 13 435.1 0.1 327.0 139.6

27/01/2004 21:24 0.25 0.691 -0.025 14.5 439.1 0.7 371.4 106.1

23/12/2003 07:54 14.75 0.539 0.14 14.75 425.9 3 298.8 161.1

01/09/2003 19:00 0.25 0.326 -0.013 15 439.9 4.7 354.6 115.1

05/03/2005 10:45 44.25 0.591 0.105 15.5 442.3 5 182.4 181.0

18/03/2004 08:24 0.25 0.688 0 16 426.6 1.5 297.7 155.1

22/10/2003 09:24 9.5 0.682 0.028 17.75 429.5 0 332.0 140.1

20/10/2003 07:09 0.5 0.667 -0.001 19.5 433.7 2.2 320.8 151.2

17/09/2003 21:54 29.5 0.656 0.023 20 436.2 1.2 337.6 126.5

28/11/2003 02:54 1.75 0.652 0.016 24.5 428.2 0 372.2 110.3

06/02/2004 01:09 0.25 0.692 -0.025 26 435.2 1.1 279.2 150.9

11/10/2003 18:39 0.25 0.686 -0.003 27.75 432.3 4.2 246.6 149.8

15/12/2003 17:09 0.25 0.673 0.046 28.25 415.6 2.6 351.2 123.8

08/03/2005 07:15 0.25 0.68 0.03 28.75 443.2 4.4 255.4 176.8

13/12/2003 20:24 0.25 0.726 -0.03 31 428.5 2.3 371.2 110.4

24/12/2003 13:39 0.25 0.698 -0.086 38.5 439 3.8 271.4 177.2

13/01/2004 12:39 0.25 0.739 -0.002 40 438.1 0.6 390.5 84.3

06/03/2004 16:24 1.25 0.505 0.139 42.5 426.9 0.4 138.3 102.9

08/10/2003 13:24 0.25 0.692 0.086 49 434.1 1.4 253.0 135.9

16/10/2003 11:39 4.25 0.648 0.028 63 441.5 0.1 324.6 135.0

04/12/2003 19:24 0.25 0.711 -0.006 64 439.2 0.7 398.0 67.6

31/01/2005 19:30 1 0.678 0.064 76.25 444.8 2.6 355.3 132.9

07/01/2004 20:39 0.25 0.789 -0.108 77 426.3 2.3 381.1 90.1

07/09/2003 05:45 9.75 0.433 0.001 357.25 102.7 0 59.8 12.4


Table 2. Summary of turbidity events >0.5 hours in duration measured by automated

station.

Start Date Start Time Recovery

Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

15/04/2003 07:30 16.25 0.496 0.002 0.75 6.6 0.5 4.1 3.2

15/04/2003 12:30 4.5 0.483 0.001 1 151.4 0.6 109.7 73.0

16/04/2003 06:15 1 0.457 -0.002 0.5 11.5 0.1 5.8 8.1

16/04/2003 14:45 1.5 0.454 0.001 0.5 9.7 0.1 4.9 6.8

16/04/2003 04:45 15.5 0.456 0.005 0.75 11.4 0 5.6 5.7

16/04/2003 12:30 6 0.455 0.001 1 396.1 0.2 282.3 189.3

17/04/2003 10:00 19 0.48 0.019 5.5 15.4 4.1 9.6 3.6

18/04/2003 07:15 16 0.461 0 1.25 38 0 24.1 14.7

19/04/2003 07:45 0.5 0.592 0 0.5 10.8 1.9 6.4 6.3

19/04/2003 09:15 1.25 0.596 0.001 0.5 8.9 1.8 5.4 5.0

19/04/2003 09:45 0.25 0.597 -0.006 0.75 88.3 1 50.2 44.7

19/04/2003 23:45 0.25 0.577 0.006 0.75 361.5 2.9 203.4 183.0

19/04/2003 06:30 22.25 0.583 0.008 1 18.4 2.5 9.7 6.9

19/04/2003 10:30 0.25 0.591 -0.01 2 369.8 4.9 138.2 168.9

19/04/2003 12:30 0.25 0.581 -0.004 2 87.8 2.1 47.5 30.5

19/04/2003 14:30 0.25 0.577 -0.007 2 175.5 4.5 75.3 69.5

19/04/2003 16:30 0.25 0.57 0.007 7.25 384.1 1.8 154.6 136.5

20/04/2003 06:45 0.5 0.592 0 0.75 419.3 2.4 171.6 219.3

20/04/2003 11:45 0.5 0.599 -0.002 0.75 140.4 1.8 63.1 70.7

20/04/2003 04:30 0.25 0.592 0.002 2 285.9 0.8 148.9 92.8

20/04/2003 16:30 0.25 0.577 -0.006 3 401 0.8 187.0 164.3

20/04/2003 00:30 0.25 0.583 0.009 4 399.9 1.5 221.0 156.9

20/04/2003 07:30 0.25 0.592 0.006 4 398.9 1.9 171.5 140.8

20/04/2003 12:30 0.25 0.597 -0.02 4 400.7 1.4 229.5 144.2

20/04/2003 19:30 0.25 0.571 -0.03 9 364.1 4.2 146.0 83.5

21/04/2003 10:00 2.25 0.525 0.005 0.5 6.6 0.5 3.6 4.3

21/04/2003 11:00 0.75 0.528 0 0.5 59.6 0.7 30.2 41.6

21/04/2003 15:45 0.75 0.51 -0.001 0.5 10.1 0.3 5.2 6.9

21/04/2003 16:30 0.5 0.512 -0.005 0.5 5.5 0.1 2.8 3.8

21/04/2003 17:00 0.25 0.507 0.002 0.5 10.8 3.2 7.0 5.4

21/04/2003 22:00 1.75 0.495 -0.001 0.5 5.3 0.1 2.7 3.7

21/04/2003 07:15 0.75 0.534 -0.002 0.75 12 0.1 6.7 6.0

21/04/2003 11:45 0.5 0.521 0 0.75 22.3 0.6 15.1 12.5

21/04/2003 12:45 0.5 0.522 -0.005 0.75 80.9 2.1 30.7 43.6

21/04/2003 18:00 0.75 0.504 0.002 0.75 25 3.8 12.4 11.1

21/04/2003 19:45 1.25 0.499 0.001 0.75 8.4 2.3 6.4 3.5

21/04/2003 14:00 0.75 0.519 -0.002 1.25 53.6 0.8 18.5 20.8

21/04/2003 04:30 0.25 0.541 -0.003 2.25 333.7 0.9 107.3 113.4

22/04/2003 03:45 5.5 0.476 0.001 0.5 14.5 4.1 9.3 7.4

22/04/2003 08:00 4 0.47 -0.005 1.5 184.7 0.9 55.6 66.0

23/04/2003 12:00 26.75 0.442 -0.003 1.5 7.1 0.2 6.0 2.8

23/04/2003 20:00 6.75 0.455 0.015 3.75 10.8 3.4 8.2 2.0

24/04/2003 18:45 7.5 0.463 0.007 0.5 5.6 4 4.8 1.1

24/04/2003 10:30 0 0.489 -0.002 1 385.2 324.6 365.2 27.9

25/04/2003 08:45 41 0.458 -0.004 0.75 386.6 0 152.4 205.9

26/04/2003 11:30 26.25 0.419 0.002 1 310.1 0 210.7 142.3

28/04/2003 09:30 45.25 0.385 0.003 1 111.6 0 80.7 54.0



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

29/04/2003 10:00 23.75 0.37 0.004 0.5 210.5 0.3 105.4 148.6

30/04/2003 10:30 22.5 0.361 0.001 0.75 140.4 0 65.5 70.7

02/05/2003 06:45 43.75 0.343 0 0.5 10.7 0 5.4 7.6

02/05/2003 09:45 2.75 0.346 -0.001 1 11.8 0 6.9 5.2

02/05/2003 12:00 1.5 0.345 0 1.25 160.8 0 103.9 72.3

06/05/2003 09:15 92.25 0.327 0.001 1 30.3 0 22.0 14.7

06/05/2003 12:15 2.25 0.331 -0.003 1 212.4 0 69.2 96.7

09/05/2003 13:00 56.25 0.34 -0.001 2.25 297.6 1.2 106.8 123.5

10/05/2003 11:15 20.25 0.334 -0.003 1 129.3 0 71.8 61.0

10/05/2003 16:00 4 0.333 -0.003 1.25 157.5 0 121.0 67.8

11/05/2003 10:45 17.75 0.328 0.002 0.5 72.1 0 36.1 51.0

13/05/2003 12:15 37.75 0.331 0.002 1 14.3 0 10.0 6.7

13/05/2003 13:15 0.25 0.333 0 1 162.3 0.3 118.3 78.7

13/05/2003 23:00 9 0.469 0.005 2.5 8.2 3.5 6.2 1.2

14/05/2003 09:45 8.5 0.456 0 0.75 57.9 0 38.5 33.3

15/05/2003 09:45 23.5 0.429 0.007 1.25 307.1 0 78.6 128.6

16/05/2003 01:30 14.75 0.421 -0.001 1 31.1 0 13.4 13.0

16/05/2003 10:30 8.25 0.413 -0.001 1 368 0 245.5 172.0

17/05/2003 06:15 19 0.408 0 1.25 208 0 162.8 91.0

18/05/2003 08:00 24.75 0.391 -0.004 0.5 7.4 0 3.7 5.2

18/05/2003 13:00 4.75 0.385 0 1.5 270.2 0.1 176.6 106.8

19/05/2003 07:15 17 0.375 -0.005 1.25 411 0 279.4 173.8

20/05/2003 12:45 28.5 0.358 0 0.75 307.8 0 190.4 166.4

22/05/2003 08:00 42.75 0.444 0.004 1.5 218.2 0 90.6 100.8

23/05/2003 08:30 23.25 0.463 -0.004 1 254.3 0 128.9 120.2

24/05/2003 03:30 2.5 0.596 0 0.5 6.6 0 3.3 4.7

24/05/2003 07:30 2.25 0.577 -0.003 0.5 21.7 0.7 11.2 14.8

24/05/2003 17:30 0.25 0.538 0.003 0.5 10 0 5.0 7.1

24/05/2003 19:00 1.25 0.534 0.005 0.5 13.6 0 6.8 9.6

24/05/2003 00:30 15.25 0.595 0.002 0.75 9.7 0.1 5.5 4.9

24/05/2003 04:45 1 0.583 0 0.75 81.5 0.6 49.4 42.9

24/05/2003 08:00 0.25 0.574 -0.01 1.5 73.2 0.8 32.2 31.0

24/05/2003 19:45 0.5 0.528 0.003 2 49.3 0.3 31.0 20.5

24/05/2003 21:45 0.25 0.531 -0.011 3.25 173.6 0.9 47.7 45.3

24/05/2003 09:30 0.25 0.564 -0.026 8 396.3 1.4 168.8 144.0

25/05/2003 01:00 0.25 0.52 0 0.5 17.3 2.8 10.1 10.3

25/05/2003 06:30 0.25 0.506 -0.003 0.5 17.8 0 8.9 12.6

25/05/2003 07:00 0.25 0.503 -0.001 0.5 12.8 0.1 6.5 9.0

25/05/2003 09:30 2.25 0.498 0.003 0.5 8.4 0 4.2 5.9

25/05/2003 10:00 0.25 0.501 -0.001 0.5 13.9 0 7.0 9.8

25/05/2003 11:00 0.75 0.498 0 0.5 14.2 0.2 7.2 9.9

25/05/2003 11:45 0.5 0.498 0 0.5 5.1 0 2.6 3.6

25/05/2003 15:30 3.5 0.494 0.001 0.5 7.3 0 3.7 5.2

25/05/2003 17:15 1.5 0.492 0.002 0.5 6.5 0 3.3 4.6

25/05/2003 21:15 2.5 0.487 -0.004 0.5 29.8 0.3 15.1 20.9

25/05/2003 02:45 0.25 0.512 0.001 0.75 23.8 0 10.2 12.3

25/05/2003 03:45 0.5 0.512 -0.002 0.75 67 2.6 30.1 33.2

25/05/2003 05:45 0.5 0.507 -0.001 0.75 17.5 0 8.4 8.8

25/05/2003 18:15 0.75 0.491 -0.003 0.75 94.3 3.8 36.3 50.4

25/05/2003 04:30 0.25 0.51 -0.005 1 37.5 0 19.2 15.3



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

25/05/2003 01:30 0.25 0.52 -0.008 1.25 79.7 0 45.8 36.1

26/05/2003 02:45 5.25 0.471 -0.002 0.5 7.9 0 4.0 5.6

26/05/2003 12:00 9 0.457 -0.002 0.5 85.8 0 42.9 60.7

27/05/2003 13:30 25.25 0.443 0.003 0.5 13.6 0.6 7.1 9.2

28/05/2003 08:30 18.75 0.434 0 1 57.2 0.1 29.0 24.5

30/05/2003 09:30 48.25 0.394 -0.002 1 48.4 0 24.5 21.4

31/05/2003 12:45 26.5 0.378 -0.003 0.75 178.2 0 99.0 90.7

01/06/2003 02:00 12.75 0.378 0.003 0.5 16.3 0 8.2 11.5

01/06/2003 05:30 3.25 0.38 -0.001 1 63.5 0 33.6 26.5

01/06/2003 12:00 5.75 0.379 0.001 1.5 151.9 0 110.3 56.2

03/06/2003 12:00 46.75 0.357 0.001 0.5 40.8 0 20.4 28.8

04/06/2003 10:00 20.75 0.347 -0.001 0.75 104.6 0 69.7 60.4

05/06/2003 10:30 24 0.338 0.003 1.25 184.8 0 117.1 88.9

09/06/2003 07:45 92.25 0.308 -0.013 1 76.8 0 41.9 38.2

13/06/2003 09:00 96.5 0.347 0.004 1.75 141.7 0 88.3 53.3

15/06/2003 07:15 44.75 0.466 0.001 0.5 62 0 31.0 43.8

17/06/2003 10:15 50.75 0.391 -0.001 0.5 5.5 0 2.8 3.9

17/06/2003 11:00 0.5 0.392 -0.002 0.75 89.6 0 35.3 47.7

19/06/2003 13:15 49.75 0.368 -0.001 0.5 5.5 0 2.8 3.9

20/06/2003 12:15 3.75 0.355 -0.002 0.5 8.6 0 4.3 6.1

20/06/2003 14:15 0.75 0.351 0.003 0.5 17.7 0 8.9 12.5

20/06/2003 08:00 18.5 0.358 -0.006 0.75 25 0 12.4 12.5

20/06/2003 20:00 0.5 0.353 0.003 0.75 52.2 0 22.1 27.0

20/06/2003 12:45 0.25 0.353 0.001 1 59.2 0 41.5 27.8

20/06/2003 14:45 0.25 0.354 0 1 384.7 1 166.5 163.0

20/06/2003 15:45 0.25 0.354 0.002 1 86.1 0 59.1 40.0

20/06/2003 16:45 0.25 0.356 -0.001 1 81 0 37.4 33.3

20/06/2003 17:45 0.25 0.355 -0.001 2 161.5 0 86.1 66.4

20/06/2003 20:45 0.25 0.356 -0.008 3 214.4 0 79.7 74.3

20/06/2003 23:45 0.25 0.348 0 7 305.9 0 132.4 84.6

21/06/2003 06:45 0.25 0.348 -0.006 5 423.9 0 293.0 176.1

22/06/2003 05:15 17.75 0.333 0.003 0.5 27.2 0 13.6 19.2

23/06/2003 12:30 31 0.327 0.001 1.5 94.1 0 78.4 38.4

26/06/2003 06:15 64.5 0.332 0.003 0.5 18.3 0 9.2 12.9

26/06/2003 10:15 3.75 0.337 -0.004 0.75 39.9 0 26.6 23.0

27/06/2003 09:15 22.5 0.331 0.001 0.5 13.6 0.4 7.0 9.3

29/06/2003 10:30 49 0.312 0.004 0.5 38.5 0 19.3 27.2

30/06/2003 10:00 23.25 0.324 0.001 1 31.1 0 18.9 13.4

01/07/2003 09:30 22.75 0.33 0.004 0.5 43 0.2 21.6 30.3

04/07/2003 09:45 72 0.322 -0.006 1.25 84.4 0 56.5 34.1

05/07/2003 08:30 21.75 0.339 -0.013 0.5 17.7 0 8.9 12.5

05/07/2003 09:30 0.75 0.324 0.001 0.5 13.4 0 6.7 9.5

05/07/2003 11:00 1.25 0.322 0 1 25.4 0 11.5 11.0

08/07/2003 10:15 70.5 0.293 -0.002 0.75 41.7 0 23.4 21.3

09/07/2003 12:15 25.5 0.347 0.003 0.75 54 4.4 24.9 25.9

10/07/2003 14:15 24.75 0.341 -0.001 1.25 41.6 0 24.9 19.5

11/07/2003 09:30 18.25 0.338 0.001 1 197.6 0 136.4 91.6

12/07/2003 11:45 25.5 0.34 0.001 0.75 64.7 0 30.7 32.5

12/07/2003 23:45 11.5 0.463 -0.005 1 205 2.6 75.4 95.1

13/07/2003 06:00 5.5 0.438 -0.001 0.5 48.6 0 24.3 34.4



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

14/07/2003 07:45 25.5 0.479 0.008 0.75 425.2 0 272.5 236.5

14/07/2003 09:45 1.5 0.495 -0.003 0.75 30.1 0 14.8 15.1

15/07/2003 21:00 34.75 0.441 0 0.5 11.7 0 5.9 8.3

16/07/2003 11:00 1.75 0.467 -0.004 0.5 417.3 0 208.7 295.1

16/07/2003 00:45 3.5 0.459 0.005 0.75 42 0.1 16.5 22.4

16/07/2003 03:45 2.5 0.473 0 0.75 25.6 0 12.4 12.8

16/07/2003 05:45 0.5 0.472 -0.004 0.75 110.1 2 71.2 60.1

16/07/2003 15:45 1.5 0.461 -0.001 0.75 103.1 0.3 56.9 52.2

16/07/2003 04:30 0.25 0.473 -0.002 1 51.9 0 22.0 22.6

16/07/2003 06:30 0.25 0.468 0.004 1 115.7 0.6 60.7 47.8

16/07/2003 08:30 1.25 0.47 -0.003 1 170.4 0.1 105.3 80.1

16/07/2003 13:30 2.25 0.461 -0.002 1 32 0 20.3 14.0

17/07/2003 09:45 17.5 0.452 -0.002 0.75 116.2 0 67.3 60.2

19/07/2003 09:30 47.25 0.387 0 1 81.3 0 47.0 34.2

20/07/2003 03:00 1 0.606 0.001 0.5 28.9 0 14.5 20.4

20/07/2003 03:30 0.25 0.607 -0.001 0.5 9 4.4 6.7 3.3

20/07/2003 04:00 0.25 0.606 -0.003 0.5 8.1 3.5 5.8 3.3

20/07/2003 17:00 0.25 0.55 -0.003 0.5 21.2 1.2 11.2 14.1

20/07/2003 21:15 0.5 0.52 -0.003 0.5 14.9 0.1 7.5 10.5

20/07/2003 20:15 0.75 0.525 -0.003 0.75 26.4 0 17.5 15.1

20/07/2003 01:15 15 0.598 0 1 43.9 0.4 15.9 19.3

20/07/2003 07:30 3.25 0.6 -0.002 1 56.7 0 29.8 28.3

20/07/2003 10:30 0.25 0.581 -0.008 1 383.4 0.5 168.0 163.0

20/07/2003 11:30 0.25 0.573 -0.003 1 405.3 0.6 269.8 190.8

20/07/2003 18:30 1.25 0.538 -0.01 1.25 55.4 1.4 23.0 20.4

20/07/2003 08:30 0.25 0.598 -0.017 2 435.8 1.4 231.1 168.1

20/07/2003 12:30 0.25 0.57 -0.007 2 428.7 0 219.7 175.8

20/07/2003 14:30 0.25 0.563 -0.013 2.5 319 0 88.7 118.3

21/07/2003 00:30 3 0.507 -0.004 0.75 51.6 3.1 30.1 24.7

23/07/2003 08:00 55 0.399 0 0.75 61.8 0 33.7 31.3

23/07/2003 08:45 0.25 0.399 0.001 1 60.6 0 30.7 24.9

23/07/2003 09:45 0.25 0.4 -0.002 1 90.9 0.1 44.5 40.6

24/07/2003 10:15 23.75 0.378 0 1.5 83.4 0 53.2 28.5

26/07/2003 11:00 47.5 0.347 0 0.75 54.6 0 30.6 27.9

26/07/2003 11:45 0.25 0.347 0 1 109.9 0 59.2 45.6

27/07/2003 08:30 20 0.338 0 1.25 106.5 0 65.5 52.4

29/07/2003 03:45 42.25 0.323 -0.001 0.75 21.2 0.2 11.3 10.5

29/07/2003 04:45 0.5 0.323 -0.021 5 236.3 0 122.7 75.9

31/07/2003 13:00 51.5 0.313 0.001 0.75 57 0 35.2 30.8

02/08/2003 08:45 3.25 0.331 0.002 1 214.1 0 145.1 98.2

02/08/2003 09:45 0.25 0.333 -0.002 1 17.3 1.3 10.9 6.9

02/08/2003 04:30 39 0.338 -0.008 1.25 35.7 0 18.1 13.6

03/08/2003 00:15 13.75 0.329 0 0.5 10.8 0 5.4 7.6

03/08/2003 08:15 0.75 0.329 0.003 0.5 61.7 0 30.9 43.6

03/08/2003 06:45 6.25 0.327 0.003 1 267.5 0 169.2 118.2

03/08/2003 08:45 0.25 0.332 -0.002 1 189.7 4.1 129.5 84.8

05/08/2003 13:00 51.5 0.329 0 0.75 37.3 0 20.4 18.9

06/08/2003 07:45 18.25 0.325 0 0.5 7.8 0.1 4.0 5.4

06/08/2003 15:15 0.75 0.336 -0.007 0.5 193.2 0 96.6 136.6

06/08/2003 15:45 0.25 0.329 -0.001 0.5 8.5 0 4.3 6.0



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

06/08/2003 14:00 3.5 0.324 0.012 0.75 427.3 0 281.8 244.1

06/08/2003 09:45 0.25 0.326 -0.002 1 325.9 0 198.8 155.2

06/08/2003 08:15 0.25 0.325 0.001 1.5 189.4 0.4 116.3 67.0

07/08/2003 15:45 23.75 0.328 -0.002 0.5 6.2 4.3 5.3 1.3

08/08/2003 18:45 26.75 0.339 0.001 1.25 113.4 0.1 70.2 42.1

09/08/2003 16:45 21 0.339 0 1.25 53.6 0 25.6 21.9

11/08/2003 11:15 41.5 0.34 0 0.75 21.2 0 10.3 10.6

11/08/2003 20:45 4 0.339 0.003 1.25 222.1 0 112.3 103.5

11/08/2003 14:45 3 0.341 0 2.25 83.4 0 32.4 27.0

12/08/2003 15:15 17.5 0.342 -0.001 0.75 192 0 107.8 98.2

15/08/2003 21:45 1 0.343 0.001 2.25 34.9 0 12.5 9.8

15/08/2003 17:00 73.25 0.341 0 4 260.3 0.3 91.8 90.0

16/08/2003 15:30 15.75 0.341 0.003 0.5 5.1 0 2.6 3.6

16/08/2003 16:00 0.25 0.344 -0.003 1 48.6 0 29.6 20.8

18/08/2003 19:15 50.5 0.332 0.004 0.75 83.8 0 42.3 41.9

18/08/2003 20:45 1 0.331 -0.004 1.25 432.8 0 243.6 202.7

19/08/2003 16:15 18.5 0.328 -0.001 0.5 9.4 0 4.7 6.6

22/08/2003 14:30 70 0.333 -0.01 0.5 30.5 0 15.3 21.6

22/08/2003 18:30 3.75 0.324 0.001 1.5 194.8 0 76.9 63.7

23/08/2003 13:45 18 0.334 -0.009 0.5 10.8 0 5.4 7.6

23/08/2003 20:30 6.5 0.333 -0.001 0.5 124.5 0 62.3 88.0

24/08/2003 15:00 18.25 0.531 0.016 1 425.9 0 265.9 203.8

24/08/2003 16:00 0.25 0.547 0.013 1 42.2 0 18.5 17.8

24/08/2003 22:00 0.25 0.584 0 1 279 0.6 91.5 126.7

24/08/2003 17:00 0.25 0.56 0.024 5 425.8 1.9 287.5 168.6

24/08/2003 23:00 0.25 0.584 -0.069 5.25 426.6 4.5 248.6 167.6

25/08/2003 12:45 0.25 0.435 -0.002 0.5 31 0 15.5 21.9

25/08/2003 22:00 2.5 0.4 0.002 0.5 244.2 0 122.1 172.7

25/08/2003 04:15 0.25 0.515 -0.01 0.75 426.5 4.8 271.1 231.7

25/08/2003 12:00 3.25 0.44 -0.005 0.75 256.1 0 91.2 143.1

25/08/2003 08:00 0.25 0.472 -0.008 1 372.4 0 261.5 175.3

25/08/2003 18:45 5.75 0.404 -0.004 1 401 0 298.6 199.0

25/08/2003 23:00 0.75 0.415 0.03 1 29.8 0 19.0 13.2

25/08/2003 05:00 0.25 0.505 -0.033 3 426.1 0 161.5 191.2

26/08/2003 03:30 3.75 0.46 -0.016 2.5 15.7 4.4 10.7 4.2

28/08/2003 10:00 0.25 0.349 0.002 0.5 30.8 0 15.4 21.8

28/08/2003 05:00 47.25 0.356 -0.004 2.5 424.8 0 179.4 150.7

28/08/2003 07:30 0.25 0.352 -0.003 2.5 375.2 0.2 230.7 125.0

28/08/2003 20:45 1 0.348 -0.002 2.5 288.7 3.7 126.8 95.6

28/08/2003 10:30 0.25 0.351 -0.002 3.5 346.1 0.2 167.4 118.9

28/08/2003 14:00 0.25 0.349 -0.002 6 314.7 4.6 140.9 95.5

28/08/2003 23:15 0.25 0.346 -0.005 10.75 342.3 3.7 107.2 65.5

29/08/2003 19:15 0.5 0.336 0.001 0.75 351.3 0 192.4 178.0

29/08/2003 20:00 0.25 0.337 0.003 1 6.9 1.9 5.1 2.2

29/08/2003 17:45 4 0.339 -0.003 1.25 86.6 0 55.8 42.7

29/08/2003 22:45 2 0.342 0 1.25 7.2 0 4.8 2.8

29/08/2003 10:00 0.25 0.341 0.005 1.5 48.4 3.2 16.9 18.3

29/08/2003 11:45 0.5 0.345 -0.007 2.25 119.7 3.8 78.4 32.4

30/08/2003 16:45 1 0.345 0.001 1.25 427.9 0 342.2 191.3

30/08/2003 22:45 1 0.346 0 1.25 351.9 0.1 126.4 132.5



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

30/08/2003 14:15 14.5 0.343 0.002 1.75 427.5 0.8 207.3 197.3

30/08/2003 18:45 1 0.346 0.001 3.25 220.6 0 127.0 55.2

31/08/2003 02:45 3 0.344 -0.001 1.25 7.5 0 5.6 3.1

01/09/2003 17:30 37.75 0.325 0.001 1.5 198.6 0 62.1 71.8

01/09/2003 19:00 0.25 0.326 -0.013 15 439.9 4.7 354.6 115.1

02/09/2003 14:00 0.25 0.306 -0.005 1 427 0 272.2 198.1

02/09/2003 12:45 1 0.31 -0.004 1.25 423.9 0 327.8 183.6

02/09/2003 10:00 0.25 0.313 0 2 425.5 0.8 366.6 147.9

03/09/2003 16:15 25.5 0.328 0.004 0.75 175.1 0 64.4 96.3

03/09/2003 18:15 1.5 0.331 0 0.75 8.5 0 4.6 4.3

03/09/2003 20:00 1.25 0.33 0 1 146.6 0 106.8 71.3

04/09/2003 16:00 19.25 0.345 -0.005 0.5 6.1 0 3.1 4.3

04/09/2003 17:15 1 0.34 0.001 0.75 38.2 0 21.4 19.5

04/09/2003 18:00 0.25 0.341 0.001 1 31 0.5 15.6 13.0

05/09/2003 18:45 24 0.384 0.001 0.5 64.3 0 32.2 45.5

06/09/2003 01:45 6.75 0.526 0.009 0.5 17.9 0 9.0 12.7

06/09/2003 15:00 13 0.475 -0.007 5.25 427.9 0 174.6 174.7

07/09/2003 14:15 19.25 0.411 0.001 0.5 14.5 0 7.3 10.3

07/09/2003 15:00 0.5 0.411 0 1.25 99.1 0 57.0 37.6

07/09/2003 05:45 9.75 0.433 0.001 357.25 102.7 0 59.8 12.4

08/09/2003 17:00 25 0.372 -0.001 1.25 424.8 0 223.4 204.3

08/09/2003 20:00 2 0.37 -0.003 1.25 235.6 0 113.4 105.2

10/09/2003 19:00 2 0.396 0.001 0.75 8.5 0 4.9 4.4

10/09/2003 16:00 43 0.386 0.004 1.25 255.3 0 141.1 101.5

10/09/2003 22:00 2.5 0.399 -0.001 1.25 14.8 0 9.6 5.8

11/09/2003 05:00 2 0.392 0.002 0.5 6.5 2.6 4.6 2.8

11/09/2003 22:15 4.25 0.378 0.001 0.5 7.6 0 3.8 5.4

11/09/2003 05:30 0.25 0.394 -0.001 0.75 8.2 2.1 5.6 3.1

11/09/2003 08:15 2.25 0.39 -0.004 1 16.9 4.9 12.3 5.7

11/09/2003 17:00 8 0.381 -0.001 1.25 45.7 0 17.7 18.4

11/09/2003 01:30 2.5 0.398 -0.002 1.75 416.7 0 267.2 129.4

13/09/2003 06:45 0.75 0.617 -0.016 0.5 7.7 0 3.9 5.4

13/09/2003 09:15 0.25 0.581 -0.008 0.5 12.8 4.6 8.7 5.8

13/09/2003 09:45 0.25 0.573 -0.001 0.5 28.7 0.1 14.4 20.2

13/09/2003 19:15 2.25 0.504 -0.005 0.75 32.5 0 14.2 16.6

13/09/2003 23:15 1.25 0.487 -0.002 0.75 45.5 0 23.5 22.8

13/09/2003 10:15 0.25 0.572 -0.016 1 12.7 0 7.5 5.4

13/09/2003 08:00 1 0.603 -0.022 1.25 26.2 0.2 13.9 10.9

13/09/2003 11:30 0.5 0.553 -0.008 1.25 25.4 0 10.6 9.3

13/09/2003 13:00 0.5 0.538 -0.012 1.75 394.8 1.7 123.7 178.9

13/09/2003 15:15 0.75 0.519 -0.009 2 423 2.1 236.6 177.0

13/09/2003 20:00 0.25 0.499 -0.009 2.25 416.8 0 231.9 175.4

13/09/2003 01:30 27 0.592 0.033 4.75 397.7 3.8 95.9 155.3

14/09/2003 02:30 2.75 0.474 -0.002 0.5 285.7 0 142.9 202.0

14/09/2003 06:00 3.25 0.464 -0.004 0.5 16.2 0 8.1 11.5

14/09/2003 08:30 2.25 0.455 -0.003 0.5 69.7 0 34.9 49.3

14/09/2003 22:30 13.75 0.438 0.002 0.75 398.3 0 256.5 222.6

15/09/2003 21:30 2.75 0.413 -0.004 0.75 316.7 5 203.0 172.1

15/09/2003 17:30 18.5 0.413 -0.003 1.5 390.7 0 80.5 152.7

17/09/2003 21:54 29.5 0.656 0.023 20 436.2 1.2 337.6 126.5



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

18/09/2003 20:24 0.25 0.663 0.002 0.5 24.8 1.4 13.1 16.5

18/09/2003 17:54 0.25 0.679 -0.016 2.5 120.8 2.2 36.8 38.1

19/09/2003 00:24 3.75 0.663 0.003 0.5 11.4 0 5.7 8.1

19/09/2003 05:09 3 0.662 0 0.5 9.1 0 4.6 6.4

19/09/2003 01:39 1 0.671 -0.01 0.75 40.5 0 21.5 20.4

19/09/2003 10:24 5 0.635 0.005 1 436.6 0 320.2 213.6

19/09/2003 12:54 1.75 0.629 -0.01 2.25 423.4 0 196.6 159.8

19/09/2003 15:09 0.25 0.619 -0.021 3.5 437.7 2.7 324.1 157.1

20/09/2003 03:09 1 0.56 0 0.5 19 0.6 9.8 13.0

20/09/2003 03:54 0.5 0.561 -0.004 0.5 30.9 0 15.5 21.8

20/09/2003 04:24 0.25 0.557 -0.007 0.5 15.3 0 7.7 10.8

20/09/2003 04:54 0.25 0.55 -0.001 1 98 0 36.4 44.6

20/09/2003 07:24 1.75 0.543 0.001 1 43.6 0 21.6 22.0

20/09/2003 01:09 6.75 0.568 -0.003 1.25 37.6 0 20.1 14.1

20/09/2003 09:09 1 0.541 -0.006 1.25 135.5 0 68.2 51.1

20/09/2003 10:24 0.25 0.535 -0.013 4 435.4 0 131.9 173.9

21/09/2003 16:54 7.75 0.462 0 0.5 51.8 0 25.9 36.6

21/09/2003 08:39 18.5 0.475 -0.002 0.75 430.2 0 259.2 228.2

22/09/2003 07:24 14.25 0.448 0 1 121.3 0 62.5 63.5

23/09/2003 12:54 6.25 0.435 -0.003 0.5 276.2 0 138.1 195.3

23/09/2003 06:09 22 0.446 -0.006 0.75 20.1 0 8.8 10.3

23/09/2003 14:39 1.5 0.431 -0.003 1.25 380.4 0.1 96.1 160.8

24/09/2003 10:39 19 0.404 -0.001 1.75 432.9 0 332.9 159.7

24/09/2003 13:39 1.5 0.403 -0.001 1.75 433.7 0 254.3 223.0

24/09/2003 16:09 1 0.404 0.012 2.25 47.2 0 21.4 18.2

25/09/2003 03:09 9 0.457 -0.002 2.25 13.8 0 6.8 3.9

26/09/2003 11:24 30.25 0.417 -0.008 1 73.5 0 44.6 31.7

26/09/2003 13:09 1 0.41 -0.001 1.25 432.6 0 304.5 185.4

27/09/2003 07:39 17.5 0.397 -0.005 0.75 83.9 0 46.4 42.7

28/09/2003 08:39 24.5 0.377 0 0.75 418.8 0 231.3 212.8

29/09/2003 10:54 25.75 0.363 -0.002 1.5 147.7 0 68.1 48.6

30/09/2003 14:24 26.25 0.351 0.001 1 215.9 0 154.3 103.7

01/10/2003 13:39 22.5 0.345 0 0.75 208.8 0 108.4 104.6

03/10/2003 09:39 43.5 0.337 0 0.75 328.9 0 148.9 166.7

04/10/2003 11:24 25.25 0.333 -0.001 1 321 0 184.9 150.1

05/10/2003 10:24 22.25 0.324 -0.003 1 105.6 0 66.1 45.8

06/10/2003 19:54 0.75 0.563 -0.003 0.5 78.1 1.1 39.6 54.4

06/10/2003 17:39 0.5 0.582 -0.004 0.75 35.7 0 19.2 18.0

06/10/2003 18:24 0.25 0.578 -0.012 1 22.6 1.8 10.8 8.8

06/10/2003 13:54 0.75 0.482 0.033 1.25 388.6 0 87.9 168.5

06/10/2003 11:54 24.75 0.479 0.001 1.5 433.7 0 285.9 171.8

06/10/2003 15:24 0.5 0.531 0.048 2 416.1 0 65.4 142.3

06/10/2003 20:24 0.25 0.56 0.011 4 227.6 0 67.5 76.9

07/10/2003 00:24 0.25 0.571 0.017 0.5 33.3 0 16.7 23.5

07/10/2003 00:54 0.25 0.588 0.003 0.5 36.1 0 18.1 25.5

07/10/2003 10:24 0.25 0.598 -0.003 0.5 7.9 0.1 4.0 5.5

07/10/2003 10:54 0.25 0.595 0.008 0.5 10.7 0.4 5.6 7.3

07/10/2003 12:09 1 0.605 -0.003 0.5 7.2 0.3 3.8 4.9

07/10/2003 04:24 3.25 0.585 -0.002 1 48.4 0 19.9 22.0

07/10/2003 08:24 2 0.57 0.015 1 36.3 0 14.8 15.7



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

07/10/2003 09:24 0.25 0.585 0.013 1 16.7 1.8 10.0 7.4

07/10/2003 05:24 0.25 0.583 -0.008 1.25 11.8 0 8.2 5.3

07/10/2003 13:09 0.75 0.617 -0.024 13 434.9 0 143.7 161.9

08/10/2003 08:09 5 0.56 -0.005 0.5 78.8 0 39.4 55.7

08/10/2003 08:39 0.25 0.555 0.003 0.5 17.6 0 8.8 12.4

08/10/2003 09:54 1 0.56 0.005 0.5 26.7 0 13.4 18.9

08/10/2003 02:24 0.5 0.588 -0.005 1 12.6 0.1 8.3 5.7

08/10/2003 10:39 0.5 0.572 0.043 1 291.9 0.4 127.0 141.0

08/10/2003 11:54 0.5 0.624 0.068 1.5 45.5 4 18.4 14.9

08/10/2003 13:24 0.25 0.692 0.086 49 434.1 1.4 253.0 135.9

10/10/2003 23:54 0.25 0.69 -0.014 1 32.3 0.2 12.3 14.0

10/10/2003 14:24 0.25 0.778 -0.088 9.5 435.4 4.5 179.4 145.5

11/10/2003 00:54 0.25 0.676 -0.005 0.5 64.8 0 32.4 45.8

11/10/2003 05:39 0.25 0.649 -0.003 0.5 12.8 0.4 6.6 8.8

11/10/2003 07:39 1.75 0.637 -0.003 0.5 10.9 0 5.5 7.7

11/10/2003 09:24 1.5 0.63 0.002 0.5 16.3 0 8.2 11.5

11/10/2003 10:09 0.5 0.631 -0.003 0.5 5.3 0 2.7 3.7

11/10/2003 15:54 0.5 0.668 0.003 0.5 40.2 0 20.1 28.4

11/10/2003 16:39 0.5 0.669 0.013 0.5 8.6 0 4.3 6.1

11/10/2003 18:09 0.25 0.682 0.004 0.5 72.5 3.6 38.1 48.7

11/10/2003 01:39 0.5 0.685 -0.024 1 19.8 1.6 12.0 8.1

11/10/2003 17:09 0.25 0.682 0 1 27 0 15.5 11.3

11/10/2003 04:24 2 0.655 -0.006 1.25 412.3 3 134.6 181.1

11/10/2003 13:09 2.75 0.633 0.032 2.5 433 0 294.5 194.9

11/10/2003 18:39 0.25 0.686 -0.003 27.75 432.3 4.2 246.6 149.8

12/10/2003 23:09 1 0.673 -0.011 1.25 88.5 0 28.6 35.0

13/10/2003 03:39 1 0.639 -0.005 0.5 7.7 0.5 4.1 5.1

13/10/2003 17:24 13.5 0.573 -0.003 0.5 5.1 0 2.6 3.6

13/10/2003 19:54 2.25 0.56 0 0.5 71.7 1.1 36.4 49.9

13/10/2003 21:54 1.75 0.553 0 0.5 13.2 0.3 6.8 9.1

13/10/2003 00:24 0.25 0.662 -0.004 1 84.6 0.1 43.8 34.9

13/10/2003 01:24 0.25 0.658 -0.014 1.5 22.5 0.2 9.6 7.4

14/10/2003 11:24 13.25 0.512 -0.004 1 399.2 0 238.0 195.6

14/10/2003 13:24 1.25 0.508 -0.004 1 290.4 0 162.8 127.6

14/10/2003 15:24 1.25 0.501 -0.004 1 76.3 0 42.8 31.6

14/10/2003 17:24 1.25 0.491 0.002 1 188.6 0 124.5 84.9

15/10/2003 10:54 0.75 0.458 -0.003 0.5 30.5 0 15.3 21.6

15/10/2003 09:39 1.5 0.459 -0.003 0.75 282.6 0 186.6 161.6

15/10/2003 07:24 13.25 0.462 -0.005 1 387.1 0 258.3 175.6

16/10/2003 06:39 19.5 0.443 -0.001 1 109.7 0 57.8 46.9

16/10/2003 11:39 4.25 0.648 0.028 63 441.5 0.1 324.6 135.0

19/10/2003 08:24 1.75 0.648 -0.001 0.5 24.2 0 12.1 17.1

19/10/2003 11:54 0.5 0.623 -0.005 0.5 29.3 0.2 14.8 20.6

19/10/2003 15:24 3.25 0.608 -0.003 0.5 44.2 0 22.1 31.3

19/10/2003 18:54 3.25 0.595 -0.007 0.75 19.5 0 9.8 9.8

19/10/2003 02:39 0.25 0.676 -0.002 1 39.9 1.9 20.9 15.6

19/10/2003 05:39 0.25 0.666 -0.01 1.25 27.3 0 13.3 10.7

19/10/2003 03:39 0.25 0.674 -0.008 2 64 2.6 29.5 18.3

19/10/2003 08:54 0.25 0.647 -0.022 2.75 431 0 183.9 193.1

20/10/2003 01:09 5.75 0.568 -0.004 0.5 6.2 0 3.1 4.4



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

20/10/2003 02:09 0.75 0.568 -0.006 0.5 82.6 0 41.3 58.4

20/10/2003 03:09 0.75 0.558 0.003 0.5 43.4 0.6 22.0 30.3

20/10/2003 04:09 0.75 0.568 -0.001 0.5 62.2 0 31.1 44.0

20/10/2003 06:24 1 0.622 0.036 0.5 61.6 1.1 31.4 42.8

20/10/2003 04:54 0.5 0.571 0.008 0.75 32.5 0 13.3 17.1

20/10/2003 07:09 0.5 0.667 -0.001 19.5 433.7 2.2 320.8 151.2

21/10/2003 06:24 0.5 0.647 -0.01 0.5 21.2 0 10.6 15.0

21/10/2003 15:24 5.5 0.592 -0.009 0.5 13.6 0 6.8 9.6

21/10/2003 22:39 5.75 0.562 0.003 0.5 5.9 1.4 3.7 3.2

21/10/2003 08:39 2 0.628 -0.006 0.75 35.5 0 14.6 18.6

21/10/2003 02:39 0.25 0.666 -0.007 1 190.4 0.7 66.0 85.3

21/10/2003 23:09 0.25 0.565 -0.001 1 7.3 0 5.5 3.7

21/10/2003 03:39 0.25 0.659 -0.001 1.25 56.4 3.5 17.2 22.1

21/10/2003 04:54 0.25 0.658 -0.015 1.25 68.1 0 31.9 27.2

21/10/2003 15:54 0.25 0.583 -0.001 1.25 324.4 0 203.7 122.8

22/10/2003 09:24 9.5 0.682 0.028 17.75 429.5 0 332.0 140.1

23/10/2003 08:39 0.5 0.678 -0.007 0.5 35.1 0 17.6 24.8

23/10/2003 09:39 0.75 0.67 0.001 0.5 13.4 0.8 7.1 8.9

23/10/2003 10:39 0.75 0.663 -0.009 0.5 31.8 0.4 16.1 22.2

23/10/2003 16:39 1.5 0.65 0.009 0.5 28.4 0 14.2 20.1

23/10/2003 03:24 0.5 0.705 0.001 0.75 68.3 1 43.7 37.1

23/10/2003 05:24 0.5 0.694 -0.005 0.75 98.3 2.9 45.8 48.4

23/10/2003 04:09 0.25 0.706 -0.013 1 121.3 1.8 60.1 49.4

23/10/2003 06:24 0.5 0.685 -0.001 1 90.5 3 35.1 40.7

23/10/2003 07:24 0.25 0.684 -0.005 1 120.2 0.9 48.1 50.8

23/10/2003 13:54 3 0.653 0.003 1.5 307.6 0.3 143.2 124.0

24/10/2003 13:39 20.75 0.625 0.002 0.5 14.9 0 7.5 10.5

24/10/2003 14:09 0.25 0.627 0.013 1 96.8 0.3 65.2 44.5

24/10/2003 18:24 3.5 0.709 -0.03 9.75 425.7 1.2 275.2 156.5

25/10/2003 06:39 0.75 0.657 -0.003 0.5 44.9 0 22.5 31.7

25/10/2003 05:24 0.5 0.664 -0.004 0.75 127.1 0 48.7 68.6

25/10/2003 04:09 0.25 0.679 -0.011 1 330.8 0.5 105.4 151.9

26/10/2003 03:09 20.25 0.551 -0.001 0.5 5.3 0 2.7 3.7

26/10/2003 10:39 7.25 0.523 0.001 0.75 80.7 0 29.3 44.6

27/10/2003 01:24 14.25 0.501 -0.001 0.5 6.3 0 3.2 4.5

27/10/2003 07:24 5.75 0.524 -0.008 0.75 86.1 0 41.5 43.1

28/10/2003 21:54 9 0.527 0.004 1.25 39.9 0 21.5 17.2

28/10/2003 11:24 27.5 0.537 -0.003 1.75 402.7 0 225.7 182.0

29/10/2003 11:39 12.75 0.529 -0.004 0.5 407.6 0 203.8 288.2

30/10/2003 12:09 24.25 0.458 -0.003 1 187.3 0.4 119.4 83.1

01/11/2003 12:24 47.5 0.399 -0.002 0.75 384.8 0 239.0 208.6

02/11/2003 10:39 21.75 0.382 0 0.5 40.9 0 20.5 28.9

03/11/2003 10:24 23.5 0.373 -0.006 0.75 50 0 28.8 25.8

04/11/2003 14:54 28 0.354 -0.001 1.25 350.3 4.5 218.9 140.6

05/11/2003 11:24 19.5 0.345 0.006 0.75 6.4 0 4.2 3.6

06/11/2003 15:39 27.75 0.337 0 0.5 19.3 0 9.7 13.6

07/11/2003 16:39 24.75 0.33 0.003 0.5 87.6 0 43.8 61.9

07/11/2003 17:09 0.25 0.333 -0.003 1 25.4 0.2 16.1 11.0

08/11/2003 12:09 18.25 0.326 0.007 0.5 9.2 0 4.6 6.5

10/11/2003 13:54 49.5 0.345 -0.004 0.75 23.5 0 12.1 11.8



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

10/11/2003 20:24 6 0.468 0.02 0.75 7.3 2.7 5.2 2.3

11/11/2003 12:09 15.25 0.501 -0.009 1 400.1 0 220.9 170.5

12/11/2003 12:09 23.25 0.445 0.002 1 254 0.7 134.4 107.9

14/11/2003 07:24 42.5 0.565 -0.006 0.5 6.7 3.3 5.0 2.4

15/11/2003 12:39 29 0.453 -0.002 0.5 21.6 0 10.8 15.3

15/11/2003 16:39 3.75 0.451 -0.004 0.5 34.4 0 17.2 24.3

16/11/2003 14:54 5.75 0.565 0.023 0.5 46.1 3.5 24.8 30.1

16/11/2003 21:54 5.75 0.591 0 0.5 29.8 0 14.9 21.1

16/11/2003 15:39 0.5 0.583 0.021 0.75 164.5 0.1 88.8 83.0

16/11/2003 08:24 15.5 0.436 0.008 1 35.1 0 20.4 17.6

17/11/2003 00:39 2.5 0.613 0.002 0.5 5.2 3.3 4.3 1.3

17/11/2003 06:54 6 0.646 -0.007 0.5 10.4 0 5.2 7.4

17/11/2003 18:24 0.25 0.63 0.011 0.5 7 0.2 3.6 4.8

17/11/2003 14:24 1.25 0.603 0.012 1 11.9 4.7 8.1 3.1

17/11/2003 12:09 5 0.615 -0.006 1.25 45.2 0 20.1 21.0

17/11/2003 15:54 0.75 0.608 0.022 2.5 418.7 1.6 93.3 117.5

17/11/2003 22:24 3.75 0.703 -0.016 6 435.2 0.1 239.0 136.2

18/11/2003 08:54 0.75 0.635 0.002 0.5 45.1 0 22.6 31.9

18/11/2003 09:24 0.25 0.637 -0.006 0.5 5.8 0.7 3.3 3.6

18/11/2003 20:09 1.75 0.605 0.007 0.5 6.4 0.7 3.6 4.0

18/11/2003 06:54 0.75 0.649 0.003 0.75 9 0.8 5.3 4.1

18/11/2003 07:39 0.25 0.652 -0.011 0.75 9.6 4.9 7.3 2.4

18/11/2003 23:39 3.25 0.625 -0.002 0.75 7.5 3.5 5.7 2.0

18/11/2003 04:24 0.25 0.687 -0.017 1 269 0 122.3 133.7

18/11/2003 05:24 0.25 0.67 -0.01 1 26.3 2.8 11.2 10.6

18/11/2003 09:54 0.25 0.631 -0.004 1 21.4 0.7 14.7 9.5

18/11/2003 17:39 0.5 0.583 0.009 1 27.1 0 9.7 11.9

18/11/2003 15:54 5.25 0.593 -0.011 1.5 276.2 0.2 169.5 109.7

19/11/2003 02:09 2 0.619 -0.002 0.5 5.1 0.8 3.0 3.0

19/11/2003 15:54 2.75 0.567 -0.006 0.5 56.1 0.2 28.2 39.5

19/11/2003 06:09 3.75 0.603 -0.007 0.75 9.2 0.4 5.9 4.8

19/11/2003 12:39 0.5 0.576 -0.002 0.75 416.6 2.8 277.9 238.3

19/11/2003 18:39 0.25 0.552 0.001 0.75 30.8 4.1 14.5 14.3

19/11/2003 11:09 4.5 0.581 -0.005 1.25 19.4 1.3 15.8 8.1

19/11/2003 16:54 0.75 0.563 -0.011 1.75 112.4 0 33.9 38.5

19/11/2003 20:24 1.25 0.546 -0.009 3.5 381 2.6 89.0 120.1

20/11/2003 00:09 0.5 0.531 0.004 0.5 40.4 0 20.2 28.6

20/11/2003 01:39 1.25 0.528 0.002 0.5 5.1 0 2.6 3.6

20/11/2003 04:39 2.75 0.517 0.001 0.5 6.1 1 3.6 3.6

20/11/2003 13:09 2 0.497 -0.002 0.5 7.4 0 3.7 5.2

20/11/2003 14:24 1 0.494 -0.005 0.75 10.2 2.1 5.9 4.1

20/11/2003 15:09 0.25 0.489 -0.002 0.75 17.2 3.4 8.7 7.4

20/11/2003 08:24 3.5 0.511 -0.004 1 68.7 0.4 29.3 32.2

20/11/2003 09:24 0.25 0.507 -0.006 1 45.9 0 19.6 21.0

20/11/2003 10:24 0.25 0.501 0.004 1 38.8 0 26.3 17.9

21/11/2003 14:54 2.75 0.449 -0.006 0.5 36.5 0.7 18.6 25.3

21/11/2003 11:39 20 0.451 0.001 0.75 117.5 4.4 69.2 58.3

22/11/2003 14:39 23.5 0.418 0 1.75 393.9 0.1 254.2 170.0

23/11/2003 23:39 0.5 0.659 -0.011 0.75 21.8 0 13.4 11.7

23/11/2003 03:24 11.25 0.416 0 1 99.5 0 64.9 44.7



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

23/11/2003 11:39 7.5 0.488 0.168 11.75 414.7 0.6 291.6 148.1

24/11/2003 06:54 1.5 0.603 0.002 0.5 9.1 1.4 5.3 5.4

24/11/2003 18:54 0.75 0.577 0.005 0.5 37.5 0 18.8 26.5

24/11/2003 20:24 0.25 0.598 0.002 0.5 7.9 0 4.0 5.6

24/11/2003 23:54 0.75 0.628 -0.007 0.5 7.8 3.4 5.6 3.1

24/11/2003 03:09 3 0.628 -0.009 0.75 7.4 0 4.7 4.1

24/11/2003 04:54 1.25 0.615 -0.008 0.75 7 4.9 5.9 1.1

24/11/2003 08:24 1.25 0.596 -0.006 0.75 26 0.8 11.3 13.1

24/11/2003 19:39 0.5 0.583 0.015 0.75 399.9 0 149.8 218.0

24/11/2003 21:09 0.5 0.607 0.009 1 13.5 0 6.8 5.5

24/11/2003 22:09 0.25 0.616 0.008 1.25 15.6 3 7.5 4.8

24/11/2003 13:24 0.25 0.573 -0.012 2 397.9 3 137.9 143.2

24/11/2003 15:24 0.25 0.561 0.01 3 415.7 2.7 248.9 169.9

24/11/2003 10:09 1.25 0.592 -0.019 3.25 381.7 3.2 132.5 127.2

25/11/2003 08:39 8.5 0.662 -0.007 0.75 279 0 151.4 141.0

25/11/2003 16:24 7.25 0.628 0.004 1 25.5 0 13.3 11.8

26/11/2003 09:09 2 0.572 0.003 0.5 7.4 0.2 3.8 5.1

26/11/2003 09:39 0.25 0.575 -0.003 0.5 19.6 0.7 10.2 13.4

26/11/2003 11:54 2 0.569 -0.003 0.5 6.5 4.1 5.3 1.7

26/11/2003 18:54 0.75 0.566 0.017 0.5 114.5 0.3 57.4 80.8

26/11/2003 05:09 12 0.589 -0.001 0.75 5.7 0.9 4.0 2.7

26/11/2003 14:39 0.5 0.567 0.013 0.75 54.3 3.8 30.0 25.3

26/11/2003 15:39 0.5 0.569 0.009 0.75 149.9 1.3 55.2 82.3

26/11/2003 16:39 0.5 0.567 0.012 0.75 414.5 0.5 140.1 237.7

26/11/2003 19:39 0.5 0.565 0.009 0.75 147.8 0 73.1 73.9

26/11/2003 20:39 0.5 0.577 -0.012 0.75 404.8 0 151.1 221.0

26/11/2003 06:24 0.75 0.605 -0.012 1 34 4.9 14.0 13.4

26/11/2003 17:24 0.25 0.579 0 1 189.6 1.3 62.2 87.0

26/11/2003 13:09 1 0.57 0.01 1.25 374.8 0 162.9 193.4

26/11/2003 21:24 0.25 0.565 -0.007 3 414.7 0 123.9 140.5

27/11/2003 11:09 4 0.526 0.01 0.5 5.3 0 2.7 3.7

27/11/2003 22:39 0.25 0.566 0.006 0.75 145.5 1.3 84.6 74.7

27/11/2003 03:24 0.25 0.559 -0.015 1 171.5 2.1 107.6 74.3

27/11/2003 21:24 10 0.55 0.016 1.25 393 4.3 114.9 164.4

27/11/2003 23:39 0.5 0.556 0.021 1.75 397.4 0 154.5 167.9

27/11/2003 05:09 1 0.542 -0.006 2.25 63.4 0.6 31.9 19.7

27/11/2003 00:24 0.25 0.558 0.001 3 384.4 0.4 139.7 96.2

28/11/2003 02:54 1.75 0.652 0.016 24.5 428.2 0 372.2 110.3

29/11/2003 06:09 0.5 0.666 -0.023 0.5 11.3 2.8 7.1 6.0

29/11/2003 09:24 1.25 0.637 0.008 0.5 6.7 1.9 4.3 3.4

29/11/2003 15:54 0.5 0.617 -0.001 0.5 29.4 0.2 14.8 20.6

29/11/2003 16:39 0.5 0.614 -0.005 0.5 5.3 3.4 4.4 1.3

29/11/2003 21:24 0.25 0.593 -0.004 0.5 69.4 0.7 35.1 48.6

29/11/2003 21:54 0.25 0.589 -0.002 0.5 55.5 1.5 28.5 38.2

29/11/2003 03:39 0.5 0.669 0.005 0.75 135.1 0 74.6 68.6

29/11/2003 05:09 1 0.658 -0.003 0.75 13.9 1.5 9.4 6.9

29/11/2003 14:39 0.25 0.622 -0.007 1 21.3 3.5 10.8 8.0

29/11/2003 11:09 1.5 0.638 -0.005 1.25 21.1 0.5 11.7 8.3

29/11/2003 13:24 1.25 0.624 -0.002 1.25 47.9 0.7 21.0 21.5

29/11/2003 18:09 1.25 0.601 0.003 1.25 17.9 0.8 8.7 7.0



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

29/11/2003 23:09 1 0.587 -0.007 1.25 133.8 0.3 48.3 56.9

29/11/2003 06:54 0.5 0.641 -0.008 1.5 100.5 2.3 26.0 37.0

29/11/2003 19:24 0.25 0.604 -0.011 2 159.6 1.6 51.6 57.2

30/11/2003 11:39 0.5 0.54 0.003 0.5 7.5 0 3.8 5.3

30/11/2003 12:09 0.25 0.543 0 0.5 12.8 0 6.4 9.1

30/11/2003 14:39 0.5 0.532 0.001 0.5 11.4 3 7.2 5.9

30/11/2003 15:39 0.75 0.535 -0.004 0.5 5.6 0 2.8 4.0

30/11/2003 21:24 2.25 0.516 -0.001 0.5 10.7 3.3 7.0 5.2

30/11/2003 21:54 0.25 0.515 0 0.5 5.5 0.4 3.0 3.6

30/11/2003 10:39 0.5 0.543 0.002 0.75 50.8 1 24.5 25.0

30/11/2003 13:39 1.25 0.539 -0.005 0.75 10.6 0 6.0 5.4

30/11/2003 17:24 1.5 0.526 -0.001 0.75 39.5 0 23.1 20.6

30/11/2003 18:39 0.75 0.524 -0.003 0.75 9.9 0.5 5.2 4.7

30/11/2003 02:24 0.25 0.563 -0.014 1 414.5 3.8 236.2 201.5

30/11/2003 00:24 0.25 0.58 -0.017 2 394.7 0 188.5 143.8

30/11/2003 07:39 0.25 0.545 0.005 2.75 404.3 2.1 150.7 156.1

30/11/2003 03:24 0.25 0.549 -0.004 4.25 414.4 1.8 230.5 166.4

01/12/2003 00:09 2 0.514 -0.005 0.5 5.9 4.2 5.1 1.2

01/12/2003 02:54 2.5 0.504 -0.001 0.5 11.1 0.5 5.8 7.5

02/12/2003 14:24 35.25 0.619 0.019 10.25 436.6 0.6 349.6 140.5

03/12/2003 09:09 0.75 0.583 -0.004 0.5 8.5 3.5 6.0 3.5

03/12/2003 09:54 0.5 0.579 -0.005 0.5 18.6 2.2 10.4 11.6

03/12/2003 22:54 0.75 0.526 -0.002 0.5 43.5 0 21.8 30.8

03/12/2003 00:39 0.25 0.638 0.003 0.75 408.1 0.4 239.3 212.7

03/12/2003 04:39 3.5 0.612 0.002 0.75 7 4 5.6 1.5

03/12/2003 07:54 2.75 0.589 0.003 0.75 11.8 1.5 8.2 5.8

03/12/2003 12:24 0.25 0.566 -0.005 1.25 334.2 3.7 78.4 143.6

03/12/2003 13:39 0.25 0.561 -0.01 1.75 387.9 4.6 198.7 155.9

03/12/2003 20:39 0.5 0.535 -0.007 1.75 20.5 4.7 12.6 4.6

03/12/2003 10:24 0.25 0.574 -0.008 2 123.1 0 41.6 39.1

03/12/2003 15:24 0.25 0.551 -0.016 5 361.7 1 121.8 112.3

04/12/2003 09:54 0.75 0.494 -0.002 0.5 17.8 0 8.9 12.6

04/12/2003 14:09 1 0.494 0.011 0.5 20.8 0 10.4 14.7

04/12/2003 15:54 0.5 0.526 0.02 0.5 196.7 0 98.4 139.1

04/12/2003 06:24 2.25 0.503 0.004 0.75 12.7 1.7 6.8 5.5

04/12/2003 10:39 0.5 0.497 -0.007 0.75 34.1 0 21.1 18.4

04/12/2003 14:54 0.5 0.511 0.003 0.75 438.6 1.6 150.4 249.6

04/12/2003 16:24 0.25 0.546 0.046 0.75 27.6 0.5 12.7 13.8

04/12/2003 18:39 1.75 0.688 0.023 0.75 98.7 1.9 36.9 53.7

04/12/2003 08:24 1.5 0.502 -0.006 1 122.6 0.4 67.3 54.3

04/12/2003 03:09 4 0.512 -0.006 1.25 80 0 32.8 29.4

04/12/2003 11:24 0.25 0.49 0.007 2 401.9 0.6 156.0 187.9

04/12/2003 19:24 0.25 0.711 -0.006 64 439.2 0.7 398.0 67.6

07/12/2003 23:09 7 0.636 0.001 0.5 11 0 5.5 7.8

07/12/2003 11:24 0.25 0.705 0 1 396.8 0.1 290.4 193.7

07/12/2003 14:39 0.5 0.683 -0.011 1.75 396.6 4.4 99.2 138.1

07/12/2003 12:24 0.25 0.705 -0.018 2 414.5 3.4 210.2 176.7

08/12/2003 02:54 3.5 0.616 0.002 0.5 16.2 1.7 9.0 10.3

08/12/2003 07:54 4.75 0.596 -0.002 0.5 43.8 0.6 22.2 30.5

08/12/2003 09:09 1 0.591 -0.002 0.5 7.7 0 3.9 5.4



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

08/12/2003 10:24 1 0.59 -0.006 0.5 35.9 0.2 18.1 25.2

08/12/2003 10:54 0.25 0.584 0.001 0.5 29.7 0.5 15.1 20.6

08/12/2003 11:24 0.25 0.585 -0.003 0.5 11.9 0.2 6.1 8.3

08/12/2003 11:54 0.25 0.582 -0.002 0.5 66.7 1.4 34.1 46.2

08/12/2003 12:39 0.5 0.576 -0.001 0.75 322.2 0 200.4 174.9

08/12/2003 23:39 0.5 0.545 -0.001 0.75 46.6 4.8 19.5 23.5

08/12/2003 13:24 0.25 0.575 -0.003 1 413.8 0 212.6 232.3

08/12/2003 17:24 0.25 0.563 -0.003 1 406.5 0.6 299.2 199.2

08/12/2003 21:39 0.5 0.549 -0.003 1.75 388.2 0 293.7 164.8

08/12/2003 14:39 0.5 0.576 -0.013 2.75 414.1 0.5 224.0 155.1

08/12/2003 18:24 0.25 0.56 -0.008 3 394.3 0.6 123.2 132.4

09/12/2003 01:09 1 0.538 -0.001 0.5 8.8 2.4 5.6 4.5

09/12/2003 01:54 0.5 0.538 -0.005 0.5 16.4 0.1 8.3 11.5

09/12/2003 02:54 0.75 0.533 0.003 0.5 11 0 5.5 7.8

09/12/2003 10:54 1.75 0.504 -0.004 0.5 13.6 4.7 9.2 6.3

09/12/2003 19:24 3.75 0.496 -0.001 0.5 9.9 0 5.0 7.0

09/12/2003 20:39 1 0.49 0.002 0.5 15.6 0.1 7.9 11.0

09/12/2003 11:39 0.5 0.498 -0.003 0.75 40.5 0 26.8 23.2

09/12/2003 12:39 0.5 0.495 0.001 0.75 14.3 2 8.8 6.3

09/12/2003 15:09 2 0.491 0.011 0.75 29.2 0 13.6 14.7

09/12/2003 08:24 5.25 0.522 -0.006 1 397.5 0 115.1 188.9

10/12/2003 14:39 17.75 0.464 -0.003 0.75 383 0 182.8 192.1

11/12/2003 16:24 25.25 0.441 -0.003 1 103.6 0 47.0 52.0

12/12/2003 12:09 19 0.48 0 1.25 253.7 0 143.4 106.1

13/12/2003 01:39 12.5 0.506 -0.001 0.5 6.4 0 3.2 4.5

13/12/2003 07:39 5.75 0.495 0.009 0.75 189.2 4.3 87.5 93.8

13/12/2003 09:39 1.5 0.519 0.012 0.75 329.2 0 131.9 174.1

13/12/2003 17:54 0.75 0.625 0.026 0.75 77.1 0 29.0 42.0

13/12/2003 18:39 0.25 0.651 0.034 0.75 392.7 0.1 157.8 207.4

13/12/2003 13:24 3.25 0.554 0.009 1 68.3 2.4 32.9 27.1

13/12/2003 14:24 0.25 0.563 0.005 1 133.7 0.4 56.3 56.1

13/12/2003 19:24 0.25 0.685 0.041 1 122.7 4.3 79.3 53.7

13/12/2003 15:24 0.25 0.568 0.039 2 389.9 0 265.9 153.8

13/12/2003 20:24 0.25 0.726 -0.03 31 428.5 2.3 371.2 110.4

15/12/2003 03:54 0.75 0.685 0 0.5 65.6 0.3 33.0 46.2

15/12/2003 06:54 0.25 0.662 -0.004 0.5 9.8 4.5 7.2 3.7

15/12/2003 10:09 1.75 0.642 0.014 0.5 27.3 0 13.7 19.3

15/12/2003 10:54 0.5 0.647 0.006 0.5 157.8 0.8 79.3 111.0

15/12/2003 11:24 0.25 0.653 -0.005 0.5 6.4 1.1 3.8 3.7

15/12/2003 12:09 0.5 0.652 -0.004 0.5 12.7 0 6.4 9.0

15/12/2003 14:24 2 0.664 -0.011 0.5 5.3 2.1 3.7 2.3

15/12/2003 15:54 1.25 0.675 -0.014 0.5 21.1 0 10.6 14.9

15/12/2003 06:09 1 0.674 -0.012 0.75 29.2 4.1 13.3 13.8

15/12/2003 16:24 0.25 0.661 0.012 0.75 7.3 3.2 5.4 2.1

15/12/2003 04:24 0.25 0.685 -0.011 1 385.7 0 139.2 175.1

15/12/2003 07:24 0.25 0.658 -0.004 1.25 38.3 1.3 13.1 14.6

15/12/2003 17:09 0.25 0.673 0.046 28.25 415.6 2.6 351.2 123.8

16/12/2003 21:24 0.25 0.719 -0.011 6 415.2 3 266.0 167.8

17/12/2003 17:54 0.75 0.681 -0.034 0.5 10.5 0.1 5.3 7.4

17/12/2003 20:24 0.25 0.647 0.019 0.5 10.2 0.2 5.2 7.1



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

17/12/2003 20:54 0.25 0.666 -0.018 0.5 7.5 0.9 4.2 4.7

17/12/2003 22:54 1.75 0.655 0 0.5 11.9 2.3 7.1 6.8

17/12/2003 11:39 0.5 0.696 -0.019 0.75 144.6 3.9 75.1 70.4

17/12/2003 16:39 1.5 0.665 -0.001 0.75 87 3.2 31.8 47.8

17/12/2003 18:39 0.5 0.659 -0.002 0.75 24.1 3.8 11.2 11.2

17/12/2003 19:39 0.5 0.654 -0.007 0.75 23.5 3.8 11.5 10.5

17/12/2003 05:24 0.25 0.704 -0.001 1 369.8 2.9 269.0 177.8

17/12/2003 06:24 0.25 0.703 -0.009 1 179.3 3 81.2 73.6

17/12/2003 07:24 0.25 0.694 0 1 396.7 1.7 209.7 162.3

17/12/2003 12:24 0.25 0.677 0.002 1 140 1.3 50.3 64.3

17/12/2003 13:24 0.25 0.679 0.017 1 79 3.6 30.8 35.3

17/12/2003 14:24 0.25 0.696 -0.016 1 385 1.4 105.1 187.0

17/12/2003 03:24 0.25 0.708 -0.004 2 415.2 2.4 251.5 195.4

17/12/2003 08:24 0.25 0.694 -0.011 3 414.2 1 109.7 143.8

18/12/2003 00:24 1.25 0.637 0.001 0.5 9 2.7 5.9 4.5

18/12/2003 00:54 0.25 0.638 -0.001 0.5 32.8 1.8 17.3 21.9

18/12/2003 02:39 1.5 0.641 -0.005 0.5 5.1 1.4 3.3 2.6

18/12/2003 03:54 1 0.623 0.006 0.5 5.9 2.7 4.3 2.3

18/12/2003 04:54 0.75 0.616 0.01 0.5 8.8 0.1 4.5 6.2

18/12/2003 05:24 0.25 0.626 0 0.5 7.3 1.1 4.2 4.4

18/12/2003 07:24 1.75 0.629 -0.017 0.5 9.2 2 5.6 5.1

18/12/2003 09:39 0.5 0.592 0.011 0.75 307 1 144.5 153.9

18/12/2003 14:39 0.5 0.593 -0.01 0.75 162.9 1.7 102.9 88.2

18/12/2003 23:39 0.5 0.562 -0.016 0.75 415.2 0.4 175.7 214.7

18/12/2003 08:24 0.75 0.604 -0.005 1 414.9 4.8 120.3 196.8

18/12/2003 13:24 3.25 0.596 -0.002 1 83.6 2 41.8 41.3

18/12/2003 15:24 0.25 0.583 -0.011 1 401.6 1.4 269.9 185.3

18/12/2003 16:24 0.25 0.572 0.013 1 151.6 2.4 68.5 62.6

18/12/2003 20:24 0.25 0.573 -0.019 1 43.5 3.2 20.3 16.9

18/12/2003 21:39 0.5 0.555 0.011 1.75 277.3 1.2 122.2 94.7

18/12/2003 17:39 0.5 0.581 -0.008 2.75 350.1 1.2 98.8 108.6

19/12/2003 08:54 0.5 0.536 -0.001 0.5 7.1 1.2 4.2 4.2

19/12/2003 10:54 0.75 0.521 0.007 0.5 13.4 4.6 9.0 6.2

19/12/2003 11:39 0.5 0.532 -0.015 0.5 10.3 1.3 5.8 6.4

19/12/2003 12:09 0.25 0.517 0.01 0.5 81.3 2.8 42.1 55.5

19/12/2003 13:54 1.5 0.514 -0.003 0.5 7 0.6 3.8 4.5

19/12/2003 19:24 3 0.517 -0.001 0.5 11.7 0 5.9 8.3

19/12/2003 20:54 0.5 0.506 -0.003 0.5 6.8 1.6 4.2 3.7

19/12/2003 09:39 0.5 0.526 0.01 0.75 7.6 3.3 5.7 2.2

19/12/2003 19:54 0.25 0.516 -0.016 0.75 11.7 1.2 8.1 6.0

19/12/2003 22:24 1.25 0.503 0.001 1 11 2.6 7.1 3.5

19/12/2003 00:39 0.5 0.55 -0.01 1.25 233.1 0 91.3 115.7

19/12/2003 01:54 0.25 0.54 -0.001 1.75 36 2.2 18.6 13.5

19/12/2003 14:24 0.25 0.511 0.008 2.25 129 0.2 25.6 42.0

19/12/2003 03:39 0.25 0.539 0.008 2.5 121.2 2.6 47.5 46.5

19/12/2003 06:09 0.25 0.547 -0.019 2.5 72.2 3.2 19.3 19.4

20/12/2003 03:24 4.25 0.518 0.001 0.5 6 0.8 3.4 3.7

20/12/2003 08:09 4.5 0.537 0.001 0.5 5.6 1.6 3.6 2.8

20/12/2003 08:39 0.25 0.538 0.029 0.5 17.2 2.4 9.8 10.5

20/12/2003 09:09 0.25 0.567 -0.001 0.5 63.4 4.7 34.1 41.5



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

20/12/2003 15:09 0.5 0.597 0.014 0.5 109.5 2.5 56.0 75.7

20/12/2003 18:09 0.5 0.595 -0.008 0.5 6.3 0.8 3.6 3.9

20/12/2003 16:54 1.5 0.594 -0.003 1 12.4 1.4 6.2 4.6

20/12/2003 18:39 0.25 0.587 0.003 1 134.9 0 56.0 64.2

20/12/2003 13:39 1.25 0.617 -0.003 1.25 15.3 1 7.3 5.4

20/12/2003 23:09 0.5 0.581 -0.005 1.5 56.6 3.7 21.7 18.6

20/12/2003 20:24 1 0.588 -0.014 2.5 105.9 2 35.1 34.6

20/12/2003 09:39 0.25 0.566 0.038 3 266.4 4.6 52.3 77.4

21/12/2003 13:24 1 0.542 0 0.5 17.2 0.9 9.1 11.5

21/12/2003 08:54 1.5 0.539 -0.001 0.75 15.6 1.8 9.4 7.0

21/12/2003 10:54 0.25 0.534 -0.001 0.75 13 2.6 7.0 5.4

21/12/2003 03:39 0.25 0.556 -0.008 1 177.9 1.1 77.3 87.7

21/12/2003 11:39 0.25 0.533 -0.005 1 414.2 3.1 287.8 194.9

21/12/2003 04:39 0.25 0.548 0.005 1.25 46.2 0 24.8 17.6

21/12/2003 09:39 0.25 0.538 -0.004 1.25 27 1.4 10.2 9.8

21/12/2003 05:54 0.25 0.553 -0.008 1.75 113.6 1.1 59.5 42.1

21/12/2003 00:39 0.25 0.576 -0.02 3 414.2 4.9 163.0 141.4

22/12/2003 07:09 17.5 0.502 -0.014 0.5 7.6 1 4.3 4.7

22/12/2003 14:54 0.5 0.492 -0.016 0.5 64.4 1.4 32.9 44.5

22/12/2003 10:54 3.5 0.483 -0.001 0.75 36.5 0.6 21.9 18.9

22/12/2003 13:54 0.5 0.478 -0.002 0.75 27.3 0.9 16.4 13.8

22/12/2003 16:39 1.5 0.485 -0.012 0.75 26.9 1.8 18.4 14.3

22/12/2003 12:09 0.75 0.479 0.001 1.5 416.2 0.3 262.2 178.0

23/12/2003 22:39 0.25 0.679 -0.029 3 423.9 3.6 167.9 131.2

23/12/2003 07:54 14.75 0.539 0.14 14.75 425.9 3 298.8 161.1

24/12/2003 05:39 1.25 0.629 0.015 0.5 6 4 5.0 1.4

24/12/2003 07:54 0.75 0.645 -0.013 0.5 6.5 4.5 5.5 1.4

24/12/2003 09:24 1.25 0.639 0.012 0.5 7.8 2.5 5.2 3.7

24/12/2003 03:39 0.25 0.637 0.005 1 20.2 3.1 9.4 7.6

24/12/2003 06:24 0.5 0.641 0.001 1 8.6 3.7 6.4 2.2

24/12/2003 01:39 0.25 0.65 -0.013 2 31.1 4 13.5 9.7

24/12/2003 10:39 1 0.647 0.051 3 420.9 2.8 226.9 176.5

24/12/2003 13:39 0.25 0.698 -0.086 38.5 439 3.8 271.4 177.2

26/12/2003 04:09 0.25 0.612 -0.019 0.75 235.7 3.9 81.7 133.3

26/12/2003 04:54 0.25 0.593 -0.005 0.75 55.5 3.9 25.4 26.9

26/12/2003 05:54 0.5 0.589 0.01 1 190.3 3.4 52.5 91.9

26/12/2003 23:09 0.25 0.546 -0.015 3.25 17.8 1 10.8 4.8

26/12/2003 16:39 0.25 0.557 -0.011 6.5 413 4.6 103.6 123.7

26/12/2003 07:39 1 0.58 -0.023 9 412.3 4.5 157.4 154.9

27/12/2003 13:39 0.25 0.512 -0.001 0.75 12.9 2.7 7.2 5.2

27/12/2003 15:24 1.25 0.507 0.002 0.75 10.2 1.7 7.2 4.7

27/12/2003 17:54 0.25 0.503 0.015 0.75 17.1 4.5 11.1 6.3

27/12/2003 02:39 0.5 0.531 -0.001 1.25 11.4 4.9 9.0 2.6

27/12/2003 08:24 1 0.524 0.001 1.5 32.8 0.9 18.6 15.7

27/12/2003 10:09 0.5 0.52 0 1.5 271.1 3.9 157.3 119.6

27/12/2003 16:09 0.25 0.509 -0.006 1.75 56.2 3.2 14.8 18.4

27/12/2003 05:39 2 0.526 0.002 2 12.7 4.3 7.7 2.8

27/12/2003 11:39 0.25 0.52 -0.008 2 19.1 4.1 12.3 4.7

27/12/2003 19:24 1 0.499 -0.002 2.25 7.3 4.4 6.3 1.0

27/12/2003 21:54 0.5 0.498 -0.008 2.75 11 2.8 7.7 2.2



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

28/12/2003 17:54 1.25 0.459 -0.002 0.5 5.5 3 4.3 1.8

28/12/2003 06:54 0.25 0.492 -0.013 0.75 22.3 4.5 10.8 10.0

28/12/2003 12:54 1.5 0.477 -0.014 1 10 2.4 6.7 3.2

28/12/2003 21:24 1 0.452 -0.003 1 6.7 1.7 4.9 2.3

28/12/2003 04:54 1.5 0.483 0.009 2 11.1 4.7 8.3 2.6

28/12/2003 01:24 1 0.488 -0.005 2.25 18.3 0.7 8.9 5.6

28/12/2003 18:24 0.25 0.457 -0.004 2.25 11.7 0.6 8.2 3.6

28/12/2003 13:54 0.25 0.463 -0.004 3 12.6 4.1 8.8 2.5

28/12/2003 08:24 1 0.472 -0.003 3.25 30.5 4.4 11.4 8.1

28/12/2003 22:24 0.25 0.449 -0.002 3.75 11.2 4.5 8.5 2.3

29/12/2003 11:39 0.25 0.431 -0.002 2 351.2 3.9 81.1 127.8

29/12/2003 19:24 1 0.423 -0.002 2.25 11.9 2.8 9.8 2.8

29/12/2003 02:09 0.25 0.447 0.004 2.5 12.3 3.6 8.6 2.9

29/12/2003 05:09 0.75 0.441 -0.003 2.5 12.5 5 9.7 2.6

29/12/2003 08:24 1 0.435 -0.004 3.25 11.5 2.6 8.2 2.7

29/12/2003 13:54 0.5 0.429 -0.006 4.75 371.4 2.9 29.1 83.2

29/12/2003 22:24 1 0.421 -0.003 5.25 11.3 3.1 8.7 2.3

30/12/2003 08:09 0.25 0.412 0 2.5 14.3 4.9 12.2 3.5

30/12/2003 11:24 1 0.413 -0.001 3 14.5 3.5 9.9 3.7

30/12/2003 04:24 1 0.415 -0.003 3.75 12.8 2.6 9.2 3.2

30/12/2003 14:54 0.75 0.409 0.002 8.75 35.6 4.2 11.2 6.5

31/12/2003 00:24 1 0.423 -0.016 3.25 15.9 4.7 11.8 3.1

31/12/2003 04:24 1 0.406 0.001 3.25 14.6 4.2 10.5 3.4

31/12/2003 08:24 1 0.419 -0.013 3.25 243.3 3.4 56.5 88.0

31/12/2003 12:24 1 0.407 -0.004 4.25 15.5 3.5 10.1 3.7

31/12/2003 23:24 1 0.4 0.009 4.25 16.1 2.1 11.7 3.9

31/12/2003 17:24 1 0.402 -0.003 5.25 15.4 3.2 11.1 3.3

01/01/2004 12:24 1 0.402 -0.014 2.25 14.8 3.1 10.0 4.1

01/01/2004 19:24 1 0.386 -0.002 2.25 13.3 0.4 9.0 4.2

01/01/2004 04:24 1 0.396 -0.004 3.25 16.2 2.3 11.4 4.4

01/01/2004 15:24 1 0.388 -0.003 3.25 15.1 1.5 10.1 3.5

01/01/2004 22:24 1 0.383 0.014 3.25 14.3 0.2 9.8 3.8

01/01/2004 07:54 0.5 0.407 -0.017 3.75 19.4 4.5 10.5 4.6

02/01/2004 07:24 1 0.38 -0.001 1.25 13.1 4.2 11.2 3.9

02/01/2004 12:24 0.75 0.376 0.001 1.25 133.8 4.5 98.7 54.1

02/01/2004 17:24 1 0.378 -0.005 1.25 12.1 1.8 10.0 4.6

02/01/2004 19:24 1 0.375 -0.001 1.25 11.1 0.5 8.8 4.7

02/01/2004 21:24 1 0.387 -0.013 1.25 9.5 0.1 7.5 4.2

02/01/2004 23:24 1 0.372 0 1.25 9.9 4.9 8.4 2.0

02/01/2004 14:54 1.5 0.389 -0.015 1.75 12.3 4.8 8.8 3.4

02/01/2004 09:24 1 0.379 -0.001 2.5 409.5 0.7 95.0 151.8

02/01/2004 03:24 2 0.396 -0.016 3.25 13.1 2.2 9.0 3.7

03/01/2004 01:24 1 0.37 0.013 1.25 11.2 0 8.5 4.8

03/01/2004 03:24 1 0.37 -0.001 1.25 11 0 8.7 4.8

03/01/2004 08:24 1 0.366 -0.002 1.25 11.3 0 8.4 4.7

03/01/2004 15:24 2 0.36 0.001 1.25 9 0 6.9 3.9

03/01/2004 18:24 2 0.359 -0.001 1.25 8.7 3.9 7.5 2.0

03/01/2004 20:24 1 0.357 -0.001 1.25 9.6 0 7.5 4.2

03/01/2004 22:24 1 0.356 0.013 1.25 9.5 0.3 7.3 4.0

03/01/2004 05:24 1 0.382 -0.017 2.25 7.9 1.1 6.1 2.1



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

03/01/2004 11:24 2 0.363 -0.005 2.25 180.9 0 58.6 78.7

04/01/2004 07:24 1 0.348 -0.001 1 6.5 0 4.6 3.1

04/01/2004 00:24 1 0.356 0.012 1.25 9 1.1 6.8 3.2

04/01/2004 03:24 2 0.354 -0.004 1.25 13 0 7.6 4.8

04/01/2004 05:24 1 0.35 -0.001 1.25 9.7 0 7.7 4.3

04/01/2004 10:24 2.25 0.345 -0.001 1.25 8.3 1.1 6.7 3.1

04/01/2004 13:24 2 0.345 0 1.25 9.2 2.4 7.5 2.8

04/01/2004 16:24 2 0.347 0 1.25 8.6 0.1 6.6 3.7

04/01/2004 18:24 1 0.35 0.002 1.25 8.5 0 6.7 3.7

04/01/2004 20:24 1 0.352 0.001 1.25 9.1 0 7.0 3.9

04/01/2004 22:24 1 0.354 -0.003 1.25 9.2 0 7.0 3.9

05/01/2004 08:24 2 0.355 0 0.5 5.4 0 2.7 3.8

05/01/2004 14:54 0.5 0.362 0.016 0.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 1.4

05/01/2004 00:24 1 0.352 0.002 1.25 9.2 0 7.1 4.0

05/01/2004 05:24 4 0.354 0 1.25 8.2 0 6.4 3.6

05/01/2004 13:24 2 0.36 0.014 1.25 9 4.5 8.0 2.0

05/01/2004 16:24 1.25 0.38 -0.012 2.25 9.4 0 7.0 2.9

05/01/2004 20:24 2 0.384 -0.015 2.25 9 0 6.5 2.8

05/01/2004 08:54 0.25 0.355 0.002 2.75 9.4 5 7.9 1.6

06/01/2004 22:24 0.25 0.379 0.013 0.5 5.5 4.8 5.2 0.5

06/01/2004 04:39 0.25 0.385 -0.016 2 7.4 2.9 6.4 1.4

06/01/2004 19:39 13.25 0.377 0.002 2.75 7.8 5 6.1 0.8

06/01/2004 01:24 3 0.372 0.013 3.25 21.2 0 8.4 4.5

07/01/2004 03:39 0.25 0.393 0 0.5 5.2 4.1 4.7 0.8

07/01/2004 15:54 4.5 0.418 -0.01 0.5 7.3 3.4 5.4 2.8

07/01/2004 10:54 0.5 0.392 -0.001 0.75 165.4 3 86.2 81.3

07/01/2004 16:54 0.75 0.411 0.018 0.75 92.7 2.8 33.6 51.2

07/01/2004 19:39 0.25 0.728 0.061 1 117.8 4.5 64.9 48.8

07/01/2004 02:24 3.75 0.39 0.003 1.25 5.9 1.6 5.0 1.9

07/01/2004 09:24 2 0.392 0.001 1.25 7.2 0 5.4 3.0

07/01/2004 17:39 0.25 0.429 0.299 2 257.2 3.2 161.0 90.3

07/01/2004 05:24 1.5 0.393 -0.001 2.25 8 0 6.2 2.4

07/01/2004 20:39 0.25 0.789 -0.108 77 426.3 2.3 381.1 90.1

11/01/2004 18:39 13.25 0.657 -0.005 0.5 13.7 0 6.9 9.7

11/01/2004 04:39 0.25 0.671 -0.002 1 23 0.6 12.7 11.3

11/01/2004 01:39 0.25 0.681 -0.01 3 305.3 3.8 127.0 81.2

12/01/2004 14:09 19.25 0.691 -0.005 0.5 8.7 0.2 4.5 6.0

12/01/2004 15:09 0.75 0.71 -0.02 0.5 223.5 0 111.8 158.0

12/01/2004 18:09 0.75 0.706 -0.006 0.5 147.3 0 73.7 104.2

12/01/2004 15:54 0.5 0.696 0.001 0.75 394.1 0.6 140.4 220.1

12/01/2004 16:54 0.5 0.708 -0.008 0.75 183.6 1 89.0 91.5

12/01/2004 20:54 1.5 0.702 -0.006 0.75 190.5 0.3 70.9 104.2

12/01/2004 22:54 0.25 0.697 -0.005 0.75 71.8 0.2 38.5 36.1

12/01/2004 23:54 0.5 0.686 0.019 0.75 294.3 0 101.4 167.2

12/01/2004 18:39 0.25 0.7 0 1 182.2 0 92.1 89.2

12/01/2004 21:54 0.5 0.693 0.004 1 105.8 0.5 65.8 45.4

13/01/2004 01:09 0.75 0.691 -0.006 0.5 62 0 31.0 43.8

13/01/2004 02:09 0.75 0.695 -0.003 0.5 6.6 1 3.8 4.0

13/01/2004 04:09 1.75 0.68 -0.004 0.5 32.4 0 16.2 22.9

13/01/2004 06:09 1.75 0.672 0.015 0.5 8.1 1 4.6 5.0



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

13/01/2004 09:09 0.25 0.683 0.009 0.5 6.4 1.1 3.8 3.7

13/01/2004 10:09 0.75 0.702 0.01 0.5 22.6 0.7 11.7 15.5

13/01/2004 08:24 2 0.677 0.006 0.75 9.4 0 5.4 4.9

13/01/2004 10:54 0.5 0.71 -0.001 0.75 116.4 2.9 49.9 59.2

13/01/2004 11:39 0.25 0.709 0.03 1 413.8 4.1 180.0 202.2

13/01/2004 12:39 0.25 0.739 -0.002 40 438.1 0.6 390.5 84.3

15/01/2004 10:54 0.5 0.693 -0.003 0.75 327.6 1.5 184.9 166.8

15/01/2004 11:54 0.5 0.682 0.002 0.75 10.5 0 7.0 6.1

15/01/2004 12:54 0.5 0.683 -0.002 0.75 28 0.6 17.0 14.5

15/01/2004 13:54 0.5 0.683 -0.005 0.75 36.1 0 18.0 18.1

15/01/2004 08:39 0.25 0.706 0 1 202.6 0 81.2 88.5

15/01/2004 09:39 0.25 0.706 -0.005 1 63.2 0 29.4 31.3

15/01/2004 04:39 0.25 0.737 -0.017 2 415.8 0 305.9 185.8

15/01/2004 06:39 0.25 0.72 -0.014 2 415.7 4.4 252.5 172.7

17/01/2004 11:09 44.75 0.522 -0.002 0.5 142.1 0 71.1 100.5

17/01/2004 12:09 0.75 0.521 0.008 1.5 15.2 0 12.7 6.2

18/01/2004 08:09 18.75 0.684 0.004 0.5 57.9 0 29.0 40.9

18/01/2004 08:54 0.5 0.701 -0.008 0.75 116.6 0.3 50.3 59.8

18/01/2004 21:54 1.5 0.683 -0.013 0.75 16.5 0.5 9.3 8.1

18/01/2004 22:54 0.5 0.67 -0.011 0.75 9.3 0 5.4 4.8

18/01/2004 17:39 0.25 0.709 -0.011 1 342.3 1.1 196.3 149.3

18/01/2004 18:39 0.25 0.698 -0.01 1 77.2 1 29.4 34.2

18/01/2004 19:39 0.25 0.688 -0.002 1 59 0 23.3 25.7

18/01/2004 09:39 0.25 0.693 0.026 3 407.6 0 189.2 166.7

18/01/2004 12:39 0.25 0.719 -0.01 5 416.7 0.1 231.9 168.2

20/01/2004 19:24 4.75 0.499 0.001 0.5 16.5 0 8.3 11.7

20/01/2004 13:54 38.5 0.511 -0.001 1 110.4 0 73.0 51.0

21/01/2004 10:54 15.25 0.47 0 1.75 68.7 0 37.6 25.1

22/01/2004 07:24 19 0.699 0.021 0.5 61.9 0 31.0 43.8

22/01/2004 23:09 0.5 0.657 -0.005 0.75 12.3 1 6.8 5.7

22/01/2004 21:09 0.5 0.67 -0.012 1.75 47.2 0 30.8 15.1

22/01/2004 07:54 0.25 0.72 -0.045 13 435.1 0.1 327.0 139.6

23/01/2004 14:39 1 0.605 0.001 0.5 15.6 0.2 7.9 10.9

23/01/2004 15:24 0.5 0.606 -0.003 0.75 183.9 0.3 63.7 104.1

23/01/2004 12:39 13 0.614 -0.005 1.25 388 0 268.4 169.1

24/01/2004 09:39 17.75 0.56 0.009 0.5 6.6 0 3.3 4.7

25/01/2004 11:39 25.75 0.523 -0.015 1.25 116.8 0 45.3 43.7

27/01/2004 09:24 44.75 0.49 -0.016 0.5 13.1 0 6.6 9.3

27/01/2004 20:54 3.25 0.663 0.028 0.5 10.3 1.2 5.8 6.4

27/01/2004 14:09 4.5 0.479 -0.003 0.75 104.2 0 42.1 54.9

27/01/2004 15:09 0.5 0.482 0.004 0.75 102.1 0 55.8 51.7

27/01/2004 16:24 0.75 0.494 0.04 1.5 413.6 3.1 86.0 161.4

27/01/2004 21:24 0.25 0.691 -0.025 14.5 439.1 0.7 371.4 106.1

28/01/2004 13:09 0.5 0.647 -0.005 0.75 44.9 0.2 17.1 24.3

28/01/2004 11:54 0.25 0.666 -0.014 1 135.5 0 61.5 61.4

30/01/2004 11:09 45.5 0.526 0.005 1.25 91.1 0.2 57.6 39.4

31/01/2004 11:24 23.25 0.491 -0.001 0.5 399.9 0 200.0 282.8

31/01/2004 12:24 0.75 0.491 0.011 0.75 325.2 0.3 117.2 180.6

31/01/2004 13:09 0.25 0.502 -0.009 0.75 9 0 5.6 4.9

31/01/2004 13:54 0.25 0.493 -0.002 2 334.6 0.2 243.9 102.8



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

03/02/2004 10:54 67.25 0.442 0.013 0.5 10.3 0 5.2 7.3

03/02/2004 12:24 1.25 0.457 -0.01 0.5 89.5 0 44.8 63.3

03/02/2004 15:09 2 0.443 0.005 1 328.6 0 130.7 141.5

04/02/2004 10:39 18.75 0.446 -0.013 0.5 397 0 198.5 280.7

04/02/2004 11:09 0.25 0.433 -0.005 1 75.1 0 25.7 34.1

05/02/2004 19:39 1.75 0.556 -0.002 0.5 8.3 0 4.2 5.9

05/02/2004 17:09 0.25 0.505 0.007 1 393.3 0 238.5 168.2

05/02/2004 15:54 28 0.469 0.036 1.25 408.3 0.3 226.3 181.8

06/02/2004 00:24 4.5 0.655 0.037 0.75 133.6 1.2 51.6 71.7

06/02/2004 01:09 0.25 0.692 -0.025 26 435.2 1.1 279.2 150.9

07/02/2004 03:24 0.5 0.664 -0.012 0.75 41.9 0.7 23.9 21.1

07/02/2004 05:24 0.5 0.642 0.006 0.75 41.8 2.7 27.3 21.4

07/02/2004 06:24 0.5 0.651 -0.002 0.75 25.4 0 13.8 12.8

07/02/2004 04:09 0.25 0.652 -0.01 1 63.4 0.3 32.7 26.0

07/02/2004 11:54 5 0.61 -0.01 1.25 244.9 0.9 139.0 99.5

08/02/2004 07:39 18.75 0.562 -0.015 0.5 14.9 0 7.5 10.5

08/02/2004 09:24 1.5 0.545 -0.005 0.5 9.8 0 4.9 6.9

08/02/2004 10:39 1 0.538 0.001 0.5 17.9 0 9.0 12.7

08/02/2004 12:09 1.25 0.536 -0.002 0.5 7.3 0.1 3.7 5.1

08/02/2004 12:39 0.25 0.534 -0.004 1.5 173.8 0.1 117.6 66.3

09/02/2004 02:09 12.25 0.511 0.003 0.5 19.6 0 9.8 13.9

09/02/2004 08:54 6.5 0.499 0.001 0.75 31.7 1.5 16.7 15.1

09/02/2004 11:39 2.25 0.498 0.001 1.5 423.2 0 249.0 191.0

10/02/2004 10:24 21.5 0.481 0.004 0.5 26.1 0 13.1 18.5

10/02/2004 13:09 2.5 0.487 0.005 0.5 16.8 0.5 8.7 11.5

10/02/2004 21:39 8.25 0.479 0 0.5 22.7 0 11.4 16.1

11/02/2004 10:39 4.75 0.461 0.005 0.5 18.1 0 9.1 12.8

11/02/2004 14:39 3.75 0.456 0.003 0.5 136.9 0 68.5 96.8

11/02/2004 22:39 3.75 0.454 -0.002 0.5 28.5 1.3 14.9 19.2

11/02/2004 05:24 7.5 0.471 -0.001 0.75 25.9 0 16.4 14.3

11/02/2004 18:24 3.5 0.452 0.004 0.75 13.2 0 6.5 6.6

12/02/2004 05:39 6.75 0.454 -0.002 0.5 9.4 0 4.7 6.6

12/02/2004 06:24 0.5 0.449 0.001 0.5 8.8 0 4.4 6.2

13/02/2004 14:39 0.75 0.441 0.002 0.5 148.3 0 74.2 104.9

13/02/2004 12:39 30 0.441 0.01 1.5 390.5 0 212.5 184.1

14/02/2004 17:24 6.5 0.531 -0.015 0.5 6.2 0 3.1 4.4

14/02/2004 19:09 1.5 0.521 -0.001 0.5 5.3 0 2.7 3.7

14/02/2004 22:09 2.75 0.522 -0.002 0.5 98.1 0 49.1 69.4

14/02/2004 09:39 18.75 0.52 -0.002 1.5 422.8 0 130.9 151.8

15/02/2004 03:39 5.25 0.511 0.002 0.5 58.2 0 29.1 41.2

15/02/2004 06:39 2.75 0.508 -0.007 0.5 37.1 0 18.6 26.2

16/02/2004 15:39 4.75 0.546 0.016 0.5 152.7 0 76.4 108.0

16/02/2004 22:39 1.5 0.613 0.012 0.5 25.7 0.5 13.1 17.8

16/02/2004 23:39 0.75 0.638 -0.003 0.5 9.7 4.3 7.0 3.8

16/02/2004 09:09 26.25 0.502 -0.003 0.75 13.3 0.1 6.5 6.6

16/02/2004 10:09 0.5 0.487 0.006 1 31.7 0 13.5 13.4

16/02/2004 16:09 0.25 0.562 0.032 1 12.6 0 7.6 5.4

16/02/2004 17:39 0.75 0.615 0.012 3.75 414.7 0.6 152.7 178.7

17/02/2004 17:39 0.75 0.658 -0.005 0.5 14 3 8.5 7.8

17/02/2004 18:54 0.25 0.65 0.011 0.5 29.5 2.9 16.2 18.8



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

17/02/2004 19:39 0.5 0.653 -0.013 0.5 61.6 0 30.8 43.6

17/02/2004 20:39 0.75 0.633 0.019 0.5 5.4 1.1 3.3 3.0

17/02/2004 23:54 3 0.618 0.012 0.5 20.3 0 10.2 14.4

17/02/2004 18:09 0.25 0.653 -0.003 0.75 19.8 0 11.0 10.1

17/02/2004 04:09 0.25 0.71 -0.027 1 121.4 0 77.9 53.4

17/02/2004 05:09 0.25 0.683 -0.001 1 53.8 0.4 40.5 26.7

17/02/2004 10:09 0.25 0.672 0.005 1 108 0.1 57.0 44.2

17/02/2004 16:09 0.25 0.669 -0.001 1 39.5 0 23.3 19.5

17/02/2004 06:09 0.25 0.682 -0.007 2 133.1 0.3 64.0 41.2

17/02/2004 08:09 0.25 0.675 -0.003 2 120.9 1.7 57.4 43.4

17/02/2004 00:39 0.75 0.67 0.04 3.5 400.1 0.5 169.2 139.6

17/02/2004 11:09 0.25 0.677 -0.008 5 400.4 0 168.0 135.4

18/02/2004 01:24 1.25 0.621 -0.007 0.5 38.9 0 19.5 27.5

19/02/2004 10:39 33 0.507 -0.001 0.5 121.3 4.1 62.7 82.9

19/02/2004 12:24 1.5 0.504 -0.003 0.5 7.2 0 3.6 5.1

20/02/2004 00:39 12 0.479 0.001 0.5 63.4 0.1 31.8 44.8

20/02/2004 14:24 13.5 0.463 0 0.5 10.7 0 5.4 7.6

21/02/2004 11:24 20.75 0.455 -0.015 0.5 8.1 0.8 4.5 5.2

21/02/2004 11:54 0.25 0.44 -0.001 1.25 425.2 0 256.3 229.1

22/02/2004 09:24 20.5 0.419 0 0.75 227.9 0 77.9 129.9

23/02/2004 12:09 26.25 0.416 0.001 1 35 0.4 20.3 15.0

25/02/2004 11:09 46.25 0.433 -0.012 1 6.2 0 4.4 3.0

26/02/2004 11:24 0.25 0.415 0 1 184.4 0 127.5 85.6

26/02/2004 10:09 22.25 0.414 0.001 1.25 375.4 0 238.5 141.0

27/02/2004 14:09 26 0.395 0.002 1.25 160.3 0 120.5 67.9

29/02/2004 16:24 49.25 0.378 -0.004 0.75 33.5 0.1 17.0 16.7

01/03/2004 14:24 21.5 0.365 0 1 278.9 0.2 191.8 129.7

01/03/2004 17:24 2.25 0.377 -0.011 1 425.2 0 248.4 210.5

03/03/2004 10:24 40.25 0.386 0.002 1 154.5 0 96.8 70.8

03/03/2004 23:24 12.25 0.421 0.004 1 411.2 0.4 307.1 204.4

04/03/2004 02:54 0.75 0.434 0.003 0.5 15.1 1.3 8.2 9.8

04/03/2004 04:54 0.25 0.442 -0.003 0.5 11.7 3 7.4 6.2

04/03/2004 07:39 0.5 0.445 -0.001 0.5 11 1.8 6.4 6.5

04/03/2004 09:24 0.25 0.448 0 0.5 6.9 4.5 5.7 1.7

04/03/2004 23:54 2.75 0.451 0 0.5 6.4 2 4.2 3.1

04/03/2004 04:09 1 0.435 0.007 0.75 35.6 0 14.8 18.6

04/03/2004 01:09 1 0.439 -0.01 1.25 41.5 0 19.1 16.1

04/03/2004 06:09 1 0.458 -0.007 1.25 174.2 0 81.7 66.1

04/03/2004 08:09 0.25 0.444 0.004 1.25 239.3 1.9 114.2 88.3

04/03/2004 10:09 0.5 0.452 0.01 1.25 83.8 3.1 49.2 30.7

04/03/2004 12:09 1 0.452 0 1.25 44.9 2.9 28.0 15.4

04/03/2004 14:09 1 0.469 -0.013 1.25 36.7 0 18.7 13.5

04/03/2004 16:09 1 0.467 -0.011 1.25 20.7 0 16.6 9.3

04/03/2004 18:09 1 0.454 -0.001 1.25 64.6 0.3 21.9 25.4

04/03/2004 20:09 1 0.455 -0.003 1.25 19 0 11.3 7.3

05/03/2004 03:24 3.25 0.475 0.013 0.5 5.1 2.3 3.7 2.0

05/03/2004 06:39 0.5 0.623 0.017 0.5 46.8 0.8 23.8 32.5

05/03/2004 05:09 1.5 0.549 0.063 1.25 60.6 0 33.2 26.6

05/03/2004 18:39 0.25 0.61 -0.004 2.25 70.5 3.4 31.3 26.9

05/03/2004 20:54 0.25 0.606 -0.045 4.75 185.5 4.7 48.7 46.5



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

05/03/2004 07:09 0.25 0.64 -0.03 11.5 247.6 2.1 93.5 61.1

06/03/2004 09:39 2.5 0.519 -0.001 0.5 13.4 1.1 7.3 8.7

06/03/2004 11:54 0.25 0.51 -0.001 0.75 8.7 0.7 5.6 4.3

06/03/2004 01:39 0.25 0.561 -0.01 1.75 32 0.8 19.1 13.3

06/03/2004 10:09 0.25 0.518 -0.008 1.75 83.2 1.2 42.2 29.2

06/03/2004 12:54 0.5 0.519 0 2.5 81.3 3.2 30.4 24.6

06/03/2004 03:39 0.5 0.549 -0.022 3.75 175.5 3.4 53.8 47.2

06/03/2004 16:24 1.25 0.505 0.139 42.5 426.9 0.4 138.3 102.9

08/03/2004 10:54 0.25 0.644 -0.032 4.75 131.3 2.4 58.3 37.1

08/03/2004 15:39 0.25 0.612 0.061 6 189 4.9 84.7 61.8

08/03/2004 21:39 0.25 0.673 0.022 10.75 444.7 0.2 226.1 150.2

09/03/2004 13:09 2 0.667 0.002 0.5 12 0 6.0 8.5

09/03/2004 23:39 7.5 0.6 0.009 0.5 10 0 5.0 7.1

09/03/2004 10:24 0.25 0.672 -0.006 1 133.5 0 54.4 63.8

09/03/2004 14:39 1.25 0.647 -0.011 1.75 184.2 0 54.1 67.0

09/03/2004 08:24 0.25 0.695 -0.023 2 90.6 0.8 72.0 32.1

10/03/2004 10:09 10.25 0.551 0.001 0.5 16.9 0 8.5 12.0

10/03/2004 11:54 0.75 0.541 -0.001 0.5 13.3 0 6.7 9.4

10/03/2004 10:39 0.25 0.552 -0.005 0.75 340.7 3.1 207.1 179.5

10/03/2004 12:24 0.25 0.54 0 1 133.7 0 87.5 61.1

11/03/2004 11:24 22.25 0.481 -0.006 0.75 49.4 0 32.6 28.2

13/03/2004 11:09 47.25 0.425 0.014 1.25 426 0 340.8 190.5

14/03/2004 11:24 0.75 0.42 0.011 0.5 23.8 0 11.9 16.8

14/03/2004 09:54 21.75 0.42 0.002 1 68.9 0 25.6 29.9

17/03/2004 11:39 72 0.492 -0.001 0.75 145.2 0 93.2 80.9

18/03/2004 03:09 15 0.708 -0.02 5.25 436.2 2.6 280.7 173.0

18/03/2004 08:24 0.25 0.688 0 16 426.6 1.5 297.7 155.1

19/03/2004 10:24 4.25 0.628 -0.012 0.5 17.4 0 8.7 12.3

19/03/2004 11:54 0.25 0.616 0 0.5 6.3 0 3.2 4.5

19/03/2004 02:39 0.25 0.685 -0.013 0.75 50.5 0 33.7 29.2

19/03/2004 03:39 0.5 0.665 -0.008 0.75 39.4 1.4 19.4 19.1

19/03/2004 04:39 0.5 0.657 -0.009 0.75 43.7 0.2 19.6 22.1

19/03/2004 11:09 0.5 0.622 -0.006 0.75 16.6 0 7.5 8.4

19/03/2004 00:24 0.25 0.688 -0.003 1 402.8 0 299.5 199.7

19/03/2004 05:24 0.25 0.648 -0.003 1 25.3 0.5 11.8 10.2

19/03/2004 01:24 0.25 0.685 0 1.25 104 0.9 51.1 49.1

21/03/2004 09:39 45.5 0.514 -0.002 0.75 13.7 0 6.9 6.9

22/03/2004 11:24 25.25 0.488 -0.005 1 18 0 9.4 7.4

23/03/2004 03:09 15 0.477 -0.015 0.5 6.9 0 3.5 4.9

23/03/2004 07:24 4 0.458 0.012 0.5 17.6 0.1 8.9 12.4

24/03/2004 08:54 1.25 0.609 0.006 0.5 6.1 0 3.1 4.3

24/03/2004 06:54 23.25 0.601 0.028 1 5.9 1.5 4.5 2.0

26/03/2004 08:24 46.5 0.518 -0.003 1.25 94.2 0 44.4 41.3

29/03/2004 19:54 0.75 0.427 -0.014 0.5 104.6 0 52.3 74.0

29/03/2004 18:39 4.25 0.41 0.004 0.75 42.5 0.1 18.8 21.6

29/03/2004 13:39 76.25 0.42 -0.002 1 430.9 0 323.1 215.4

31/03/2004 11:39 39.5 0.424 0 1 262.7 0 173.8 123.9

31/03/2004 13:24 1 0.423 0.002 1.25 43.7 0 19.6 16.9

03/04/2004 09:09 66.75 0.375 0 0.5 26.4 0 13.2 18.7

04/04/2004 08:54 23.5 0.377 -0.012 0.75 10.5 0 6.6 5.7



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

04/04/2004 11:39 2.25 0.364 0.001 1 24.6 0 10.7 10.5

06/04/2004 12:39 48.25 0.346 0.001 1 53.2 0 36.6 24.6

07/04/2004 12:54 23.5 0.342 0.001 0.75 145.1 0 51.6 81.1

08/04/2004 10:24 21 0.337 0.002 1.25 266.5 0 174.8 111.1

10/04/2004 10:24 47 0.327 0.001 1.25 199.5 0 144.9 86.2

12/04/2004 12:54 2.5 0.314 0 0.75 68.7 0 28.8 35.7

12/04/2004 09:39 46.25 0.32 0.009 1 37 0 23.4 16.4

14/04/2004 09:54 44.5 0.329 0 0.75 22.1 0 12.5 11.3

15/04/2004 15:54 29.5 0.322 0.012 0.75 142.2 0 87.7 76.7

18/04/2004 10:09 65.75 0.312 0.001 0.5 38.6 1.4 20.0 26.3

23/04/2004 11:24 121 0.376 0.002 0.5 111 0 55.5 78.5

24/04/2004 10:54 23.25 0.357 -0.001 0.5 6.5 0.6 3.6 4.2

24/04/2004 12:09 1 0.351 -0.001 1.75 125.4 3.5 83.6 45.6

24/04/2004 14:09 0.5 0.352 -0.003 2.75 305.3 0.6 173.9 93.5

26/04/2004 13:09 44.5 0.35 -0.017 1.75 211.5 0 98.2 76.4

27/04/2004 08:54 18.25 0.338 0.005 1 269.7 0 168.4 128.0

28/04/2004 11:39 26 0.357 -0.001 1.25 435.1 0 282.3 208.7

28/04/2004 13:54 1.25 0.357 -0.002 2 435.9 0 267.7 162.1

29/04/2004 07:24 15.75 0.345 0.012 0.5 22.6 0 11.3 16.0

30/04/2004 11:39 28 0.349 -0.015 1.25 20.5 0 12.1 8.7

02/05/2004 12:24 47.75 0.336 0.012 0.5 52.7 2.3 27.5 35.6

05/05/2004 09:09 68.5 0.365 0.5 13.4 0 6.7 9.5

25/01/2005 16:45 2135 0.656 -0.003 0.5 6.5 0.7 3.6 4.1

26/01/2005 08:15 4.75 0.588 -0.003 0.5 163.8 0 81.9 115.8

26/01/2005 13:15 0.75 0.575 -0.001 0.5 10 1 5.5 6.4

26/01/2005 16:15 2.75 0.567 0.002 0.5 6.4 4 5.2 1.7

26/01/2005 03:00 10 0.608 0.001 0.75 39.1 0 15.1 21.0

26/01/2005 11:00 0.5 0.578 0.001 0.75 23.9 1.5 13.8 11.4

26/01/2005 08:45 0.25 0.585 0 1 28 4.9 14.5 10.6

26/01/2005 09:45 0.25 0.585 -0.006 1 41.7 1.6 28.3 18.1

26/01/2005 11:45 0.25 0.579 -0.002 1 17.3 3.6 10.1 5.6

27/01/2005 01:15 8.75 0.57 0.001 0.5 5.3 2 3.7 2.3

27/01/2005 12:15 0.75 0.675 -0.011 0.5 16.9 3.4 10.2 9.5

27/01/2005 05:00 0.25 0.635 0.019 0.75 15.8 3.5 11.4 6.9

27/01/2005 06:00 0.5 0.661 0.009 0.75 11.8 4.8 7.5 3.7

27/01/2005 04:00 2.5 0.614 0.021 1 6.5 5 5.5 0.7

27/01/2005 12:45 0.25 0.664 -0.013 1 53.8 0.5 39.9 26.3

27/01/2005 07:00 0.5 0.675 -0.008 4.75 338.8 4 59.9 100.8

28/01/2005 01:30 12 0.583 -0.001 0.5 6.7 0.3 3.5 4.5

28/01/2005 08:00 2.75 0.554 0.004 0.5 6.4 3.1 4.8 2.3

28/01/2005 09:15 1 0.552 -0.003 0.5 10.9 0 5.5 7.7

28/01/2005 04:30 2.75 0.569 -0.006 1 8.8 0 6.1 4.1

28/01/2005 15:45 0.25 0.532 0.002 1 106.9 0 66.8 46.5

28/01/2005 14:30 5 0.54 -0.008 1.25 311.1 0.1 108.4 118.4

29/01/2005 12:00 1.5 0.492 -0.001 0.5 18.5 0.2 9.4 12.9

29/01/2005 13:45 0.25 0.497 -0.005 0.5 6.3 1.7 4.0 3.3

29/01/2005 19:15 4 0.494 -0.002 0.5 15.5 2.3 8.9 9.3

29/01/2005 00:00 7.5 0.516 -0.003 0.75 15 0.4 7.9 7.3

29/01/2005 10:00 5.5 0.494 -0.001 0.75 17.1 0.1 9.0 8.5

29/01/2005 14:45 0.75 0.495 -0.001 0.75 5.4 1.7 4.1 2.1



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

29/01/2005 03:45 3.25 0.504 -0.001 1 61.2 4.1 35.4 23.7

29/01/2005 12:45 0.5 0.491 0.006 1 20.2 3.8 12.4 6.8

30/01/2005 00:15 4.75 0.488 -0.002 0.5 15.5 3.5 9.5 8.5

30/01/2005 11:45 1.25 0.481 0.002 0.75 68.1 1.6 45.3 37.9

30/01/2005 08:45 8.25 0.481 0 1 139.3 3.9 87.9 58.5

30/01/2005 09:45 0.25 0.481 0.003 1 412.3 1.5 303.1 201.2

31/01/2005 02:15 14 0.65 0.017 0.5 8.5 4.3 6.4 3.0

31/01/2005 14:15 0.75 0.681 -0.007 0.5 158.4 3.1 80.8 109.8

31/01/2005 17:45 2.25 0.654 0.007 0.5 8.4 0.2 4.3 5.8

31/01/2005 18:15 0.25 0.661 -0.003 0.5 5.8 1.4 3.6 3.1

31/01/2005 09:00 0.5 0.725 0.001 0.75 22.8 2.2 10.8 10.7

31/01/2005 11:00 0.5 0.714 -0.005 0.75 10.6 3.7 6.5 3.6

31/01/2005 15:00 0.5 0.674 -0.01 0.75 48.3 2.8 24.5 22.8

31/01/2005 04:45 0.25 0.684 0.001 1 36.5 1.7 13.5 15.6

31/01/2005 05:45 0.25 0.685 0.021 1 19.8 4.2 11.7 7.7

31/01/2005 09:45 0.25 0.726 -0.012 1 35 4.4 15.1 13.6

31/01/2005 12:45 1.25 0.695 -0.01 1 32.3 4.9 13.2 12.9

31/01/2005 07:00 0.5 0.706 0.019 1.75 27.7 2.6 16.0 10.4

31/01/2005 02:45 0.25 0.667 0.017 2 27.4 2.7 15.1 10.0

31/01/2005 19:30 1 0.678 0.064 76.25 444.8 2.6 355.3 132.9

04/02/2005 02:45 1 0.717 0 0.5 7.7 3.8 5.8 2.8

04/02/2005 05:00 2 0.702 -0.001 0.5 7.4 4.6 6.0 2.0

04/02/2005 05:45 0.5 0.702 -0.004 0.5 10 4.2 7.1 4.1

04/02/2005 00:45 1.25 0.737 -0.016 1.25 14.7 1.3 8.4 5.0

05/02/2005 12:15 30.25 0.591 -0.002 0.5 20.8 0.5 10.7 14.4

05/02/2005 13:00 0.5 0.591 -0.003 0.75 214.6 0.5 137.5 118.9

05/02/2005 14:00 0.5 0.586 -0.001 0.75 26.6 1.2 15.9 13.2

05/02/2005 20:45 6.25 0.578 -0.001 0.75 13.8 0.1 6.9 6.9

06/02/2005 08:15 11 0.58 0.001 0.5 7.3 4.8 6.1 1.8

07/02/2005 13:15 28.75 0.508 0 0.5 59.2 0 29.6 41.9

07/02/2005 13:45 0.25 0.508 0.002 1 15.3 0 6.8 6.3

08/02/2005 09:00 18.5 0.478 0.001 0.75 77.1 0 50.0 43.4

12/02/2005 10:45 97.25 0.517 0.003 0.5 5.6 1.7 3.7 2.8

12/02/2005 11:15 0.25 0.52 0.003 0.5 6.9 2.6 4.8 3.0

12/02/2005 15:15 2.5 0.527 0.003 0.5 12.6 2.6 7.6 7.1

12/02/2005 12:15 0.75 0.522 -0.001 0.75 7 4.4 5.6 1.3

14/02/2005 09:45 42.25 0.464 -0.001 0.5 14.2 0 7.1 10.0

14/02/2005 10:15 0.25 0.463 0 0.5 9.6 4.6 7.1 3.5

24/02/2005 10:00 239.5 0.366 0 0.75 17.8 0 10.0 9.1

25/02/2005 12:45 3.25 0.382 -0.004 0.5 6.3 0.8 3.6 3.9

25/02/2005 08:30 22 0.375 0.001 1.25 29.4 0.6 16.8 11.4

27/02/2005 08:30 43.5 0.381 0 0.5 20.8 0 10.4 14.7

27/02/2005 09:15 0.5 0.382 0.002 0.75 5.6 0.5 3.7 2.8

01/03/2005 18:30 56.75 0.475 0.021 6.25 17.8 4.7 10.9 3.7

02/03/2005 00:45 0.25 0.496 0 0.5 5.6 4.8 5.2 0.6

02/03/2005 04:15 2 0.487 -0.005 0.5 5.3 3 4.2 1.6

02/03/2005 01:45 0.75 0.497 -0.004 0.75 5.3 5 5.2 0.2

03/03/2005 14:15 33.75 0.434 -0.004 0.5 6.1 0.4 3.3 4.0

05/03/2005 10:45 44.25 0.591 0.105 15.5 442.3 5 182.4 181.0

06/03/2005 03:30 0.5 0.688 -0.004 0.5 9.5 4.4 7.0 3.6



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

06/03/2005 07:30 0.75 0.661 0.001 0.5 5.4 4.1 4.8 0.9

06/03/2005 08:00 0.25 0.662 -0.002 0.5 5.6 3.1 4.4 1.8

06/03/2005 08:30 0.25 0.66 -0.009 0.5 12.8 3.1 8.0 6.9

06/03/2005 11:30 0.75 0.641 -0.006 0.5 10.4 3 6.7 5.2

06/03/2005 18:30 0.5 0.627 -0.001 0.5 6.5 2.6 4.6 2.8

06/03/2005 21:15 2.5 0.622 -0.003 0.5 9.7 4.6 7.2 3.6

06/03/2005 04:15 0.5 0.689 -0.014 0.75 16.5 3.7 10.6 6.5

06/03/2005 09:15 0.5 0.65 -0.005 0.75 41.7 3.3 17.7 20.9

06/03/2005 15:15 0.5 0.63 -0.009 0.75 17.2 1.5 10.4 8.1

06/03/2005 02:15 0.25 0.696 -0.012 1 7.8 2.5 5.3 2.2

06/03/2005 05:00 0.25 0.675 -0.004 1 29.3 2 16.7 11.7

06/03/2005 06:00 0.25 0.671 -0.003 1 24.6 4.7 13.5 8.7

06/03/2005 10:00 0.25 0.645 -0.007 1 10.5 2.8 6.4 3.2

06/03/2005 16:00 0.25 0.621 0.001 1 13.9 2.1 9.4 5.5

06/03/2005 17:15 0.5 0.622 -0.002 1 7.6 4.4 6.0 1.3

06/03/2005 13:45 2 0.627 -0.001 1.25 10.3 4.8 7.0 2.1

06/03/2005 23:45 2.25 0.639 0.07 10.25 127.6 3.8 40.0 27.4

07/03/2005 20:15 1 0.638 -0.003 0.5 8.1 0.7 4.4 5.2

07/03/2005 18:45 0.5 0.641 0.002 0.75 9 1 5.0 4.0

07/03/2005 16:45 1 0.655 -0.01 1.75 10.4 2.1 8.1 2.8

07/03/2005 20:45 0.25 0.635 -0.01 2.25 111.3 3.1 42.7 41.8

07/03/2005 13:15 0.5 0.682 -0.02 2.75 25.5 4.3 12.7 6.9

07/03/2005 10:00 0.25 0.709 -0.026 3 39.9 1.3 22.8 11.8

08/03/2005 04:00 0.25 0.615 0.004 0.5 9.2 0.3 4.8 6.3

08/03/2005 03:15 2.5 0.613 0.002 0.75 7.7 4.1 6.3 1.9

08/03/2005 00:00 1.25 0.617 -0.006 1 9.8 2.7 6.6 3.0

08/03/2005 05:45 1.5 0.634 0.046 1.5 18.9 4.8 11.5 5.3

08/03/2005 07:15 0.25 0.68 0.03 28.75 443.2 4.4 255.4 176.8

09/03/2005 20:00 0.25 0.668 -0.006 0.5 14.6 3 8.8 8.2

09/03/2005 19:15 0.5 0.673 -0.005 0.75 12.4 3.7 8.5 4.4

09/03/2005 21:00 0.75 0.665 -0.006 0.75 9 2.5 6.3 3.4

09/03/2005 23:15 0.5 0.648 0.002 0.75 8.1 1.9 5.3 3.2

09/03/2005 14:00 0.25 0.702 0 1 12.7 3.7 7.8 3.9

09/03/2005 17:45 0.5 0.681 -0.012 1.25 10.1 4.8 7.4 2.3

09/03/2005 21:45 0.25 0.659 -0.013 1.25 9.1 3.8 6.8 2.1

09/03/2005 12:00 0.25 0.71 -0.008 2 15.3 4.9 9.3 3.9

09/03/2005 15:00 0.25 0.702 -0.017 2.5 33.5 1.6 12.7 8.7

10/03/2005 07:15 1.5 0.608 -0.001 0.5 7.2 1.1 4.2 4.3

10/03/2005 08:45 1.25 0.607 -0.005 0.5 5.1 2.3 3.7 2.0

10/03/2005 09:30 0.5 0.598 -0.004 0.5 6.4 4.8 5.6 1.1

10/03/2005 12:00 2.25 0.589 0.002 0.5 8.6 3.3 6.0 3.7

10/03/2005 12:30 0.25 0.591 -0.007 0.5 111.1 5 58.1 75.0

10/03/2005 14:15 1.5 0.582 0 0.5 7.2 3.6 5.4 2.5

10/03/2005 15:30 1 0.575 0.003 0.5 7.1 2 4.6 3.6

10/03/2005 18:15 0.25 0.565 0 0.5 5.3 3.7 4.5 1.1

10/03/2005 19:45 1.25 0.564 0.003 0.5 5.4 0.5 3.0 3.5

10/03/2005 01:00 1.25 0.637 -0.004 1 6.8 4.6 6.0 1.0

10/03/2005 04:45 3 0.615 0 1.25 8.6 2.1 6.3 2.5

10/03/2005 17:00 1.25 0.575 -0.01 1.25 13.6 4.2 7.4 3.6

11/03/2005 02:15 0.5 0.568 -0.001 0.5 5.6 1.9 3.8 2.6



Time (hrs)

Water

Level (m)

Change in

water level (m)

Duration of

event (h)

Max turb

(NTU)

Min turb

(NTU)

Avg. turb

(NTU)

St.Dev.

11/03/2005 08:15 1.25 0.57 0.002 0.5 5.1 5 5.1 0.1

11/03/2005 09:30 1 0.568 -0.003 0.5 7 0.3 3.7 4.7

11/03/2005 19:30 9.75 0.542 -0.009 0.5 7 1.2 4.1 4.1

11/03/2005 01:15 5.25 0.572 -0.007 0.75 7.2 4.1 6.0 1.7

11/03/2005 20:45 1 0.537 -0.004 1 5.9 0.7 4.3 2.4

11/03/2005 05:45 1 0.57 0.001 1.5 7.2 3.9 6.0 1.2

11/03/2005 02:45 0.25 0.567 0.005 2.25 12.4 4.6 9.4 2.7

12/03/2005 05:00 7.5 0.514 0 0.5 5.7 0.5 3.1 3.7

12/03/2005 16:15 4.5 0.49 0 0.5 5.5 0.2 2.9 3.7

12/03/2005 11:15 6 0.499 -0.001 0.75 93.8 0.4 43.9 47.0

13/03/2005 04:45 12.25 0.47 0.003 0.75 7 0.5 4.5 3.5

13/03/2005 10:15 5 0.462 -0.001 0.75 10.4 0 5.3 5.2

Table 4. Comparison of turbidity values reported by laboratory analyses and automated

turbidity probe.

START DATE

Laboratory

Result

(NTU)

Automated

Sensor

Result

(NTU)

Difference

(Automated -

Laboratory)

(NTU)

03/04/2003 9:15 0.73 55.7 54.97

05/06/2003 9:15 1.4 0 -1.4

08/06/2003 8:10 0.31 0 -0.31

15/07/2003 11:40 0.75 0 -0.75

01/08/2003 9:00 0.58 0 -0.58

04/09/2003 9:00 1.47 0.7 -0.77

06/10/2003 10:15 0.43 0.1 -0.33

02/11/2003 10:35 0.5 0 -0.5

09/01/2004 8:00 0.72 412.2 411.48

06/02/2004 16:00 1.4 422.4 421

11/02/2004 10:25 0.9 0.1 -0.8

02/04/2004 10:00 0.58 0 -0.58

08/04/2004 9:50 0.41 0.1 -0.31

14/12/2004 10:20 0.97 0 -0.97

18/01/2005 11:00 0.73 0 -0.73

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