water reuse - re-water braunschweig
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Reuse – The Braunschweig experience
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Content
1. Development of the sewage board
2. Wastewater reuse concept Braunschweig
3. Necessity of irrigation and advantage of agricultural reuse
4. Relevance of wastewater reuse and its ingredients for resource
protection
5. Arrangements for the protection of soil and groundwater
6. Results of the research project Routes
7. Biogas plant and renewable resources
8. Résumé
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1. Development of the sewage board
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History of wastewater reuse
in Braunschweig
• 1894 Initiation of the first irrigation fields
• 1954 Formation of the sewage board
• 1955 – 1966 Extension of the 4 drainage areas approx. 3,000 ha
• 1955 – 1979 Sprinkler irrigation of mechanically pre-treated wastewater
• 1979 – 1991 Construction of the treatment plant in 4 stages
• 1985 – 1990 Modification of the irrigation fields
• 2000 Construction of the sludge digester
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Area of the
Sewage Board
5
Irrigation area
Drainage Area
Biogas plant
Infiltration fields
Wastewater
treatment plant
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2. Wastewater reuse concept Braunschweig
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Wastewater treatment plant Steinhof
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Wastewater treatment plant Steinhof
• Population equivalents: 385,000
• Treatment process
mechanical
biological
nutrient removal
• Flow: 55,000 m³/d
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Irrigation
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Irrigation
Sprinkling irrigation
1956 - 1974
Sprinkling irrigation by
sprinkling machines since 1974
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Concept for wastewater reuse
Sprinkler
irrigation
2,700 ha
Irrigation fields
220 ha
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3. Necessity of irrigation and advantages of
wastewater reuse in agriculture
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Average water balance 1923 - 2011
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Source: DWD, Station Braunschweig
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Cultivation in the irrigation area
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1950 1970 1990 2010
% % % %
Crop 42 39 60 40
Potatoes 26 20 6 4
Sugar-beets 6 16 25 17
Maize 0 2 2 32
Other 26 23 7 7
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4. Relevance of wastewater reuse and its
ingredients for resource protection
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Wastewater flow
• Annual amount of treated water 21,0 Mio.m³/a
– reused by sprinkler irrigation 14 Mio.m³/a
– artificial groundwater recharge 7 Mio.m³/a
• Additional water demand for irrigation
approx. 100 mm on 2,700 ha 3,6 Mio.m³/a
• Total amount of water for artificial
groundwater recharge 10,4 Mio.m³/a
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Amount of sewage sludge
• Primary sludge and activated sludge 6,800 t TS/a
• Reduction by 30% by digestion 2,050 t TS/a
• Anaerobic digested sludge 4,750 t TS/a
– 60% sprinkler irrigation 2,750 t TS/a
– 40% elsewhere reused in agriculture 2,000 t TS/a
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Ø Nutrient load and
nutrient demand (kg/ha)
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Load Demand
Ammonium, nitrate 50 140
Phosphate (P2O5) 69 70
Potassium (K) 78 130
Sulphur (S) 105 25
Magnesium (MgO) 38 45
Calium (CaO) 318 380
Organic substance 640 -
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Nutrient loads per year
in the irrigation area
Load
Ammonium (NH4, NO3) 135 t/a
Phosphate (P2O5) 185 t/a
Potassium (K) 210 t/a
Magnesium (MgO) 100 t/a
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5. Arrangements for the protection of soil and
groundwater
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Indirect discharger
monitoring in Braunschweig for 30 years
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Dry-cleaner 2
Glass processing 6
Breweries 1
Chemical Companies 1
Print shops 16
Food industry 6
Institutes and Laboratories 26
Metal industry 10
Garages, petrol stations,etc. 262
Hospitals 7
Waste disposal sites 3
Water treatment plants 20
Varnish production 6
Other 35
Sum 401
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Cadmium-load in sludge and
irrigation water (kg)
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2010
kg
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Consultancy for farmers
• Support of intertillage to hold nutrients in the soil during groundwater recharge
• Fertilisation tests of sugar-beets, winter wheat, winter rapeseed and maize
• Nmin-analysis to determine the subsequent supply of nitrogen of the soil
• Extensive information on the fertilisation-effect of the sprinkler-water in the „irrigation area“ due to weekly analysis
• Balance of total amount of sprinkler-water and allocation of the nutrient load (approx.12,000 checks per year)
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Water-monitoring for 50 years
• Testing of
– 6 discharge points from 500 ha drained area
– groundwater testing of 3 of 33 observation wells by the water authority
(analysis of 4 samples per year)
• Parameters
– pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total-P, nitrite-N, nitrate-N,
ammonium-N, organic bound nitrogen, TOC, COD, BOD5
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QLA Certification
• The agricultural sludge utilisation is certified since 2006 and will be
confirmed every 2 years
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Poseidon project 2001-2004
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Degradation products (mineralisation) are unknown, Sorption should be relevant for musk fragrances and estrogens
Estrogens, Betablockers,
Macrolide antibiotics Musk fragrances Antiphlogistics
Sympathomimetics Lipid regulators
PPCPs not found in wells (50)
PPCPs found in wells (6)
Antiepileptics: Carbamazepine
Sulfonamide antibiotics: Sulfamethoxazole
Contrast media Diatrizoate, Iothalamic acid,
Iohexol, Iopamidol
Monitoring results: 56 compounds were analyzed
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6. Results of the research project Routes
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Measurements done by:
Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG)
Department of Water Chemistry
Head: Prof. Dr. Thomas Ternes
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Experimental field in irrigation area
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(Ternes et al. 2007 Chemosphere)
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Lysimeters
• Undisturbed soil columns
• Steel cylinders of Ø 80 cm
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• Collecting of leachates
• Determination of micropollutants
40 c
m
80 c
m
120 c
m
Irrigation
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Evaluation No. 1
• Results of April and May 2012
• Average of four lysimeters
• Samples from 16./17.04.12 and 22./23.04.12
• Samples have been enriched by solid phase extraction
• Measured by HPLC-MS/MS
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Persistent and not sorbing,
concentration decrease by dilution
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0 40,000 80,000
(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Barley sorbing,
decrease primarily by biodegradation
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Barley sorbing, decrease primarily by
biodegradation, building of transformation
products
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Evaluation No. 2
• Results of September 2012
• Individual values of lysimeter C
• Samples from 26.09.12 and 28.09.12
• Samples have been measured by direct injection without SPE with
HPLC-MS/MS
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Persistent and not sorbing,
decrease by dilution with rainwater
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Persistent and not sorbing,
decrease by dilution with rainwater
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Barley sorbing,
decrease primarily by biodegradation
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Barley sorbing,
decrease primarily by biodegradation
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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Barley sorbing,
decrease primarily by biodegradation, building TP’s
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(Source: Kunkel et al., in prep)
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7. Biogas plant and renewable resources
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Biogas plant Hillerse
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Biogas plant Hillerse
Technical data
• Total capacity 2.5 Mwel
• 2 x 1 MWel at Ölper (BS Energy)
• 0.5 MWel at Hillerse
• 20 km gas pipeline from Hillerse to powerplant Ölper
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Biogas plant Hillerse
Demand of raw materials
• Substrate per year 43,000 t (maize, rye)
• Agricultural crop land 1,000 ha
• Daily „feeding“ 101 t maize silage
16 t rye silage
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8. Résumé
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Water-nutrient-energy cycle
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Advantages of water reuse...
...For inhabitants
- high treatment efficiency
- no filtration necessary
- solution for sludge disposal
...For water reusers (farmers)
- supply and application of sprinkler water
- use of nutrients
- use of organic ingredients
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Advantages of water reuse...
...For the environment
- Ecology / water resources
▪ Resources conservation
▪ Prevention of contamination of rivers
▪ No groundwater extraction
▪ Promotion of groundwater recharge
- Closed loop recycling management
▪ Dual use of water
▪ Reclamation of ingredients
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Thank you for your attention!
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