water & sanitation project in angkor chhum siem reap: a baseline survey
DESCRIPTION
Reports health and sanitation practices of a sample of household in Angkor Chumm, a remote district of Siem Reao,TRANSCRIPT
BaselineSurveySiemReapWater,Sanitation,andHygienePromotion
AngkorChumDistrict,SiemReapProvince,CambodiaFebruary2012Conductedby:WayneBacale,PlanningandM&EManager,HFH,AsiaPacificSayakaYabuki,WaterandSanitationProjectInternHFHCSiemReapOfficeStaffJanuary10th–13th,2012
1
Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................2
Demographics................................................................................................................................5
WaterandSanitationPractices.....................................................................................................6
ExistingSanitaryLatrineCondition..............................................................................................12
HouseholdWastesManagement................................................................................................14
ExpectationsandSignificantChangesAftertheProject..............................................................17
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................19
LessonsLearned...........................................................................................................................20
Recommendations.......................................................................................................................20
2
Introduction Thebaseline survey for SiemReapWater, Sanitation, andHygienePromotion (SRWSHP)wasconductedbysixHFHCstafffromtheAngkorChumofficefromJanuary10to13,2012tofindoutaboutthetrendsofwater,sanitation,andhygienepracticesamongthevillagerswhohavebeeninvolvedinSRWSHP.Afterthecompletionofthesurvey,thestaffspentonedayanalyzingtheresultbyusingPivotandthefindingswereconsolidated.ThestaffreceivedamonitoringandevaluationtrainingbyaHFHIM&Especialist,Mr.Bacalefortwodaysinthebeginningofthesameweekthesurveywasconducted.ThirtyonerespondentswererandomlyselectedfromSvayChumVillageandKoukKbakVillageandaskedtoparticipatein the survey. Some of themwere gathered at a common community space and the otherrespondents were given the survey at their house. Five interviewers interviewed 5 or 6respondentseachindividually.Eachsurveytooknomorethan20minutes.The questionnairewas first createdbyMr. Bacale then reviewed and translatedby the staffwithMr. Bacale to ensure the relevancy of each question in the given cultural context. Thequestionnaireconsistsof5partsaskingaboutthefollowingissues:
• Waterandsanitationpractices• Existingsanitarylatrinecondition• Householdwastesmanagement• Personalhygienepracticeinformation• Expectationsandsignificantfutureimprovementsexpectedbytherespondentsafter
theWaterandSanitationProject
KeyFindings• Twenty‐sixoutof31respondentsreportedthattheyarepracticingsafedrinkingwater
treatmentsuchasboiling,usingbleachorchlorine,andusingwaterfilters.• Twenty‐tworespondentsdonothaveaccesstoimprovedlatrinesandtheyare
practicingopendefecation.• Sixteenrespondentsreportedthattheirwatersourcesarewithin25metersand15
respondentswithin200meters• Eightoutof9respondentswhohaveaccesstosanitaryfacilitieshavelatrineswithin20
meters.• Twenty‐eightrespondentsansweredthattheyhopetoconstructindividualfamily
latrinesthroughHFHCinterventionsinthefuture.• Fifteenoutofnineteenrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhavereceivedinformation
onproperwastesmanagement;theyindicatedHFHCastheirinformationsource.• Everyrespondentclaimedthattheywashtheirhandswithsoap–twenty‐ninebefore
theyeat.• TherespondentswouldlikeHFHCtocontinueconstructingImprovedwaterand
sanitaryfacilities.• Therespondentsexpectreducedincidencesofdiseasesandillnessinthefuture.
3
LimitationsoftheStudy
• Therespondents’answersmighthavebeenaffectedbytheinterviewerswhoalsofacilitatetheproject.
• Thereliabilityoftheanswersmaynotbeadequate.Forexample,eventhoughthemajorityoftherespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsbeforetheyeatandusesoap,theymightnotpracticeregularlyoransweredsoastosatisfytheinterviewers.
• Thesamplesizeistoosmalltogeneralizethefindingsandapplytothewiderpopulation.
• TheinterviewwasconductedonJanuary12,2012,whichisthe15thmonthoutofthe36‐monthprojectlife.
SummaryTableAreas SPHEREStandards NationalStatistics
(Asof2007)1BaselineFindings
SourcesofWater
• Watersourcesandsystemsaremaintainedsuchthatappropriatequantitiesofwaterareavailableconsistentlyoronaregularbasis
Rainyseason• 14%:Pipedindwelling• 23%:Tube/pipedwellorborehole
• 13%:Protecteddugwell• 6%:Unprotecteddugwell• 13%:Pond,river,orstream• 27%:RainwaterDryseason• 16%:Pipedindwelling• 27%:Tube/pipedwellorborehole
• 16%:Protecteddugwell• 7%:Unprotecteddugwell• 22%:Pond,river,orstream• 2%:Rainwater
• 35%(n=11):Ringwells• Another35%(n=11):Combinationsofring/mix/rope/treadle/pumpwells
• Openorcloseisunclear
Amountofwater/individual
• 15litersperday N/D • 8litersperday
Distanceofwatersourcetothehouse
• Within500m Wetseason• 97%:lessthan250m• 2%:250mto999mDryseason• 93%:lessthan250m• 4%:250mto999m
• 52%(n=16)within25m
• 42%(n=13)within200m
Qualityofwater • Nofecescoliformsper100 Treatmentofdrinkingwater • Noneofthe
1 NationalInstituteofStatisticsMinistryofPlanning(2009).HousingConditions2007.
4
Areas SPHEREStandards NationalStatistics(Asof2007)1
BaselineFindings
mlatthepointofdelivery• Drinkingwaterfromaprotectedortreatedsourceinpreferencetootherreadilyavailablewatersources• Forpipedwatersupply,wateristreatedwithadisinfectantsothatthereisfreechlorineresidualatthetapof0.5mgperliterandturbidityisbelow5NTU
• 61%:Always• 12%:Sometime• 27%:Never
respondentstesttheirwaterathealthservices.
• 84%(n=26)practicesafedrinkingwatertreatment(boiling/waterfilter)
Typeofsanitarylatrine
• Toiletsaredesigned,builtandlocatedinsuchawaythatprovideprivacy,safetyandsecuritytousers,minimizemosquitobreeding,areeasytocleanandcanbeusedbyallsectionsofthepopulationincludingvulnerablegroups
• Pitlatrinesandsoakwaysareatleast30mfromanygroundwatersourceandthebottomofanylatrineisatleast1.5mabovethewatertable
• Segregatedbysex
• 31%:Improvedtoilets(pureflushlatrinesconnectedtosewerage/septictanks)
• 10%:Unimprovedtoilets(pitlatrinewithoutslab,openpit,latrineoverhangingfield/water)
• 59%:Opendefecation(OD)
• 71%(n=22)practiceopendefecation(OD)
• 13%(n=4)drypit• 10%(n=3)pureflushlatrines
Distanceoflatrinetohouse
• Within50mN/D
• 71%(n=22/OD):Unknown
• 26%:(n=8):Within20m• 1respondentfurtherthan21m
Average#ofindividualsforeverylatrine
• 20foracommunallatrineN/D
• 5.1peopleperlatrine
Typeofwastemanagementpractices
• Householdwasteisputincontainersdailyforregularcollection,burntorburiedinaspecifiedrefusepit
• 97%(n=30):Burn• 45%(n=14):Throwintodrain
5
DemographicsRespondents by Sex: Out of 31 respondents, 26 of them are females and 5 males. Thedistributionofgenderisunevenperhapsbecausemanymaleparticipantsoftheprojectswereunavailableduetoworkatthetimethesurveywasconducted(seeFigure1below).
Figure1:%ofRespondentsbySex
RespondentsbyAgeGroup:Theagesoftherespondentsrangefrom23to74yearsold. Onethirdoftherespondentsarefemalesbetweentheagesof31and40,andthemajorityofthefemalerespondentsareyoungerthan60.Fouroutofthe5malerespondentsareolderthan51(seeTable1below).
Table1:RespondentsbyAgeGroup
NumberofFamilyMembers:Theaveragefamilysizeoftherespondentsis4.6peopleandslightlyhighercomparedtotheAngkorChumdistrictaverageof5.3people2.Themostreportedfamilysizeamongthe31respondentsis4peopleat35%followedby6‐personhouseholdsat23%.Thefewestoneisafamilyof9andthereisnorespondentwholivesalone(seeTable2andFigure2onthenextpage).
2NationalCommitteeforSub‐NationalDemocraticDevelopment(NCDD).(2009).AngkorChumDistrictData Book 2009.
Male5
(16%)
Female26(84%)
Male
Female
(blank)
AgeGroup Male Female Total
21to30 1 6 731to40 0 9 941to50 0 5 551to60 1 5 661to70 2 0 2
71orOlder 1 0 1NoAnswer 0 1 1
Total 5 26 31
6
Table2:RespondentsbyFamilySize
#ofFamilyMembers
#ofRespondents %
1 0 0%2 4 13%3 3 10%4 11 35%5 3 10%6 7 23%7 0 0%8 2 6%9 1 3%
Total 31 100%
Figure2:RespondentsbyFamilySize
WaterandSanitationPractices
Who FetchWater?: Majority of water for household uses is collected by adult women andthere isonlyonehousehold inwhichwater iscollectedbyanadultman(seeTable3below).ThismayreflecttheculturalnorminCambodiathatwomenareexpectedtoberesponsibleforthedomesticchores.
Table3:WhoFetchWater?WhoFetchWater?
#ofRespondents %
Adultwoman 28 90%Adultman 1 3%
FemaleChild(15oryounger) 2 6%
Malechild(15oryounger) 0 0%
Total 31 100%
SourcesofDrinkingWater:Majorityoftherespondentsdohaveaccesstosometypesofwellssuch as ring, mix/rope/treadle, and pumpwells fromwhich they collect drinking water andthere is one respondent whose household depends on a hand dug well for drinking water.ThreerespondentscollectwaterfromahanddugwellandothertypesofwellslistedinTable4onthenextpage.
13%
10%
35%
10%
23%
6% 3%
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 (blank)#ofFamilyMembers
7
Table4:SourcesofDrinkingWater
SourcesofDrinkingWater #ofRespondentsRingwellonly 11
Mix/rope/treadlewellonly 4Pumpwellonly 1
Combinationofdifferenttypesofwellsmentionedabove 11
Handdugwellonly 1Combinationofdifferenttypesofwells
mentionedaboveandhanddugwell 3Total 31
Amount and Frequency of Water Collection: Eighteen respondents answered that theirhousehold collects water once a day (see Table 5 below). Twenty‐two respondents collectmorethan41littersofwater,andthelargestfrequencyofwatercollectiondonebythese22respondentsisatonceadayby11householdsfollowedby6householdsat4to5timesaday(seeTable6onthenextpage). AccordingtouniversalminimumstandardsdevelopedbytheSphereProject3,anaverageuseofwaterinanyhouseholdissettobe15litersperpersonperday.Therefore,minimumamountsofwaterthatshouldbecollectedineachhouseholdamongthe respondents are 69 liters, respectably. The average household among the respondentsuses36.8litersofwatereachday–8litersperperson.Itisevidentthatthefamilymembersoftherespondentsareusingsignificantlylesseramountsofwaterthantheyshouldbe.
Table5:FrequencyofWaterCollection
Frequency #ofRespondentsOnceaday 18
Everytwodays 22to3timesaday 44to5timesaday 6
Morethan5timesaday 1
Total 31
3TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.
8
Table6:Frequency&AmountofWaterCollection AmountofWaterCollectedfor#ofFamilyMembersinEachhousehold:Table7belowsuggeststhat regardless of the number of family members in each household, the majority of thefamiliescollectsmore than41 littersofwater. Anumberofpeople tosharecollectedwatershowsasimilardistributioncomparedtothenumberoffamilymembersandamountofwatercollected in eachhousehold (see Table 8 on thenext page). Ten respondents reported thattheysharecollectedwaterwith4people.Onerespondentwith4familymemberswhocollectswaterfor4timesadayansweredthatherhouseholdcollectsmorethan41littersofwaterthatissharedby11people.Ontheotherhand,anotherrespondentwith3familymemberswhosehouseholdcollects21to30littersofwateronceadaysharethewaterwith15people.Duetoitssmallsamplesize,it isdifficulttodeterminethecorrelationbetweenthenumberoffamilymembersaswellasthenumberofpeopleshareandamountofwatercollected.
Table7:NumberofFamilyMembersinEachHouseholdandAmountofWaterCollected#ofFamilyMembers
11to20L 21to30L 31to40L Morethan41L
Total
2 1 0 0 3 43 0 1 2 0 34 0 0 2 9 115 0 0 0 3 36 0 1 2 4 78 0 0 0 2 29 0 0 0 1 1
Total 1 2 6 22 31
Frequency/Amount #ofRespondents10to20Litters 1
Onceaday 121to30Litters 2
Onceaday 1Everytwodays 1
31to40Litters 6Onceaday 5Twiceaday 1
Morethan41Litters 22Onceaday 11
2to3timesaday 34to5timesaday 6
Morethan5timesaday 1Everytwodays 1
Total 31
9
Table8:NumberofPeopletoShareWaterCollected#ofPeopletoShareWater
11to20L 21to30L 31to40L Morethan41L
Total
2 1 0 0 2 33 0 0 2 0 24 0 0 2 8 105 0 0 1 4 56 0 1 1 4 67 0 0 0 2 28 0 0 0 1 1
11 0 0 0 1 115 0 1 0 0 1
Total 1 2 6 22 31
Distance to Water Source and Frequency: The Sphere universal standards notes that themaximumdistancefromanyhouseholdtothenearestwatersourceshouldbenofurtherthan500meters; almost every respondentmeets this standard and have access to some kind ofwater sources closer to their houses4. About a half of the respondents estimated that theirwater source is less than 25 meters away from their houses, and the frequency of watercollectionamongthem isonceadaythemost reported followedby4 to5 timesaday. Themajorityof theotherhalfcollectswater fromwatersourcesthatarewithin200meters fromtheirhouses. Onerespondentreportedthatherhouseholdcollectswateronceaday fromawatersourcethatisfurtherthan500metersfromherhouse(seeTable9below).
Table9:FrequencyofWaterCollection&DistancetoWaterSource
4TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.
FrequencyLessthan
25m25to50m
51to100m
101to200m
201to500m 500m+
Don'tknow Total
Onceaday 6 2 4 4 1 1 0 182to3
timesaday 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 44to5
timesaday 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 6Morethan5timesa
day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Everytwo
days 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2Total 16 4 5 4 1 1 0 31
10
QualityofWater:Therewereonly16%oftherespondentswhoreportedthattheydonottreatwaterfordrinkingwhile30%ofhouseholdsinruralCambodianevertreatwatertomakeitsafetodrink5.Therestofthe84%respondentsreportedthattheyusuallymakesafedrinkingwaterbyboiling,usingbleachorchlorine,andusingawaterfilter. Themostreportedwaytomakesafe drinkingwater is boiling by 16 respondents followed by a usage of awater filter by 10respondents(seeFigure3below).Mostselectedmethodtodeterminethecleannessofwateristolookatitscolorthenthesmellofwater (see Figure 4 below). Four respondents answered that there are noways and tworespondentsdidnotknowhowtodeterminethecleannessofwater.Figure5onthenextpageindicates that 15 respondents selected dust and sand to be the factors that make watercontaminated and dirty followed by rubbish and dead animal bodies answered by 8respondents.
Figure3:HowtoMakeSafeDrinkingWater
Figure4:FactorstoDetermineCleannessofWater
5NationalInstituteofStatisticsMinistryofPlanning(2009).HousingConditions2007.
1
1
3
10
16
Others
Addbleach/chrorine
Letitstandandskll
Waterfilter
Boil
#ofResponses
011111
222
34
712
Teskngthewateratthehealthservices
Noinsects
Seethesoil
Taste
Don'tknow
Noways
Color
#ofResponses
11
Figure5:FactorstoMakeWaterContaminated/Dirty
Information Received: Almost every respondent except 2 people answered that they havereceivedinformationaboutproperwatertreatment,sanitation,hygiene,andhealthinthepast12months(seeTable10below).
Table10:WhetherInformationonWASHinthePast12Months
InfoonWASH#ofRespondents
Yes 29No 1
Don'tknow 1Total 31
AstheFigure6onthenextpageindicates,themajorityoftherespondentsreportedthattheirsource of information regarding proper water treatment, sanitation, hygiene, and health isfrom HFHC. Seventeen respondents also received the information from Sanitation ActionGroups (SAGs) facilitated by HFHC. Eight respondents also received information from thefollowingorganizations:RACHA,CDAC,NIMOrganization,PlanInternational,CSCS,andPDRD.Thisreflectsthatmanyrespondentsreceiveservicesfrommultipleorganizationsandcontentsofservicesmightbeoverlapped.
011
2222
38
15
NoanswerDon'tknow
WellisnotcoveredHumanandanimalwaste
IndustrialwasteWelllisneartoilet
RainwaterflowsintoawellInseckcide
Rubbish/deadanimalbodiesDust/sand
#ofResponses
12
Figure6:SourceofInformation
*OthersincludeRACHA,CDAC,NIMOrganization,PlanInternational,RAIIHC,CSCS,andPDRD
Morethan20respondentshavereceivedinformationrelatedtohealthandhygienepromotion,sanitation and use of latrines, and handwashing, 15 respondents have received informationaboutsafedrinkingwaterandhowtotreatwater.Ontheotherhand,informationwithregardtodiarrhealmanagementhasonlyreceivedby6respondents(seeFigure7below).
Figure7:TypeofInformationReceived
ExistingSanitaryLatrineConditionLatrineUsageandDistanceBetweenExistingLatrineandHouse:Similartothenationaldatainwhich69%ofhouseholdsinruralCambodiadonothaveaccesstoimprovedtoiletfacilitiesbutpractice open defecation6, seventy‐one percent of the respondents do not have access to 6TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.
0
1
2
3
4
8
17
28
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
S‐WASH
Newspaper
Hospital
Radio/TV
Healthworker
Others
SAG
HFH
#ofResponses
111
615
212324
FoodpackingHomecleaning
NoanswerDiarrhealmanagement
Safewater/howtotreatwaterHandwashing
SanitakonandUsageofToiletHealthandHygienePromokon
#ofResponses
13
latrines.Fiveofthemspecifiedinthesurveythattheyurinateanddefecateinfieldsorforests(seeTable11below). Thereare7respondentsreportedthattheyhavetheirownpureflashlatrine in their household and2 respondents said that their householdsuse another family’slatrine.Threeofthemhavetheirlatrinewithin10metersand4ofthemwithin11to20metersfromtheirhouse. TheSphereprojectnotes that toiletsshouldbeno farther than50metersfromeachhousehold7;the7householdshaveacceptableaccesstotoiletfacilitiesbasedonthestandard.
Table11:TypesoflatrineandDistanceBetweenExistingLatrineandHouse(ByObservation)TypeofLatrine Lessthan10m 11mto20m Furtherthan21m N/A Total
Pureflashlatrine 3 4 0 0 7Drypit 0 0 0 0 0
VIP 0 0 0 0 0Usingother
family's0 1 1 0 2
Notoilet 0 0 0 22 22Fiveofthe7householdswithalatrineintheirhousehold,thelatrineissolelyusedbytheirownfamilymembers.Oneofthetworespondentswhouseanotherfamily’slatrineansweredthatthe latrine isusedby theowner’s familyandhis family,and theotheronereported that thelatrineisusedbytheowner’sfamilyandmorethantwootherfamilies(seeTable12below).
Table12:UseofLatrine
Useoflatrine NumberofFamilySharing
Usedsolelybytheirownfamily 5Usedbytheirownfamilyandoneother
family 2
Usedbytheirownfamilyandmorethantwootherfamilies 2
Notoilet 22Total 31
7TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereStandards.
14
Similar to the gender distribution seen in Table 3 askingwho fetcheswater, seven of the 9respondentswhohaveaccesstolatrineansweredthatanadultwomancleansthelatrineandthere are only two adult men who clean the latrines they use (see Figure 8 below).
Figure8:WhoCleansYourLatrine?
HouseholdWastesManagementWastes management practices: We also asked the survey respondents about their wastesmanagementpracticesandhowitmightbeaffectingtheircommunity.Almosteveryhouseholdburnstheirgarbageandsomealsothrowtheirgarbageintodrains.Othersincludedisposingatricefieldsansweredby2respondents(seeFigure9belowontheleft).Nearlyonethirdoftherespondents reported that they segregate garbagewastes in their housewhile the restdoesnot(seeFigure10belowontheright).Figure9:WhereDoYouDisposeYourGarbage?
Figure10:DoYouSegregateGarbageWastesatYourHouse?
Adultwoman Adultman Nolatrine#ofRespondents 7 2 22
7
2
22
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
14
30
Throwintorive/pond/canal
Throwontovacantland
Comostpit
Don'tknow
Bury/digahole
Rubbishcolleckonservices
Others
Throwintodrain
Burn
#ofResponsesYes9
(29%)
No22
(71%)
15
The respondents were given a multiple response question regarding types of wastesmanagement challenges they are encountering in their community. Lack of proper wastesmanagementseemstobeaffectingthelivesoftherespondentsgreatly.Morethantwothirdsoftherespondentsclaimedthatlitteringismakingtheirvillagedirty,andacauseofmosquitoesis also raised as a challenge by 20 respondents. Nineteen respondents also expressed theirconcernaboutbadsmells intheircommunitycausedbywastes. Twelverespondentsbelievethatgarbagedisposalsintheircommunitypollutingtheirwatersources(seeFigure11below).
Figure11:TypesofWastesManagementChallengesinCommunity
Nineteenrespondentsansweredthattheyhaveattendedsometrainingandorientationand3ofthemsaidthattheyreceivedapromotionaboutproperwastesmanagement(seeFigure12below).Eightofthe9respondentswhosegregatetheirgarbageintheirhousehaveattendedor received a promotion about proper wastes management; moreover the seven of the 8respondents selected HFH as one of their information sources. Overall, HFH is the largestsourceof information followedbySAGandhealthworkers (seeFigure13on thenextpage).Figure12:AttendedAnyTraining/OrientationaboutProperWastesManagement
*Yesincludes3respondentswhospecifiedthattheyhavereceivedpromotionsregardingproperwastesmanagement*8respondentsoutofthosewhoansweredYessegregatetheirgarbageintheirhousehold.
Yes19
(61%)
No12
(39%)
1
2
7
12
19
20
21
Noproblem
Cloggingofcanal
Others
Pollukngwaersources
Badsmell
Causingmosquitoes
Makingthevillagedirty
#ofResponses
16
Figure13:Training/OrientationSourceonProperWastesManagement
PersonalHygienePracticeInformationHand washing practices: Every respondent claimed that they practice some kind of handwashing.Twenty‐ninerespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsbeforeeating.Sixteenrespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsafterfieldwork;wedidnotobtainadataonhow many of the respondents work in fields therefore it is unreasonable to make anassumptionthat the remaining15respondentsdonotwashtheirhandsafter fieldwork (seeFigure 14 belowon the left). Washing hands after child defecationwas also selected by 16respondentsbutagainwearenottoassumethattheother15respondentsdonotwashtheirhandsafterchilddefecationbecause the lackof informationabout theirchildbearingstatus.Sevenoutofthe9respondentswhohaveaccessto latrinestatedthattheywashtheirhandsafterusingthelatrine.Everyrespondentusessoapwhentheywashtheirhandsalthoughonly20ofthemreportedthattheyusewater(seeFigure15blowontheright);thismightbeduetoanassumptionsomerespondentsmakingthatusingsoapautomaticallymeansusingwateratthesametime.Figure14:WhenDoYouWashYourHands?
*Othersincludebeforesleepingandwhentheirhandsaredirty*1Sevenofthemhaveaccesstolatrine
Figure15:HowtoWashHands
00
22
79
15
Newspaper
Radio/TV
HealthWorker
HFH
#ofResponsesFromWhomAnsweredYesinFigure12
34
1213141616
29
BeforefeedingOthers
Aqerusinglatrine*1Beforepreparingfood
AqereakngAqerchilddefecakon
AqerfieldworkBeforeeakng
#ofResponses
0
1
6
11
14
20
31
Usingsoil/sand
Usinguncleancloth
Others
Usingashes
Washwithboth
Usingwater
Usingsoap
#ofRespondenses
17
ExpectationsandSignificantChangesAftertheProjectExpectationsandlongtermimpactofWaSHinterventions:Therespondentswereaskedaboutwhataspectsofwater,sanitation,andhygienepracticestheyexpecttoseeimprovementsaftertheinterventionsprovidedbyHFHCanditslong‐termaffectinthelivesoftheirfamilymembers.Themajorityoftherespondentswishtohavealatrineconstructedintheirhouseholdwhilealittlemorethanonethirdoftherespondentsdesiretogetwatersourcefacilitiesconstructed.Itisyetinconsistentthatsomeoftherespondentswhodohavealatrineintheirhouseholdalsoexpectaconstructionofalatrineintheirhousehold. Regardless,aconstructionoflatrinestoindividualfamiliesismoredesiredcomparedtocommunallatrines(seeFigure16below).
Figure16:Desired/ExpectedServicesbyHFH
*Othersincludeplantingvegetables,usingtoilet,andboilingwater
Wethenaskedtherespondentswhattop3changesorimprovementstheythinkwillprovidetothemandtheirfamilymembersafterreceivingtheHFHC’sWaSHinterventions.Theresponsesinclude increased access to safe drinkingwater, improved awareness of proper hygiene, andsanitation,whichsuggestedbymorethantwothirdsoftherespondents.Despitethefactthat28 respondents expect HFHC to assist them in constructing individual latrines, only 11respondents mentioned increasing access to sanitary latrine facility as one of their top 3changes they think the Habitat WaSH interventions could provide in the future. Otheranticipatedimprovementsstatedbytherespondentsincludegoodlivingenvironment,securingenoughwater, and having profits (see Figure 17 on the next page). Lastly, the respondentswere asked about three long‐term impacts of changes and improvementsmentioned above;themajorityofresponseswasfocusedaroundimprovedhealthconditionofchildrenaswellasreducedincidenceofwaterbornediseasesandsickness(seeFigure18onthenextpage).
1
11
13
13
20
28
Others
Constructcommunallatrine
Trainingonproperuseoflatrine
Constructwatersourcefacilikes(e.g.wells,tanks,andect)
Trainingonproperhygieneandhandwashing
Constructlatrinestoindividualfamilies
#ofResponses
18
Figure17:ExpectedChangesandImprovementsbyHFHWaSHInterventions
*Othersincludegoodenvironment,securingenoughwater,andhavingprofit
Figure18:ExpectedLong‐TermImpactofFutureChangesandImprovementsinYourFamily
11
15
22
24
Increaseaccesstosanitarylatrinefacility
Others
Improvedawarenessofproperhygieneand
sanitaiton
Increasedaccesstosafedrinkingwater
#ofResponses
7
8
19
24
Others
Improvedschoolarendanceofchildren
Reducedincidenceofwaterbornediseases
andsickness
Improvedhealthcondikonofchildren
#ofResponses
19
ConclusionThis baseline survey was able to show a scope of our beneficiaries’ water, sanitation, andhygienepracticesandwhattheyareexpectingtochangeorimproveinthefuture.Theresultsshow that almost everyone does have access to constructedwaterwellswhere they collecttheirhouseholdsourcesofdrinkingwater.Regardlessofthenumberoffamilynumbersineachhouseholdorthefrequencyofwatercollection,manyhouseholdsusemorethan41 littersofwateraday.Althoughtheyshouldatleasthaveaccesstomorethan15litersofwaterperdayperperson.Theirwatersourcesarerelativelyclosetotheirhouses;however,consideringthemost ofwater is collected by adultwomen formultiple times a day, carrying a heavywaterbucketsmightbeaphysicalburdenonthem.Themajorityoftherespondentsareperformingasafedrinkingwatertreatmentsuchasboiling,using bleach or chlorine, and using a water filter. They also indicated that they wash theirhandswithsoap,whichourprojectencouragesparticipantstodo.Ourrespondentsseemtobeaware andpracticingproperwater treatment, handwashingpractices, andother health andhygieneinformationtheylearnedthroughtrainings,workshops,andpromotionsheldbyHFHCas well as other organizations. In spite of the positive answers we received from therespondents,we suspect that the respondents couldhavebeenhesitant topresentnegativeanswerstotheinterviewerssincetheyarealsotheoneswhoprovidetheWaSHinterventionsat HFHC. Almost every respondentwho has a latrine in their household reported that theywashtheirhandsafterusingthelatrinewhilealackoflatrinesinmanyhouseholdsremainstobearestrainedforcethatkeepspeoplepracticingopendefecation.HFHCdoesnotofferextensivetrainingsorworkshopsonwastesmanagementyetinformsourbeneficiaries about the basic householdwastesmanagement. Given the results,we believethatHFHCiscontributingtoraiseawarenessofproperwastesmanagementamongtheprojectparticipants.Finally, our survey indicates that the participants are very much interested in having anindividual latrine constructed for their household aswell as learning aboutproper sanitationand hygiene behaviors. They hope to gain access to safe drinking water and improvedknowledge of sanitation and hygiene from HFHC that could ultimately reduce the risks andincidentsofwaterbornediseasesandimprovetheoverallhealthoftheirchildren.
20
LessonsLearned• Makingwatersafetodrinkbyboilingandusingawaterfilteriswell‐practiced.• Individualizedlatrinesaremoredesiredthancommunalones.• ThestaffneedmoretimetotrainingonhowtousePivotandanalyzedata.• WhilewewereabletolearnabouttheawarenessandpracticesregardingWaSHinthe
community,wewereunabletolearnabouttherecommendationstoourprojectdirectlyfromtherespondents.
• Somerespondentswereinfluencedbytheothers’answerssincesomeinterviewswereconductedatacommunalspace.
Recommendations• ContinuetoprovideCommunity‐LedTotalSanitationandfacilitatediscussionsamongst
theparticipants.• Theprojectshouldbepromotinglatrineconstructionsandassistingtheparticipantsfor
financialmanagementasneeded.• Issuesthatarepreventingourbeneficiariesfromconstructinglatrinesshouldbe
examinedandaddressed.• Hardwareinterventions,suchaslatrineconstructionmustbedonetogetherwitha
softwaresupport,suchasorientationontheproperuseandmaintenanceoflatrine.• Theprojectshouldasktheparticipantsfortheirfeedbackonaregularbasis.• Thereisaneedtostrengthencommunitybasedmonitoringandevaluationtomeasure
behavioralandsignificantchangeacrosstime.Providefurthermonitoringandevaluationtrainingforthestaff.
• Toensurethevalidityofthefindings,theprojectstaffshouldconductafollow‐upvisittoobservehowthebeneficiariesareactuallyperformingWaSHpractices.
• Developcasestudiestostudytheparticipants’experiencesindepth.