water resource engineering assignment

1 Water Resource Engineering Assignment

Naba Kumar Bhaumik, B.Tech Civil Engg. ,09BTCENG021

Question 2: - Discuss in detail about canal, their types &

importance. Give full description of at least 5 canals in India.

Answer 2: - Classification of canals

Based on the type of land in which they are constructed- I. Alluvial Canal- The soil which is formed by the agency of water over a

course of time is called alluvial soil. A river before joining the sea, gets

divided into a number of streams forming which is called as river delta. In

the deltaic region, a river carries heavy charge of silt, which gets deposited

on the adjoining lands, as and when the river overflows its banks during

the flood season. This process of silt deposition continues over long

periods of time, resulting in formation of alluvial soil. Hence the soil which

is formed by continuous deposition of silt is called alluvial soil. Example-

Indo-Gangetic plane in India. The rivers passing through alluvial areas

have a tendency to shift courses. The river bed consist of sand of

considerable thickness, and is therefore permeable. Whenever an

irrigation structure is to be constructed on such a river, special

precautions and design methods are to be adopted. Most of the north

Indian rivers, which pass through alluvial soil, do pose these problems.

II. Non-Alluvial Canal- Mountainous regions may go on disintegrating

over a period of time, resulting in the formation of a rocky plain area,

called non-alluvial area. It has an uneven topography, and hard

foundation. The rivers passing through such areas have no tendency to

shift courses and they do not pose much problems for designing irrigation

structures over them. Canals passing through such areas are called Non-

alluvial canals.

Based on size/source - 1. Main canal – Main canal generally carries water directly from the river

or reservoir. Such a canal carries heavy supplies and is not used for direct

irrigation except in exceptional circumstances. Main canals act as water

carriers to feed supplies to branch canals and major distributaries.

Assignment- 1



2. Branch canal – Branch canals are branches of the main canal in either

direction taking off at regular intervals. In general, branch canals also do

not carry out any direct irrigation, but at ties direct outlets may be

provided. Branch canals are usually feeder canals which distribute water

to the major and minor distributaries. They generally carry a discharge

over 5 cumecs.

3. Major distributaries- They take off from the branch canals. They may

sometimes take off from the main canal, but the discharge is generally

lesser than branch canals. They are real irrigation channels in the sense

that they supply water for irrigation to the field through outlets provided

along them. Their discharge varies from /4 to 5 cumecs.

4. Minor distributaries –they are also known as minors. They take off

from the branch canals or from distributaries. Their discharge is less than

1/4 cumecs. They supply water to the water courses through outlets

provided along them.

5. Water course/field channel – A watercourse or field canal is a small

size canal which ultimately feeds the water to the irrigation fields.

Depending upon the size and extent of the irrigation scheme, a field

channel may take off from a distributary or minor. Sometimes, it may even

take off from the branch canal for the field situated near to the branch

canal.

Based on alignment- 1. Watershed canal- The dividing line between the catchment area of

two drains is called the watershed. Thus, between two major streams,

there is the main watershed which divides the drainage area of the two.

Similarly, between two tributary and the main stream, and also between

any two tributaries there are subsidiary watersheds, dividing the drainage

between the two streams on either side. The canal which is aligned along

any natural watershed, is called a watershed canal.

2. Contour canal – In the hills, the river flows in the valley, while the

watershed or the ridge line may be hundreds of metres above it.It



becomes uneconomical to take the canal on top of such a ridge. The canal

in such cases are aligned parallel to the area except that the longitudinal

slopes required to generate sufficient flow velocities, are given to it. A

contour canal irrigates only one side of the canal because the area on the

other side of the canal are higher.

3. Side slope canal – A side slope canal is that which is aligned at right

angles to the contours, i.e. along the side slopes.

Based on canal surface - 1. Rigid boundary canals - Rigid boundary canals are those n which

boundary is not deformable in the sense that the shape, planiform and

roughness magnitudes are not functions of the flow parameters. Typical

examples include lined canals, sewers and non-erodible unlined canals.

The flow velocity and shear stress distribution will be such that no major

scouring, erosion or deposition takes place in the canal and the canal

geometry and roughness magnitudes are not function of flow parameters.

2. Loose boundary canals- The canals in which the boundaries undergo

deformation due to the continuous process of erosion and deposition due

to flow. The boundary of the channel is mobile in such cases and the flow

carries considerable amount of sediment through suspension and in

contact with the bed. Such canals are also known as mobile boundary

canals. The resistance to flow, quantity of sediment transported, channel

geometry and planiform, all depend upon the interaction of the flow with

the channel boundaries.



Description of 5 Canals in India

1. Farakka Barrage Project Feeder Canal- The Farakka Barrage Project is designed to serve the need of preservation and maintenance of the Kolkata Port by improving the regime and navigability of the Bhagirathi-Hoogly river system. The Farakka Barrage Project includes the following:-

A 2245 metre long barrage across the river Ganga with rail-cum-road bridge, necessary river training works and a head regulator on the right side.

A 213 metre long Barrage across the river Bhagirathi at Jangipur and Navigation Lock beside it.

Feeder Canal of 1133 cumec (40,000 cuses) carrying capacity and 38.38 km long, taking off from the Head Regulator on the right bank of the Farakka Barrage.

Navigation works such as locks, lock channels, shelter basins, control towers, navigation lights and other infrastructure.

33.79 Km. Left Afflux Bundh of Farakka Barrage 16.31 Km. long Left Afflux Bundh of Jangipur Barrage.

Two road-cum- rail bridges two road bridges across the Feeder Canal. A number of Regulators at different locations in both Murshidabad and

Malda Districts. Bagmari Syphon at RD 48.0 of Feeder Canal The jurisdiction of Farakka Barrage Project has been extended upto

Rajmahal including Diara in the upstream (40 Km from the Farakka Barrage) and upto Jalangi in the downstream (80 km from the Farakka Barrage) for carrying out anti-erosion protection works.

Image: Sluice gates of the ‘Farakka Barrage Project’



2. Indira Gandhi Canal Indira Gandhi Canal starts from the Harike Barrage at Sultanpur, a few kms. below the confluence of the Sutlej and Beas rivers in Punjab state. Rajasthan Canal near Giddarbaha, Punjab. Irrigation facilities to the north-western region of Rajasthan, a part of the Thar Desert. It consists of the Rajasthan feeder canal (with the first 167 km in Punjab and Haryana and the remaining 37 km in Rajasthan) and 445 km of the Rajasthan main canal which is entirely within Rajasthan. This canal enters into Haryana from Punjab near Lohgarh village of Haryana, then running in western part of district Sirsa it enters into Rajasthan near Kharakhera village (Tehsil: Tibbi, District: Hanumangarh) of Rajasthan. The IGNP traverses seven districts of Rajasthan: Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar.

After the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal, irrigation facilities were available over an area of 6770 km² in Jaisalmer district and 37 km² in Barmer district. Irrigation had already been provided in an area of 3670 km² in Jaisalmer district.

The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into rich and lush fields. Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now flourish in this semi-arid north-western region replacing the sand there previously.

Image: The Rajasthan Canal-A part of the ‘Indira Gandhi Canal’

Image: Indira Gandhi Canal Rajasthan Canal at Lohgarh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlej

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beas_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giddarbaha

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirsa_district

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharakhera,Rajasthan&action=edit&redlink=1



3. Buckingham Canal The Buckingham

Canal is a 421.55

kilometres long fresh

water navigation canal,

running parallel to the

Coromandel Coast of

South India from

Vijayawada in Andhra

Pradesh to Villupuram

District in Tamil Nadu.

The canal connects most

of the natural

backwaters along the

coast to the port of

Chennai (Madras).

It was constructed during the British Rule, and was an important

waterway during the late nineteenth and the twentieth century.It was first

known simply as the North River by the British and was believed to be

partly responsible for reducing tsunami and cyclone damage to much of

the Chennai-southern Andhra coastline

Originally known as Cochrane's canal, the first segment of the canal

was constructed as a saltwater navigation canal in 1806,from Madras

North to Ennore for a distance of 11 miles. It was financed by Basil

Cochrane. Subsequently, it was extended north to Pulicat Lake, 40

kilometres (24.9 mi) north of Madras. The canal was taken over by the

government of Madras Presidency in 1837 and further extended,

ultimately reaching 315 kilometres north of Madras to Vijayawada on the

bank of Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh, and 103 kilometres (64.0 mi)

south of Chennai to Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu. When the canal was

opened, it was named Lord Clive's Canal and later as Buckingham Canal.

However, the section in Madras had been known as Cochrane's canal for

much of the 19th century.

During 1877 and 1878 the people of Madras suffered from the terrible

Great Famine and more than 6 million people perished. The 8-kilometre

stretch, linking the Adyar and Cooum rivers, was built in 1877-78 at a cost

Image- ‘Buckingham Canal’



of Rs.3 millions as a famine relief work. The canal was named the

Buckingham Canal in 1878 because the link, was built on the orders of the

then Governor, the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos.

Course of the canal

The canal runs approximately 1 km back from the coastline. The

Cooum River connects the canal to the Bay of Bengal in the center of

Chennai. The portion north of the Cooum is known as the North

Buckingham Canal, and the portion south of the Cooum as the South

Buckingham Canal. 257 km (160 mi) of the canal is in Andhra Pradesh, and

163 km (101 mi) is in Tamil Nadu. Approximately 31 km is within the city

limits of Chennai.

4. Ganges Canal – The Ganges or Ganga

Canal is a canal system

that irrigates the Doab

region between the

Ganges River and the

Yamuna River in India.

The canal is primarily

an irrigation canal,

although parts of it were

also used for navigation,

primarily for its

construction materials.

Separate navigation

channels with lock gates

were provided on this

system for boats to

negotiate falls.

Originally constructed from 1842 to 1854, for an original head

discharge of 6000 ft³/s. The Upper Ganges Canal has since been enlarged

gradually for the present head discharge of 10,500 ft³/s (295 m³/s). The

system consists of main canal of 272 miles and about 4000 miles long

distribution channels. The canal system irrigates nearly 9,000 km² of fertile

agricultural land in ten districts of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Today

Image: Head works of the ‘Ganges Canal’ in Haridwar, taken

from the opposite side.



the canal is the source of agricultural prosperity in much of these states,

and the irrigation departments of these states actively maintain the canal

against a fee system charged from users.

There are some

small hydroelectric

plants on the canal

capable of generating

about 33MW if

running at full

capacity these are at

Nirgajini, Chitaura,

Salawa, Bhola, Jani,

Jauli and Dasna .

The canal is administratively divided into the Upper Ganges Canal

from Haridwar to Aligarh, with some branches, and the Lower Ganges

Canal which constitutes several branches below Aligarh.

Upper Ganges Canal

The Upper Ganges canal is the original Ganges Canal, which starts at

the Bhimgoda Barrage near Har ki Pauri at Haridwar, traverses Meerut and

Bulandshahr and continues to Nanu in Aligarh district, where it bifurcates

into the Kanpur and Etawah branches.

Lower Ganges Canal

A channel from a weir at Narora intersects the canal system 48 km

downstream from Nanu, and continues past the Sengar River and Sersa

River, past Shikohabad in Mainpuri district to become the Bhognipur

branch which was opened in 1880. This branch, starting at village Jera in

Mainpuri district, runs for 166 km to reach Kanpur. At kilometre 64 the

Balrai escape carries excess water through a 6.4 km. channel through the

ravines to discharge into the Yamuna. This branch has 386 km. of

distributary channels.

The Bhognipur branch, together with the Kanpur and Etawah

branches, is known as the Lower Ganges Canal. The old channels of the old

Kanpur and Etawah branches between Nanu and the point of intersection

by the channel from Narora, are known as "stumps", and are utilized only

when the supply of water in the lower Ganges system runs low.

Image: 150 year old lock gates on the ‘Ganga Canal’.



5. Sharda Canal The Sharda Canal

is the longest canal in

Uttar Pradesh along

with its several

branches it form a

network of canals.

Sharda Canal is

located in the

Pilibhit district and

has a total length of

938 Km including all

branches.

The Sharda canal was constructed about 60 years ago to projective

irrigate the district between Ganga & Ghaghra basin namely Pilibhit, Kheri,

Sitapur, Shahjhanpur, Hardoi, Unnao, Barabanki, Rae Barielly, Faizabad,

Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ghazipur, Allahabad, &

Varanasi . The area earmarked is 20 lac hectares cultivable land, but the

capacity used is only 8.82 lac hectares being about 44.10 % of cultivable

land. The upper reaches of canal irrigates about 42 % & the lower reaches

irrigates only 19 % of cultivable land, one of the reason being un-

availability of water in the lower reaches. To make more water available in

the Central & Eastern districts of Sitapur, Lucknow, Barabanki, Faizabad,

Rae Barielly, Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Sultanpur, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Mau,

Varanasi, Ballia and Ghazipur inter basin water resources of Ghagra river

is proposed to be tapped. Modernization, concrete lining, construction of

Ggaghra, Tanda, Dohrighat and Dalmau Pump Canal is also proposed.

Image: Sharda Canal



Question 3: - Write about the various components of headwork?

Answer:-

1. Weir or Barrage Weir is a solid obstruction placed across the river. Its main function is to

raise the water level so that water can be diverted by canal to crop field due

to difference in head.

Sectional view of a weir with its components

Labelled Diagram showing the components of headwork (Figure 1)



Barrage is practically a low weir with an adjustable gate over the low weir

2. Divide Wall A divide wall is a long wall made of stone masonry or cement concrete

placed perpendicular to the weir. It separates overflow section of weir and

under sluices. Divide wall extends upstream little beyond the canal regulator

and downstream up to launching apron of the weir.

Functions of divide wall are as follows:-

a. Divide wall separates the floor level of under sluices or pocket and floor

of the weir. Floor level of pocket is normally a bit lower than main weir

floor.

b. Divide wall helps in forming a pocket of silt to approach the tunnel of

under sluices.

c. Divide wall serves as a support wall of the fish ladder. Turbulent action of

water and cross currents are prevented by this long divide wall.

Sectional view of a barrage with its components

Plan and sectional views of divide wall.



3. Fish Ladder A fish ladder, also known as a

fishway, fish pass or fish steps, is

a structure on or around artificial

barriers (such as dams and locks)

to facilitate diadromous fishes'

natural migration. Most fishways

enable fish to pass around the

barriers by swimming and leaping

up a series of relatively low steps

(hence the term ladder) into the

waters on the other side. The

velocity of water falling over the

steps has to be great enough to attract the fish to the ladder, but it cannot

be so great that it washes fish back downstream or exhausts them to the

point of inability to continue their journey upriver. Fish ladder is made up

of baffle walls in a zigzag way so that the velocity of flow within the fish

ladder cannot exceed 3m/sec. To control the flow, effective gates are

fitted at upstream and downstream ends of fish ladder.

4. Silt prevention devices It includes the following:-

a. Scouring Sluices or Under sluices

b. Silt pocket (Approach Channel)

c. Silt Excluders

The above three components are employed for silt control at the

headwork. Divide wall creates a silt pocket. Silt excluder consists of a

number under tunnels resting on the floor of the pocket. Top floor of the

tunnels is at the level of sill of the head regulator.

Various tunnels of different lengths are made as shown in the figure

below. The tunnel near the head regulator is of same length of the head

regulator and successive tunnels towards the divide wall are short. Velocity

near the silt pocket is reduced, silts are deposited at the bottom, clear

water remains above slab of silt excluder and is allowed to enter the canal.

Plan and sectional view of a fish ladder



The deposited silt laden water is disposed downstream through tunnels

and under sluices.

5. Canal head regulator It is a hydraulic structure constructed at the head of the canal. It

consists of spans separated by piers and operated by gates similar to

barrage. Its functions are as follows:-

a. To regulate the supply by operating the gates between piers.

b. To control the silt from entering canal by slightly raising its floor

from floor of under sluices, i.e., a silt

c. To prevent flood water from entering the canal by shutting the

gates to HFL.

d. A roadway may be provided at the top.

Scouring Sluices or under sluices, Silt pocket & Silt Excluders

Canal Head Regulator



6. River retaining wall Guide banks and marginal embankments are shown in the figure 1.

Guide banks are constructed on both sides of the head regulator to

protect the structures and guide the flow so as to confine it in a

reasonable width of the river. It was first designed by Bell and, therefore,

it is also called Bell bund. The design is further developed by Spring.

It consists of a heavily built embankment in shape of bell mouth on both

sides. The figure below shows the length proportion upstream and

downstream of the weir.

Components of guide banks are:-

a. Upstream curved head

b. Downstream curved head

c. Shank portion which joins upstream and downstream curved end

d. Sloping apron

e. Launching apron

f. Pile Protection

Marginal embankments or dikes are earthen embankments constructed

parallel to river bank. It starts upstream from the head of the guide bank

as shown in figure below. It serves purpose of:-

a. Preventing flood water from entering the surrounding area

b. It retains the extra water due to flood within a specified section.

c. It protects the important cropland upstream of the project from

flooding.

d. Due to construction of weir an afflux of water upstream is created

and marginal embankments are always necessary to confine this

afflux well within the river

Sectional view of Guide bank & Marginal embankment



Question 2:-Discuss about Silt Control Devices & write short notes

on-

i. Silt ejector

ii. Scouring sluices

iii. Divide wall

Answer 2: - Silt Control Devices

It includes the following:-

a. Scouring Sluices or Under sluices

b. Silt pocket (Approach Channel)

c. Silt Excluders

The above three components are employed for silt control at the

headwork. Divide wall creates a silt pocket. Silt excluder consists of a

number under tunnels resting on the floor of the pocket. Top floor of the

tunnels is at the level of sill of the head regulator.

Various tunnels of different lengths are made as shown in the figure

below. The tunnel near the head regulator is of same length of the head

regulator and successive tunnels towards the divide wall are short. Velocity

Plan of Guide bank and marginal embankment

Assignment- 2



near the silt pocket is reduced, silts are deposited at the bottom, clear

water remains above slab of silt excluder and is allowed to enter the canal.

The deposited silt laden water is disposed downstream through tunnels

and under sluices.

Figure showing the components of Headwork



i. Silt Ejector In the above figure the position of the silt ejector has been shown.

Although silt excluder at the headwork excludes the silt, yet a portion of silt

enters the canal with water above the sill, the removal of which is still

necessary. Therefore, the device silt ejector or extractor is provided in the

main canal few metres downstream of the head regulator. The device is a

curative measure. It consists of a horizontal diaphram placed slightly above

the canal bed. Canal bed there is slightly depressed and curved walls as

shown in the figure below are constructed to have tunnels to dispose of

extra silt. Velocity decreases and silt deposition below the diaphram and

this deposited silt is carried to river d/s or to a low depression.

IS Code 6004 has provided the criteria for hydraulic design of sediment

ejector in irrigation and power canals.

ii. Scouring Sluices The under sluices or the scouring sluices maintain a deep channel in front

of the head regulator and dispose of heavy silt and a part of flood discharge

on the downstream side of the barrage.

Functions of scouring sluices-

a. They preserve a clear and defined river channel approaching the

regulator.

b. They preserve a clear and defined river channel approaching the regulator

c. The scour the silt deposited in the river bed above the approach channel

Silt Ejector or Extractor



d. They pass the low floods without dropping the shutter of the main weir,

the raising of which entails goods deal of labour and time.

e. They provide greater waterway for floods, thus lowering the flood levels.

f. They help in impounding fair amount of receding flood so as to secure full

storage.

iii. Divide wall A divide wall or ‘gyrone’ is an embankment, protected on all sides by stones

or concrete blocks. It is built at right angles to the axis of the weir separating

the weir and the under sluices. The divide wall extends upstream to a little

beyond the beginning of the head regulator and downstream to the talus

or launching apron of under sluice portion.

The divide wall is normally constructed of solid masonry. It is necessary to

provide well foundation for at least 30 m length from the extreme and

taking the well below the deepest possible scour.

Functions of the divide wall:-

a. The floor level of the under sluices or the pocket portion is generally kept

lower than the floor level of the main weir. Hence, a divide wall is essential

to separate the two floors. This prevents the turbulent action.

b. If the divide wall is not provided, currents approach the scouring sluices

from all directions and their effectiveness is reduced. The divide wall helps

in concentrating scouring action of the under sluices for washing out silt

deposited in the pocket by ensuring a straight approach through the

pocket.

c. The divide wall prevents cross current and the flow parallel to the weir.

The cross currents and the flow parallel to weir cause formation of

vortices and result in deep scour. To prevent this, sometimes, divide walls

are also provided at intervals along the main portion of a long weir or at

points of change of floor level both on upstream and downstream side.

d. The divide wall provides a comparatively ‘still pocket’ in front of canal

head regulator. This helps in more silt deposit in the pocket and entry of

comparatively clear water into the canal.

e. Divide wall incidentally serves as one of the walls of the fish ladder.



Question 3: - Differentiate between the following:-

Answer 3: -

1. Weir and Barrage

2. Barrage and Dam Barrage Dam

1. A barrage is an artificial obstruction at the mouth of a tidal watercourse used to increase its depth or maintain a separation between fresh and salt water or reduce the risk of tidal flooding up the river.

2. In case of a barrage, its entire length across the river i.e. between the banks is provided with gates having their bottom sill near the river bed level. Thus, the storage behind the barrage is solely created by the height of the gates.

1. A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or slows down the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.

2. The dam on the other hand has

spillway gates almost near its top level and the storage behind the dam is mainly due to the height of concrete structure and partially due to the gate height.

Weir Barrage

1. An impervious barrier which is constructed across a river to raise the water level on the upstream side is known as a weir. Here the water level is raised up to the required height and the surplus water is allowed to flow over the weir. Generally it is constructed across an inundation river.

1. When adjustable gates are installed over a weir to maintain the water surface at different levels at different times is known as a barrage. The water level is adjusted by operating the gates or shutters. The gates are placed at different tiers and these are operated by cables from the cabin. The gates are supported on piers at both ends. The distance between the pier to pier is known as Bay.



3. Gravity weir and Non-Gravity weir Gravity weir Non-Gravity weir

1. When the weight of the weir (i.e. its body and floor) balances the uplift pressure caused by the head of the water seeping below the weir, it is called a gravity weir.

1. If the weir floor is designed continuous with the divide piers as reinforced structure, such that the weight of concrete slab together with the weight of divided piers, keep the structure safe against the uplift; the structure may be called as a Non gravity Weir.

4. River regulator & Canal regulator

River regulator Canal regulator 1. It is the same as canal regulator but in this case it is used for a river. It is much bigger and efficient than that of a river regulator

1. A suitably designed regulator at the head of a canal is provided to regulate the supplies entering the canal as well as to control silt entry into the canal. It can also be used as a calibrated meter for assessment of the discharge entering the canal. Head regulators are provided at the head of a canal off-taking from a river or a branch canal taking-off from a main canal or a distributary sub distributary taking-off from a branch canal or a distributary itself as a case may be.



5. Silt Extruders & Silt ejectors Silt Extruders Silt ejector

1. Silt excluder consists of a number of under tunnels resting on the floor of the silt pocket. Top floor of the tunnels is at the level of sill of the head regulator. Its main purpose is to prevent the entry of silt into the canal

1. Silt ejector or extractor is provided in the main canal few metres downstream of the head regulator. The device is a curative measure.

It consists of a horizontal diaphram placed slightly above the canal bed. Canal bed there is slightly depressed and curved walls as shown in the figure below are constructed to have tunnels to dispose of extra silt. Velocity decreases and this silt is deposited below the diaphram and this deposited silt is carried to river downstream or to a low depression

6. Storage Weir & Surplus Weir Storage Weir Surplus weir

1. The length of the weir should be as that of a normal weir constructed across a river to raise its level and divert the water into the canal.

2. A weir which stores water for tiding

over small periods of short supplies is called a storage weir.

1. The length of such a weir must be such that the quantity of water estimated as the maximum flood discharge likely to enter from the catchment into the tank, can be disposed of with a depth of water over the weir equal to the difference between the Maximum Water Level(MWL) and the Full Tank Level(FTL).

2. The effective storage capacity is

limited by the Full Tank Level (FTL).



References I. ‘Irrigation and Water Power Engineering’

by Dr. B. C. Punmia, Dr. Pande Brij Basi Lal, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun

Kumar Jain.

II. ‘Irrigation And Water Power Engineering’

by Das, Mimi Das Saikia.

III. ‘Water Resources Engineering: Principles and Practice’

by Challa Satya Murthy

IV. ‘E-book on Concise Hydrology’ provided by www.bookboon.com.

V. ‘Wikipedia’-The free Encyclopedia

http://www.bookboon.com/

water resource engineering assignment

Documents

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naba kumar bhaumik

indira gandhi canal

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water power engineering

rigid boundary canals

upper ganges canal

clear water remains