water supply engineering sanitation
DESCRIPTION
Water Supply Engineering SanitationTRANSCRIPT
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Master Plumber Review
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Master Plumber Review
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Plumbing
The systems of pipes and fixtures that
bring water into buildings and carry
away waterborne wastes
These pipes are generally concealed
behind walls, floors & ceiling
Fixtures such as water closet, lavatories,
bathtubs are attached to this system and
are visible in various rooms of homes,
offices, schools, and other buildings.
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Plumbing
NPCP: the art and techniques of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply, liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them and such water, liquid and other carried waste affecting health and sanitationand hazardous to life and property; also the pipes and fixtures after they have been installed, the plumbing system.
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Plumbing System
The systems of pipes and fixture and other appurtenances which includes the water supply-liquids, substances and/or ingredients distributing pipes, and those pipes removing them; the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes, the house drain; the house sewer, the storm water drainage, all with their devices, appurtenances and connections within or on a building.
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Plumbing System
Water Supply
Storm / Drainage System
Vent System
Sewer / Waste System
Fire Protection
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Early Years of Plumbing
Plumbum (lead)
a material which at a certain point in the
history of plumbing was widely used for
piping and water changes
replaced by cast iron in the 19th century
a person who worked in the sanitary field is
called Plumbarius, during Roman times
the material that had greatly contributed in
the field of sanitation is the cause of the
downfall of the Roman Empire
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Modern Day of Plumbing
Sir John Harrington Invented the precursor of the modern day water
closet
Alexander Cummings After 2 years, reinvented Harringtons water
closet
Invented S-trap sliding bowl and trap
Samuel Prossen (777) Applied and received a patent for plunger closet
Later, closet with a valve at the bottom had been introduced
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Modern Day of Plumbing
Thomas Twyford (1185) Revolutionized the water closet design when he
built the first trapless toilet in one piece
Unique design because of the material used rather than the common metal and wood contraption
The internal mechanism is considered as one of the pioneers in the field of sanitary science
J. G. Jennings (1852) Got a patent for his washout water closet
Shallow pan with a dish tray and water seal
Waste is washed through S-trap
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Modern Day of Plumbing
Flush meter valve
Backflow preventer
Wall-mounted closet
Reverse trap water closet
Blowout water closet
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Master Plumber Review
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Water
Most fundamental and basic component of life on earth
Covered of the earths surface Plays a key role in the metabolic
breakdown of essential molecules (protein & carbohydrates) called hydrolysis
Ground water great source for supplying our water
Susceptible to contamination, once contaminated it takes decade to recover
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Properties of Water
Heat Capacity
Surface Tension
Capillarity
Dissolving Ability
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Properties of Water
Heat Capacity
Ability to absorb heat without becoming
much warmer itself
Water has greater heat capacity than
any other substances except ammonia
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Properties of Water
Surface Tension
Ability of water to stick to itself and pull
itself together
Water has extremely high surface
tension
Water molecules cling together to
slightly that it can support heavier than
itself
Example: dripping tap
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Properties of Water
Capillarity
Ability of water to climb upon a surface
against the pull of gravity
Dissolving Ability
Ability to dissolve any substance
Known to be the Universal Solvent
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Uses of Water
Nourishment
Cleansing and Hygiene
Ceremonial Uses
Transportation Uses
Cooling Medium
Ornamental Element
Protective Uses
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Uses of Water
Nourishment
Much of the human body is water
The most abundant chemical in our
body as well as in our diet
Amount of pure water that we need for drinking and cooking is very small only
(~3 gal/od)
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Uses of Water
Cleansing and Hygiene
Water is nearly ideal medium for the
dissolution and transport of organic
waste
Water high heat storage capacity makes
the attainment of comfortable
temperatures for bathing easy
Much larger quantities of water are used
for cleaning than for nourishment
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Uses of Water
Ceremonial Uses
Water acquired a ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious services
Examples:
Vessel containing water at the entrance of Catholic churches
Pools in the forecourt of mosques
Full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars of some Protestant churches
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Uses of Water
Transportation Uses
Water as transportational medium
Waterways had been developed to allow
the passage of water vessels and to be
able to transport large quantities of
goods as well as people
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Uses of Water
Cooling Medium
water can store heat readily, removed
large quantities of heat when it
evaporates
Water is used in some devices that need
the removal of heat easily and efficiently
Example:
Water used in cooling air-condition unit
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Uses of Water
Ornamental Element
In almost any landscaping application,
indoor or outdoor, water becomes a
center of interest
Our association of water with nourishing,
cleansing, and cooling make water a
very powerful design element a fact
recognized by landscape designers
throughout the history
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Uses of Water
Protective Uses
Water is essential element of fire protection
The vast quantities of water potentially required for fire fighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valve
Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element
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Water Quality
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Biological Characteristics
Radiological Characteristics
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Physical Characteristics
Turbidity
Color
Taste and Odor
Temperature
Foamability
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Physical Characteristics
Turbidity
Caused by the presence of suspended materials (clay, silt, other inorganic materials, planktons, or finely divided organic materials)
Color
Often caused by dissolved organic matter, from decaying vegetation.
Color changes usually do not threaten health but often are psychologically undesirable.
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Physical Characteristics
Taste and Odor
Caused by organic compounds, inorganic
salts, or dissolved gases.
This condition can be treated only after a
chemical analysis has identified which
source is responsible
Temperature
In general, water supplied between 50 and
60 F (10 and 16 C) is preferred
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Physical Characteristics
Foamability
Caused by concentration of detergents
The foam itself does not pose a serious
health threat, but it may indicate the
other more pollutant associated with
waste are also present
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Chemical Characteristics
Alkalinity
Hardness
Toxic Substances
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Chemical Characteristics
Ground water particularly to chemical alteration because as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some mineral contained in rocks and soils.
Chemical Analysis Possible presence of harmful substances
The potential for corrosion within the water supply system
The tendency for water to stain fixture and clothing
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Chemical Characteristics
Alkalinity
Caused by bicarbonates, carbonate or
hydroxide components
Testing for these components of waters alkalinity is a key to which treatments to
use
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Chemical Characteristics
Hardness
A relative term, hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soap and detergents, and it deposit scale on the inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, thus wasting fuel and making utensils unusable
Caused by Calcium & Magnesium salts
Classified as: Temporary (Carbonate)
Permanent (Bicarbonate)
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Chemical Characteristics
pH
Measure of waters hydrogen ion concentration, as well as relative acidity or alkalinity
ph = 7 (neutral)
ph < 7 (acidic)
ph > 7 (basic)
Water at natural state: ph = 5.5 9.0
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Chemical Characteristics
Toxic Substances
Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Cyanides (Cn)
Fluoride (F)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Siver (Ag)
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Biological Characteristics
Bacteria
Protozoa
Virus
Potable water should be kept as free as possible from disease-producing
organisms (bacteria, protozoa & virus)
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Biological Characteristics
Bacteria
Coliform Group (E. Coli) present in fecal matter of humans as well as those
of birds & other animals
Protozoa
Virus
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Radiological Characteristics
The mining of radioactive materials and
the use of such materials in the industry
and power plants have produced
radiological pollution in some water
supplies
Since radiological effects are
cumulative, concentrations of
radioactive material should be low
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Water Sources
Surface Water
River
Lake
Pond
Impounding Reservoir
Ocean
Ground Water
Wells
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Water Sources
Surface Water
A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater
Surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds
and impounding reservoir
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Water Sources
Ground Water
That portion of the rainwater which has
percolated into the earth to form
underground deposits called aquifer.
Aquifer water-bearing soil formation
As a source of water can be extracted in
many different ways.
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Ground Water
Wells Holes in the earth from which a fluid may be
withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pumps, etc.
Water Wells Water that flows into well is ground water
This water comes from rain that is absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered through the different layers of the ground and into the ground-water reservoir (or Aquifer)
The top of the zone is known as the water table the level at which water stands in a well that is not being pumped.
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Types of Wells
Dug Wells
Driven Wells
Bored Wells
Drilled Wells
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Types of Wells
Dug Wells
These can be constructed with hand
tools or power tools
It can be dug to a depth of about 15
meters (50 feet) and can have the
greater diameter that a space may allow
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Types of Wells
Driven Wells
These are the simplest and usually the
least expensive
A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end
of the pipe section and driven into the earth
The drive point is usually 1 - 2 inches
(32 51 mm) in diameter
The point may be driven into the ground to
a depth of up to 15 meters (50 feet)
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Types of Wells
Bored Wells
These are dug with earth augers
Usually less than 30 meters (100 feet)deep
They are used when earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in
Diameter ranges from 2 30 inches
The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete
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Types of Wells
Drilled Wells
These require more elaborate equipment of several types, depending on the geology of the site
They measure up to 300 meters (984 feet)
Percussion Method Involves raising & dropping of a heavy drill bit and
stem
Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled in mixed with water to form slurry, which is periodically removed
As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered (except when drilling through rocks)
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Types of Wells
Drilled Wells (cont.)
Rotary Drilling Method (hydraulic/pneumatic)
Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill pipe
Drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of earth, which are then brought to the surface
After the drill pipe withdrawn, a casing is lowered into position
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Types of Wells
Drilled Wells (cont.)
Down-The-Hole Method
A pneumatic hammer is combined with the
percussion effect of the rotary drill bit
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Water Supply Facilities
Level I Farthest user is not more than 250 meters from
the point source
At least 20 liters/capita/day
Level II Farthest house is not more than 25 meters from
the communal faucet system
At least 60 liters/capita/day
Level III The house has service connection from the
system
At least 100 liters/capita/day
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Levels of Service
Level I
A protected well or a developed spring with
an outlet but without a distribution system
Generally adaptable for rural areas where
houses are thinly scattered
A level facility normally serves an average of
15 households
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Levels of Service
Level II
A system composed of a source, a reservoir,
a piped distribution network and communal
faucets
Usually, 1 faucet serves 4 6 households
Generally suitable for rural and urban
fringed areas where houses are clustered
densely to justify a simple pipe system
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Levels of Service
Level III
A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network and household taps
Generally suitable for densely populated
urban areas
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Definitions
Pure Water
Natural Water
Purified Water
Contaminated Water
Polluted Water
Hard Water
Soft Water
Gray Water
Black Water
Storm Water
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Master Plumber Review
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