water quality testing aquatic science 2011. ph the concentration of hydrogen ions (h + ) in the...
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Water Quality Testing
Aquatic Science 2011
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pH• The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the
water• High hydrogen ion concentration means the
pH is low (acidic) and a low H+ concentration means the pH is high (basic)
• Fish can live in pH ranges from 6.0 to 9.0, but their quality of life is bestbetween a pH range of 7.0 and 8.0
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Dissolved Oxygen - DO
• Fish depend on DO to breathe• Too many fish will require more oxygen than
is available in the water. • Fish waste, decaying food, and rotting plants
are all consumed by bacteria, which also require oxygen.
• Amount of DO in water depends on temperature
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Can You Guess?
***Start at arrows on the left side
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Alkalinity - kH
• Alkalinity in aquariums is measured by the concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates in the water.
• Acts as a buffer– Helps resist changes in pH
• This is also referred to as "carbonate hardness" or kH
• Low alkalinity can allow pH to fluctuate
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gH – General Hardness
• General hardness (also known as permanent hardness or gH) is the measure of the total minerals dissolved in the water, mainly calcium and magnesium salts.
• Hard water has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium, while the opposite is true of soft water.
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General Hardness• The concentration of ions is important for the
transport of nutrients across cell membranes and can affect reproduction and egg fertility
• A freshwater planted aquarium may require soft water with a low general hardness in the range of 3-5 dH. Conversely, an African Cichlid aquarium requires water with a higher general hardness range of 10-15 dH.
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Temperature• Tropical fish thrive in a very narrow
temperature range, most often 72-78F.• Temperatures even slightly above or below
this range will stress fish over time and could lead to disease.
• Rapid changes in temperature should definitely be avoided. Few things kill fish faster than a rapid temperature change.
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Ammonia• Extremely toxic to aquatic life• Some portion of all nutrient inputs (the
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in fish food primarily) ultimately end up as ammonia.
• Excess ammonia:– Damage to the gills.– Impaired respiration (breathing)– Damage to skin, fins and the intestine
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Ammonia Toxicity
• What to Watch For– Gasping/ impaired respiration – Abnormal swimming/whirling– Bloody areas on the body– Increased mucus production– Bloody areas in the intestine– Acute death
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Nitrate/Nitrite
• Nitrite binds to red blood cells and blocks their ability to transport oxygen
• Affected fish may gasp at the surface or stay near airlines or water inflow
• Nitrates are not as toxic, 50 ppm is an acceptable level for ponds, freshwater community
• Levels can normally be maintained by performing weekly water changes of 10% or biweekly water changes of 20%.