water quality considerations in green building design...• “brain eating amoeba” –2 recent...
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Water Quality Considerations In
Green Building Design
William Rhoads
Amy Pruden
Marc Edwards
Water
INTERFace
IGEP at VT
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Outline
• Define and describe water age
• Summarize expected changes in water
quality due to high water age
• Current solutions
• Future solutions
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Water Age: The amount of time that
passes from when water enters a
system to the time it is used
Total Water Age = Distribution System Water Age +
Premise Plumbing System Water Age
Water age increases as water
use decreases
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32.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
29 MGD
Wat
er D
eman
d (
MG
D)
Water Demand – Newport News Waterworks
Data: Brian Ramaley and Newport News, VA Waterworks
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The number of accounts increased in 81% of utilities sampled.
Hughes et al., 2014
Nationwide survey of 129 utilities water sales in 2006 vs 2012
Nationwide Reduction in Water Use
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Water age can be increased
across entire water distribution
system due to cumulative
savings of all buildings
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Water Main Pipes
Images: http://www.dufresnegroup.com/team/; http://www.mswmag.com/editorial/2013/11/ice_and_clean
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Premise Plumbing Water Age
Representative data derived from Nguyen et al., 2012
3X
5X
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Energy conservation impacts
water age
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Fundamental Changes
in Green Building Water Systems
• New sources of water
– Different physical, chemical,
microbiological properties
• On-site water treatment
– Increased maintenance, chances for failure
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The Triple Conservation
Conundrum
• Older water age coming into buildings
• Older water age within buildings
• Complicate existing norms with new water
sources and treatment
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Outline
• Define and describe water age
• Summarize expected changes in water
quality due to high water age
• Current solutions
• Future solutions
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Problems Associated with
Higher Water Age
• Lower or No Chlorine Residuals
• More Problems with Copper and Lead
Corrosion
• Microbial Regrowth
– Taste and Odor
– Opportunistic Pathogen Growth
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Rapid disinfectant residual decay
• LEED Gold Building
– 6500 ft2
– Out patient hospital
– Using 10X less water than comparable commercial buildings
– ~8 day water age 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
To
tal C
hlo
rin
e (
mg
/L a
s C
l 2)
Stagnation time (hours)
Rhoads et al., 2014
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Rapid disinfectant residual decay
• LEED Gold Building
– 6500 ft2
– Out patient hospital
– Using 10X less water than comparable commercial buildings
– ~8 day water age 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
To
tal C
hlo
rin
e (
mg
/L a
s C
l 2)
Stagnation time (hours)
Rhoads et al., 2014
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Rapid disinfectant residual decay
• LEED Gold Building
– 6500 ft2
– Out patient hospital
– Using 10X less water than comparable commercial buildings
– ~8 day water age 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
To
tal C
hlo
rin
e (
mg
/L a
s C
l 2)
Stagnation time (hours)
144X faster
Rhoads et al., 2014
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Rapid disinfectant residual decay
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Less effective corrosion control
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Problems Associated with Higher Water Age
• Lower or No Chlorine Residuals
• More Problems with Copper and Lead Corrosion
• Microbial Regrowth
– Taste and Odor
– Opportunistic Pathogen Growth
![Page 20: Water Quality Considerations In Green Building Design...• “Brain eating amoeba” –2 recent high profile cases linked to drinking water • 8K-18K cases/yr • $430M/yr • Cause](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050104/5f42fded5e0f685b8923a43d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Growth of Opportunistic Pathogens• Primary cause of waterborne disease in US
• “Brain eating amoeba” – 2 recent high profile cases linked to drinking water
• 8K-18K cases/yr• $430M/yr• Cause of all 31
reported respiratory waterborne disease outbreaks 2007-10
• 100 cases/105
people >60yrs• $425M/yr• Only recently
linked to drinking water
• 11,000 HAIs from 1992-93
• No required reporting
References: 1-5
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Why OP problems are expected to
be worse in domestic plumbing
Image: Randi Brazeau,Sheldon Masters
Image: Schoen, M. & Ashbolt, N. Water Research. 2011
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Buildings with high water age are more likely to be colonized with opportunistic pathogens
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Opportunistic Pathogen Growth
Sydnor et al. 2012
95% colonized by Legionella spp.
45% colonized by Legionella spp.
Cause?
• Materials• Mixing volume• Flow rates
Devices were
removed and
replaced with
conventional
devices….
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On-going Experiments at VT
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Outline
• Define and describe water age
• Summarize expected changes in water
quality due to high water age
• Current solutions
• Future solutions
![Page 26: Water Quality Considerations In Green Building Design...• “Brain eating amoeba” –2 recent high profile cases linked to drinking water • 8K-18K cases/yr • $430M/yr • Cause](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050104/5f42fded5e0f685b8923a43d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Current Solutions
• Replace green tech with convectional tech
– Downside: Life cycle, capital costs
• Adjust temperature
– Scalding, energy efficiency
• Optimize plumbing design?
• In-building treatment
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Limitations to in-building
disinfection
• Need residual (ozone and UV not likely effective
unless at end of tap)
• Maintenance required
• Dosing disinfectants triggers EPA utility
monitoring and reporting??
• Efficacies unproven and microbe resistance
possible over time
• Disinfectants are corrosive and may impact
plumbing
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Current Solutions…cont’d
For on-grid buildings with municipal water…
• Flush water to reduce water age
For off-grid buildings…
• No current recommendations based on
research
• No resources for home/building owners to get
help
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Outline
• Define and describe water age
• Summarize expected changes in water
quality due to high water age
• Current solutions
• Future solutions
![Page 30: Water Quality Considerations In Green Building Design...• “Brain eating amoeba” –2 recent high profile cases linked to drinking water • 8K-18K cases/yr • $430M/yr • Cause](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050104/5f42fded5e0f685b8923a43d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Future Solutions
• Assess extent of issues
• Encourage water quality consideration in
green building certification, codes, and
standards
• Optimize flushing protocols
• Decentralized water heating strategies?
• Investigate alternative treatment methods
for off-grid buildings
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Thank You!:
Marc Amy Edwards Pruden
Project 4383: Green Building DesignWater Quality Considerations
Edwards’ Research Group
Microbiology of the Built Environment
Collaborator:
Annie Pearce
Water
INTERFace
IGEP at VT
William Rhoads – [email protected] - @wjrhoads