WATER RESOURCEMANAGEMENTD.HARSHA

WATER2/3rd of human body7/10th of world

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

TOTAL AVAILABLE WATER IN THE VARIOUS STORAGE COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLEStorage ComponentVolume of Total water Water(1012 CUM) (%)Oceans13,50,40097.6Ice-caps and glaciers 26,000 1.9Groundwater and soil moisture 7,150 0.5Fresh Water lakes 125 0.009Saline Water 105 0.008Rivers 1.7 0.0001Atmosphere 13 0.001 Total 13,84,000 100.0

Chart5

97.6

2.4

ALL WATER

2.40%

97.60%

Sheet1

Salt Water97.60

Fresh water2.40

Frozen water79.20

Ground water20.00

Surface & Atmospheric water0.80

Sheet1

ALL WATER

97.60%

2.40%

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart6

79.2

20

0.8

FRESH WATER

20.00%

0.80%

79.20%

Sheet1

Salt Water97.60

Fresh water2.40

Frozen water79.20

Ground water20.00

Surface & Atmospheric water0.80

Sheet1

ALL WATER

97.60%

2.40%

Sheet2

FRESH WATER

79.20%

0.80%

20.00%

Sheet3

Chart7

93.95

5.5

0.55

FRESH SURFACE & ATMOSPHERIC WATER

5.50%

0.55%

93.95%

Sheet1

Salt Water97.60

Fresh water2.40

Frozen water79.20

Ground water20.00

Surface & Atmospheric water0.80

Lakes93.95

Atmospheric5.50

Rivers (Storage)0.55

Sheet1

ALL WATER

97.60%

2.40%

Sheet2

FRESH WATER

79.20%

0.80%

20.00%

Sheet3

FRESH SURFACE & ATMOSPHERIC WATER

93.95%

0.55%

5.50%

WATER RESOURCE INDIAN SCENARIOLand area 2.45% (Global scale)Water Resource 4%Population 16%

India is blessed with fairly high amount of rainfall. 1100 mm(average)

Rajasthan 100 mmMegalaya 9000 mm

Average annual rainfall equivalent 4000 billion CUM(BCM)Out of this 75% occurring during 4 monthsBalance 25% during remaining 8 months Our rivers carry 90% of water between June and NovemberOnly 10% of river flow available in 6 months.

1947 2000 2050

Population343 million1000 million 1500million

Rapid urbanization, Industrialization & growth of Agricultural Sector has resulted in an increase in the demand of water.

1997 982050Total Water requirement 629 BCM1180 BCM (187%)Availability1122 BCM1122 BCM

Quality of water source is threatened because of inadequate provision of treatment of water.

WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATIONParameter for water quality measured

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND is a measure of water pollution based upon the organic material contained in water.The organic materials provides food for aerobic bacteria, which requires oxygen to be able to bring about the biodegradation of such pollutants.The greater the volume of organic materials, and greater the number of bacteria, the greater will be demand for oxygen.If BOD exceeds the available dissolved oxygen in the water, oxygen depletion occurs and aquatic organism suffers. Death of fish occurs.When organic effluent is added to a stream, the demand for oxygen from bacteria and other organisms which will digest the organic matter and form chemical oxidation process, is met by the oxygen in the water.As the organic material is slowly decomposed and converted in CO2 and water, the demand for oxygen declines.Ultimately the availability of oxygen exceeds its use and DO level in the stream rise again.

RIVER WATER QUALITY

Class A- Drinking water without conventional treatment

Class B Water to be used for out door bathing

Class C Drinking Water with conventional treatment

Class D Fit for wild life & fisheries

Class E Fit for recreation and aesthetics, Irrigation or Industrial cooling

Criteria for designated best use Criterion Class A Class B Class C Class D ClassE

DO(mg/l) maximum 6 5 4 4 BOD (mg/l) maximum 2 3 3 Total coliform count (MPN/100 ml) maximum 50 500 5,000

pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Free ammonia(mg/l) maximum 1.2 Conductivity(micro mho/cm) maximum 2,250 Sodium absorption ration maximum 26 Boron (mg/l) maximum 2

Notes: DO: dissolved oxygenBOD: biochemical oxygen demandpH:Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water. Lower values indicate acidity, higher values alkalinity, Neutral water is pH7MPN: most probable numbermg/I: milligrams per litre ml: milliliterMho: unit of conductivity cm: centimeter

Water quality of the Yamuna annual averages

Parameters Upper segmentDelhi segment

Dissolved oxygen(mg/I)7.95 1.41

BOD (mg/I)3.7 17.2

Dissolved solids (mg/l)270 563

Total coliform(MPN/100 ml) 13,000 9,000,000

Notes: BOD: biochemical oxygen demandMPN: most probable numbermg/I: milligram per litreml: millilitre

In order to arrest ground water decline, one of the methods for management of water resource is rainwater harvesting.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) leads to:

Water recharge in aquifers Conservation of surface water run off during monsoons Reduction in power consumption Arresting sea water ingress.RAINWATER HARVESTING

Average Rainfall in India1170mm (It varies from 100mm in the deserts of western India to 15,000mm in the high rainfall hills of Northeast)One hectare of land in Barmer, the driest place which receives 100mm of Rainfall in a year will enable to Harvest 1 million litres of Rainwater per year.Let say 50% percentage of this water is capturable 0.5 million litres of water is available for drinking and cooking needs at the rate 15 litres/head/day, serving 91 persons for the complete year.

Quantum of Rainwater can be captured over an area of 1 hectare 10.0 lakh litres [with an average Rainfall of 100mm)Assuming 50% of this water is Harvestable and considering water requirement as 15 litres/head/day for drinking and cookingNo. Of persons will be served with this water5,00,000 /15*365 = 91 persons

POTENTIAL FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING

Indias total land area is over 300 million hectares [excluding 1/3rd area as inaccessible, around 200 million hectares of land area is available for Rainwater Harvesting]

Total quantity of water can be harvested in a year with an average Rainfall of 1170mm2.0*1012*1.170 = 2.34*1012 cum

Taking Indias Population as 1200 million, Harvested water available per head per day,2.34*1012/1200*106*365 = 5.34 Cum/person/day 5340 litres/person/day If even only half this water captured, still around 2670 litres of water can be made available per person per day. This is 17 times more than the water requirement for domestic purposes, i.e., 150 litres/person/day. These calculations shows the potential of Rainwater Harvesting is enormous and undeniable.

Mahatma Gandhis House in Porbandar was provided with an under ground reservoir, 20 feet long, 20 feet wide and 15 feet deep with a capacity of 20 thousand gallons, underneath the verandah in front of the room in which Mahatma was born.

The well water in porbandar, owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish, hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater thus therefore, collected and stored in the underground reservoir for use the year round.

The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed before the first monsoon showers, served as catchment for the water , running down a pipe straight into the tank.

A heap of lime at mouth of the pipe served to filter and purify the water.We have spent enough on extravagant temples of stone. Let us call a temporary stop to it and spent it on JAL MANDIRS (water temples like Check Dams, etc) - Swami Madhavpriyadas

Major Type of Pollutants:CHEMICALBIOLOGICALPHYSICALWATER POLLUTION

Oil, Fuel, Lubricants etc. gets into water by accidental spills from ships, tankers, pipe lines and leaky underground storage tanks.

They are poisonous if ingested by animals.

Spilled oil damages the feather/fur of the bird/animals often causing death.

Restricts atmospheric air.A. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

B. PESTICIDE and HERBICIDE

Chemicals used to kill unwanted animals and plants may be collected by rainwater runoff and carried to streams.

Bio-degradable ChemicalsQuickly decay

Non-biodegradable ChemicalsRemain dangerous for a long time

When animal consume plants that have been treated by non-biodegradable chemicals are absorbed into the tissues of organs of the animal.

When other animals feed on these contaminated animal, the chemical passed up the food chain with each step up the food chain, the concentration of pollutant increases.

In one Survey DDT level in OSPREYS

- were found 10 to 50 times more than the fish they ate- 600 times the level in the plankton that fish ate - 10 million times higher than in the water

Animal at the top of food chain may as a result of these chemical concentration suffer cancer, reproductive problems and death.

Such asCopper, lead, mercury and Selenium get into water from many sources including industries, automobile exhaust, mines and natural soil.

Like chemicals/pesticide Heavy Metal become more concentrated as animals feed on plantsand are consumed in turn by others.

When they reach high levels in the body Heavy Metal can be immediately poisonous or can result in long term illness.

C. HEAVY METALS(e.g) Cadmium in fertilizer derived from sewage sludge can be absorbed by crops. If crops are eaten by human beings in sufficient amount can cause diarrhea, damage lever and kidney. Lead: Children exposed to lead in water can suffer mental retardation.

Sediments can damage a stream or lake by introducing too much nutrient matter. This leads to eutrophication. Sedimentation can also cover streambed gravel in which many fish, such as salmon and trout, lay their eggs. D. EXCESS ORGANIC MATTERFertilizer and other nutrient used in garden may find their way to waterAt first they encourage growth of plants and algae in water When they die and settle at bottom, micro organisms decompose them.In the process DO is consumed.Oxygen level drops to such dangerously low levels that Oxygen dependent animal in the water dieThis process of depleting oxygen to deadly levels is called eutrophicationE. SEDIMENTS

Water is used as coolant in factories and power plants. Warm water is return back to the water body.

Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were originally present, and attract other species in place of them.

Thermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source.

Thermal pollution can also be caused by the removal of trees and vegetation that shade and cool streams.F. THERMAL POLLUTION

G. POLLUTION FROM ATMOSPHERE

WATER POLLUTIONNearly 70 % of Indias water is polluted and unfit for human consumption.

14 rivers in India cater to the need of 85% population

Human and industrial waste, urban runoff, agricultural fertilizers, sewage, heavy metals and pesticides poison our oceans and contaminate our rivers and groundwater

Cholera, dysentery and gastroenteritis are responsible for 60% of the total urban deaths. All these diseases are water-borne and claim a large number of lives every year in spite of better health facilities and increased expenditure on health.

Huge ground water extractions have caused our water levels to drop

Paving and development prevent groundwater from recharging when it rainsRecycling of treated sewage water for Industrial purposes in MRL, MFL and GMR Vasavi (Chennai).

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDThe maximum value of BOD is very high ( and increasing too) from the allowed limit of 3mg/L.

List of Polluted River Stretches:

RiverPolluted stretchDesiredExistingCritical classclassParameters Possible source of pollution

Sabarmati Immediate upstream of Ahmedabad upto Sabarmati Ashram Sabarmati Ashram to Vautha B EDO, BOD, Domestic and industrial waste Coliform from Ahmedabad

Subamareha Hatia dam to C D/E -do- Domestic and industrial waste Bharagora from Ranchi and Jamshedpur

GodavariDownstream to Nasik and Nanded C D/EBOD Wastes from sugar industries, distilleries and food processing Industries

KrishnaKarad to Sangli C D/EBOD Wastes from sugar industries and distilleries

SutlejDownstream of C D/E DO, BOD Industrial wastes from Ludhiana to Haike hosieries, tanneries, electro- plating and engineering industries and domestic waste from Ludhiana and JalandharRIVER POLLUTION

List of Polluted River Stretches: RiverPolluted stretchDesiredExistingCritical classclassParameters Possible source of pollution

HindonSaharapur to C DDO, BOD,Industrial and domestic waste confluence with YamaunaToxicityfrom Saharapur and Ghaziabad

ChambalDownstream of Nagda C D/EBOD, DODomestic and industrial wastes and Kota from Nagada and Kota

Damodar Downstream of C D/EBOD Industrial wastes from DhanbadToxicityDhanbad, Durgapur, Asansol, Haldia and Burnpur

GomtiLucknow to confluence C D/EDO, BOD Industrial wastes from with Ganges Coliformdistilleries and domestic wastes from Lucknow KaliDownstream of C D/EBODIndustrial and domestic Modinagar to confluence wastes from modinagar with Ganges

LAWS RELATING TO PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION

1. River Board Act 1956

2. Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 1979

3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 amended1979

4. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977.

The National Water Resource Council under the chairmanship of Prime Minister of India adopted a National Water Policy in 1987. Appropriate organization should be set up in each state for planned development of river basins

All development projects should be formulated by the states and considered within the framework of an overall plan for a basin.

Comprehensive plans should be set up in each state taking into consideration not only the needs of irrigation by also other water uses keeping in view the existing Agreements and Tribunal Awards.

Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from one river basin to another basin on national prospective after taking into consideration the requirement of area. Policy also requires that awareness should be created that water is a scarce resource and needs to be conserved. NATIONAL WATER POLICY

We continue to regard water as a perpetual resource ,where as it is not so and we continue to ignore the fact there is not substitute of fresh water unlike some other renewable resources. Water shortage and water pollution are two common observations in India. NATIONAL WATER POLICY

GANGA ACTION PLANOrigin of Ganges:Gangothri,HimalayasDestination:Ganga Sagar, Bay of BengalLength of Traverse:2500 KMTowns in Ganga basin:700NosOn the bank:27 NosAverage Population Density:300 Persons per Sq. Km BOD:Never falls below 5 Mg/litImportant cities:Kanpur,Calcutta,Banaras, Allahabad

POLLUTION AT GANGESAt Rishikesh:IDPLHardwar:BHELKanpur:70 TanneriesVaranasi:60 million litres of untreated sewageWest Bengal:87 Jute Mills12 Textile Mills7 Tanneries5 Paper & Pulp FactoryBarauni to Farakka:250 km stretch1980 Study:14000 million litres sewage.250 million litre Industrial sewage are dumped per day. Unburnt bodies (human as well as animals) Harmful residual pesticides(contd..)

POLLUTION AT GANGES(Contd)

Silting is another major problems.

Massive Deforestation has resulted into the rich top soil carried away to sea.

The silt deposit raise river beds causing floods during monsoons.It is estimated that 40% of travails of Ganga arise due to silting.

GANGA ACTION PLAN ICPCBs report on water pollution in Ganga basin 1984Ambient water Quality class C and DCentral Ganga Authority was established in 1985 under the Chairmanship of the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.GAP launched in 1986A total of 261 schemes were sanctioned in six categories

1. Interception and diversion of waste2. Sewage Treatment plants3. Low cost Sanitations4. Electric Crematoria 5. River Front Facilities6. Biological regeneration of Rivers

Approved cost 462.04 croresScheduled completion March 1997 Implementing authority National River Conservation Directorate

State wise and Type-wise Distribution of Schemes Sanctioned and Completed Ganga Action Plan

Sl.No.Type of Schemes Uttar PradeshBihar West Bengal Total

1.Sewage Interception & Diversion 40 1730 87 (40) (17) (31) (88)

2Sewage Treatment Plant 12314 29 (13) (7)(15) (35)

3Low Cost Sanitation 14722 43 (14) (7) (22) (43)

4Electric Crematoria 3817 28 (3) (8)(17) (28)

5River Front Development 8324 35 (8)(3)(24) (35)

6Other Schemes 2831 32 (28)(3)(1) (32)

Total 105 41 108 254 (106) (45) (110) (261)

GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASE IILaunched in 1995

Includes Gomti and Damodar River

Approved costs Rs.416.33 Crore.

Includes 29 towns along the Gange, some which are in Phase I

Main Task Interception and treatment of waste water

Scheduled to be completed by March 1999

STATUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN I & IIGAP launched in 1985, with the objective of bringing water quality of river Ganga and its tributary to bathing levels, was not able to achieve its objectives, despite total expenditure of Rs.901.71 Crore over a period of 15 years.There were short falls in the allocation of resources.Of the total domestic sewage of 5044 mld GAP addressed only 2794 mld. Achieved only 1095.69 mld i.e. 39% of the Taqrget.Technology adopted by NRCDFor the want of funds, NRCD abandoned the crucial activity of monitoring the water quality since September 1999.Diversion of fundsDelay in land acquisitionNot function of ETP by Industries.

(Contd.)

STATUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN I & II(Contd..)

StateNumber of UnitsGrosslyETPsClosedETPs underETPs notPollutingInstalledConstructionFunctioningunitsproperly

Haryana56479--18

West Bengal967716333

Uttar Pradesh1179621--8

Delhi42880------

Bihar3535----3

Total73233546362

WORLD SUMMIT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTGOALS FOR WATER AND SANITATION JOHANNESBURG 2000

Water was one of the core issues addressed during WSSD 2000. Partnership were formed for action. WSSD states the following.

Develop and implement efficient household sanitation systems; Improve sanitation in public institutions, especially schools; Promote safe hygiene practices;Promote education and outreach focused on children, as agents of behavioral change;Promote affordable and socially and culturally acceptable technologies and practices;Develop innovative financing and partnership mechanisms; Integrate sanitation into water resources management strategies;Increase access to sanitation to improve human health and prioritizing water and sanitation in national sustainable development strategies.

INDIAS MARINE ENVIRONMENTCoast line 7500 km. Spread over Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

Exclusive Economic Zones2.02 million Sq, Km.West Coast0.86 million Sq. KmEast Coast0.56 million Sq. KmAndaman Nicobar Islands0.60 million Sq. Km

Mangroves cover 3,15,000 hectare

Confined along East coast(Orrissa and West Bengal) Andaman and Nicobar IslandsSundarbans in West Bengal Largest mangrove forest in the world.Mangrove flora comprises of 50 Exclusive species Endangered Species67%Threatened Species97%Reasons-Indiscriminate cutting-Reclaimable for agriculture and urbanisation-Aquaculture-Over gazing of Domestic cattle.(Contd)

INDIAS MARINE ENVIRONMENT(Contd..)

Sand dunes which support diverse flora are categorised as ecologically sensitive areas under coastal Regulation Zone notification of 1991

Coral reefs are found in the Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Central West coast of India, Lakshadeep and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

They are very rich in flora and fauna

Fisheries is a major Economic consideration. The annual export of fisheries is 0.4 million tons(m.t).

1950-511992-931995-96

Annual Production0.534 m.t.2.576 m.t.2.8 m.t.

Indian fishers support many ancillary units such as boat buildingand processing plants.

CORE ISSUES OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTPreserving of ecologically sensitive areas

Developing and increasing marine living resources

Ensuring effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities

Improving the living standards of coastal communities

Addressing issues of critical uncertainty and climate change

INDIAS INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTSYear Relevant Acts, programmesSalient features and Amendments1897Indian Fisheries ActOfficer protection to fisheries against explosives or dynamites 1908Indian Ports ActEnactment relating to ports and port chargesProvides for rules for the safety of shipping and conservation of ports1950Coast Guard ActProvides levying of heavy penalties for the pollution of port water in 1993, Coast Guard under Ministry of Defense , made directly responsible for combating marine pollution.National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan, formulated in 1996, under Coast Guard Act lays down action to be taken in the event of oil spills1958Merchant Shipping ActControl of Pollution from ships and off-shore platforms1972Wildlife Protection ActOffer protection to marine life.Creates conditions favourable for in situ conservation of flora and fauna.Amended in 1991 to prohibit fishing within the sanctuary area. Gahirmatha, annual mass nesting place for Olive Ridley turtle, an endangered species, accorded the status of marine sanctuary in 1997Amended in 2001 to include several species of fish, corals, sea cucumbers and sea shells in schedule I and IIIWhale shark placed in schedule I

INDIAS INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)Year Relevant Acts, programmesSalient features and Amendments

1974Water(Prevention and ControlControl of pollution from land - based sourcesof Pollution) Act includes tidal waters, unlike many other countries and has jurisdiction upto 5 km in the sea1976Maritime Zones ActDescribes various zones such as territorial waters, EEZ, Continental shelf, etc.1978Marine Fishing Regulation ActA model act, which provides guidelines to the maritime states to enact laws for protection to marine fisheries by regulating fishing in the territorial water. The measures include regulation of mesh size and gear, reservation fo zones for various fishing sectors and also declaration of closed seasons. Law framed and amended from time to time by different maritime states.Coastal states ban fishing during closed season.Different closure period for different states.1980Forest Conservation ActProtection to marine biodiversity.1982Coastal Pollution Control Started in 1982 by CPCBSeries(COPOCS programme)1986Environment Protection Act (EPA)Under this, the Coastal Regulation zone 1991 has been notified. Standards for discharging effluents are fixed.

INDIAS INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)Year Relevant Acts, programmesSalient features and Amendments1991Coastal Regulation ZoneRegulation of various activities in coastal zone.Notification (under EPA 1986)Classifies coastal zone into four categories specifying activities permitted and prohibited in each category.Offers protection to backwaters and estuaries. Aquaculture was allowed as foreshore activity.The Supreme Court in 1995 banned all the aquaculture activities, except traditional and modified traditional, in the coastal zone upto 500 m in most places.Aquaculture Authority was formed.1991Deep Sea Fishing PolicyAllows foreign fishing vessels into Indian waters beyond water beyond 12 nautical miles. Protests from local fishermen. Charter and leasing operations of foreign trawlers suspended in 1997.No granting of new licenses to join venture companies operating in the EEZ Deep Sea Fishing Policy, 1991 practically scrapped in 1997.

INDIAS INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)Year Relevant Acts, programmesSalient features and Amendments1991Coastal Ocean Monitoring andBeing implemented from 1991 onwards. Prediction Systems(COMPAS)Assesses the health of coastal waters and facilities Projectmanagement of pollution-related issues Programme was restructured and modified in 2000-01 include pollution monitoring; liaison, regulation and legislation; and consultancy services. 1995National Environmental ActThis has been created to award compensation for damages to persons, property and the environment arising from any activity involving hazardous substances.1995Land Ocean Interaction in theAims to develop, on a scientific basis the integrated Coastal Zone (LOICZ Project)management of coastal environments.1996Coastal Zone ManagementSupreme Court intervention that all the Coastal states Plans(CZYMPs)prepare their CZMPs by 19961997National Environment Appellate Addreses appeals with respect to restrictions of areas in Authority Actwhich classes of industries etc. are carried out or prescribed subject to certain safeguards under the EPA. The objective is to bring in transparency and accountability and to ensure the smooth and expeditious implementation of developmental schemes and projects.

INDIAS INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)Year Relevant Acts, programmesSalient features and Amendments1998Turtle Exclusion Device (TED)Orissa High Court passed judgement in 1998 that all fishing mandatory in Orissatrawlers be equipped with TED.1997 -Ocean Observation and Generate reliable oceanographic data. Various projects of 1998Information Service(OOIS)DOD were restructured under this.1998Integrated Coastal and MarineAims at integrated management of coastal and marine areas. Area Management(ICMAMModel plans for Chennai, Goa and Gulf of Kutch being Project)prepared.NinthDepartment of Ocean,Major objectives were to have reliable and realistic information PlanDevelopment (DOD)programmeon the potential of marine living resources in the Indian EEZ to assess living resources beyondfor sustainable development and management and to 70 70m depth augment sea food production and thereby the income of the coastal fishing community and the fishing industry. Initiated during the Ninth Five-year Plan for better understanding of the resources of the Indian EEZ, since the regional upto 50-70 m depth is exploited almost to the maximum sustainable levels. 2000The Bio-diversity BillWith an aim to protect and conserve biodiversity and sustainable use of its components. Biodiversity Bill is being replaced in Parliament.

ICMANThe Department of Ocean Development (DOD) was established in 1981.DOD formulated the first Ocean Policy Statement(OPS)

OPS emphasis on sustainable exploitation of living and non-living resources.DOD introduced Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management(ICMAN)

Activities of ICMAN

Development of GIS-based information systems for critical habitats containing all information necessary to prepare management plans.

Determination of waste assimilation capacity at selected estuaries.

Development of EIA guidelines for major coastal developmental activities and process

Determination of No Impact Zone for Pulicat and Coringa.

User classification of coastal zones for future developmental activities.

Infrastructure development for capacity building in ICMAM through training.

Development of model ICMAM plans for selected areas such as Chennai, Goa and Gulf of Kutch.

MARINE POLLUTIONNutrients from agricultural fertilizers results in growth of plants which through their respiration and decomposition, deplete the level of DO killing fish and other organism

Raw sewage and sludge released into rivers and coastal habitats by many countries, leading to growth of plants and increased BOD and lowering DO.

Toxic substances from Industries are introduced into the marine environment. Heavy metal and toxic waste will affect human directly or indirectly thru consumption of fish.

Oil Spill Ingestion of oil by fishes, birds and other animal leads to death

Plastic wastes Mistaken for food by fishes, these fish get strangulated.

OIL SPILLSTankers and offshore wells are major sources of marinal pollution

January 1969, blow out from oil well in the SANTA BARBARA channel covered miles of ocean surface smeared beaches with 2 inches layer of crude oil. Leak continued for more than a year.

March 1978, oil tanker ran around rocks spilled 2,30,000 Ton of oil shipment from England to France.

In 1989, the wreck of Tanker Exxon Valdaz spilled 10 million gallons of crude oil in Alaska.

In Gulf war, million tons of oil was released by Iraq.

Oil discharged on ocean surface forms into slick and floats over ocean surface and if it get absorbed on solid particles it sinks. The floating and suspended oil is absorbed by tiny organisms.Since tiny organisms are part of food chain, the other higher forms of marine life feed upon them and successively pass the oil pollutants to higher levels in marine mammals, birds and man.

TECHNIQUES OF CONTROLLING EFFECT OF OIL SPILLSBurning of oil

Leaving the oil deposits in place making them innocuous by coating them with various materials.

Emulsifying the oil and leaving its dispensed by the tides and wave

By hosing it down with water

MINAMATA DISEASEMinamata is a town in the Islands of Japan. The Chisso Company was producing acetaldehyde by passing acetylene gas using mercury as catalyst, leaving methyl mercury as a bye product. This effluent was discharged in the sea. People got poisoned when they ate methyl mercury contaminated fish.

First human victim was reported in 1956. It affects the brain and nervous system. Before that cats and birds were affected.

1965 another epidemic occurred when SHOWA DENKO Corporation, KANOSE Factory discharged Methyl mercury waste in Agona River.In 1992, 2945 individual certified as M.M.D victim 1343 died 13,746 denied certification

Like Bhopal gas leak case, even after 25 years victims seeking compensation protested in front of Chisso Company.

Company installed waste treatment equipment in 1966

Stopped manufacturing acetaldehyde by 1968.

By then 400 to 600 tons of mercury dumped into the shallow Minamata Bay

1982 Dredging of Bay began. Since then Mercury level in fish have dropped.

1993 study revealed it is still higher than water was permissible.

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