WATER RESOURSES AND IT’S

CONVERSATION

Water is a

vital

resource

which forms

the basis

need of all

life.

Drinking water is not available during the critical

summer months

10% of rural-urban population does not have access to

regular safe drinking water

Chemically contains pose a very serious health hazard

in country

Ingress of seawater into coastal aquifers as a result of

over extraction of ground water has made water

supplies more saline, unsuitable for drinking and

irrigation

Water Quality Problem IN India:

Source Of Water:

Surface Water Sources:

i. Ponds: Natural small sized depression formed on the surface

of earth filled with water known as Ponds.

ii. Lakes: Natural large sized depression formed on the surface of

earth filled with water known as Lakes.

iii. Streams: in hilly regions, small amount of water run towards

earth it is Streams.

iv. Rivers: Number of streams get together and make a Rivers.

v. Storage Reservoir: Constructed by hydraulic structure like

dams.

vi. Stored Rain Water: Water stored in tanks during rainy seasons.

1. Springs: Natural outflow of ground water at earth’s surface is said to form of spring.

2. Infiltration galleries: they are horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depth along bank of revers.

3. Wells: a vertical hole excavated in earth for bringing water.

-Dug Well have a big diameter, low discharge.

-Tube Well is bored into ground, intercepting more water bearing streams, larger discharge

-Artesian well constructed previous layer, water comes with pressure on surface

-Surface Water is collected from a river bed in French well, perforated pipe are laid with slope towards center

Ground Water Resources:

Uses Of Water:

Most of water consumed in

irrigation use.

Need of water is cyclic an

vary from types of corps

Consumptive Uses:

Partial Consumptive use:

Water is partially consumed an part of it is wasted as used

water

60 to 80% supply to home is wasted

They include water need for

1. Domestic or public water use

2. Fire water need

3. Institutional water need

4. Industrial water need

5. Thermal and nuclear power generation water need

Domestic water need:

In

drinking,

bathing,

cooking,

washing

clothes,

cleaning

house,

vehicles,

etc.

Uses Water

requirement(liters)

Drinking 5

Cooking 5

Bathing 55

Washing of clothes 20

Washing of utensils 10

Cleaning houses 10

Flushing of water closets 30

Total 135 ipcd

Fire water needs: Separate provision is required for

high rising building

Normally a community more then 50000 people provision is made as per Q=100 𝑝.

Institutional water needs:

Approximately 450lit/day is required in hospital

Similarly water requirement for Hotels, Restaurants, Schools, collages are different.

Industrial water needs: As a solvent

Non processes use like cooling,

washing of machine, staff needs

Paper industry needs 200-400 kl/ton

while petroleum needs 1-2kl/ton

Thermal and nuclear power generation:

To produce steam, for cooling

200-250lit water used in 1 kilowatt

power generation

Non consumptive use:

There is no direct consumption of water

Lose of water due to evaporation

Non consumptive uses of water are

1. Hydroelectric power generation

2. In land navigation

3. Pollution control

4. Recreational use

Hydroelectric power generation:

It will use the energy of stored

water to turn prime movers to

produce electricity

In land navigation:

An irrigation canal or a river can

also be use for in land navigation

Water transport is the cheapest

means of transport

Pollution control: As a sink for waste disposal

Use for diluting waste water

In sedimentation, de-oxygenation, re-oxygenation, biological degradation etc. are involved in self purification of a river

Recreational use:

Natural and artificial water bodies used in this purpose

Contact type uses are swimming and bathing

Non contact type use are fishing, boating, water sport, sight seeing etc.

Overuses of water: Due to urbanization over use of water

occurs

Water requirement is maximum on earth

for human

Growth of population lead to competition

for water and create more demand

Industrialization to services such as

tourism requires increased water services

including both supply and sanitation

which leads to more pressure on water

resources and ecosystem

In some areas demands of water exceeds

nature’s supply

Problem due to over exploitation of water:

Decreases in flow of stream and rivers

Wet land surface reduction

Water logging, migration of people

Water level goes lower, wells go dry

Heavy pumping on broad scale can deplete whole aquifer

Increase in salinity of water

Subsidence or settling of above surface