water treatment_csir neeri_indovation 2015_23 january 2015
TRANSCRIPT
Structure of Presentation1. Introduction(1 minute)
2. Water treatment technologies (8 minutes)
– Turbidity/micro-organisms
– Fluoride
– Iron
– Arsenic
– Nitrate (being developed)
– Membrane filtration
3. Conclusion (1 minute).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
• Established in 1942 for the cutting edge R&D knowledge base in diverse S&T areas
• Network of 37 national laboratories with 3800 scientists
• Provides technological interventions in societal sectors of environmental health, drinking water, food, housing, energy etc
• On an average CSIR files about 200 Indian patents and 250 foreign patents per year
• About 9% CSIR patents are licensed which is above the global average
• Scientific staff of CSIR constitute about 3-4% of India’s scientific manpower but they contribute to 11% of India’s scientific output
• Chemical oxidation, sand filtration anddisinfection
• Simple to fabricate, easy to operate
• Useful for emergency water supply
• No power requirement and gravity operated
• Capacity 18-20 L/h
• Produces water <3 NTU from raw waterhaving turbidity 100-300 NTU
• Treated water free from faecal coliforms andE. Coli
• Cost of the unit Rs. 6000 : Operating cost Rs 3per 1000 L
• Installed 100 units in the flood affectedremote areas of Barmer District in October2006 and 400 Aila Cyclone affected villagesof Sundarban district (West Bengal) in 2009.
“NEERI-Zar”- Portable Instant Water Filter
Transportation and Installation of
NEERI-ZAR in Sundarban District,
West Bengal
Know-how is available free of cost for societal mission
Red Clay based Water Filtration Media (disc) –TERAFILTM
• TERAFILTM is prepared from the mixture of red clay (silt clay), river sand and wood saw dust
• Diameter of capillary : 0.2 to 0.3 micron
• Capillary smaller than size of most of the microbes and suspended particles
• Removal of about 99% of turbidity, 90-95% of micro-organisms and 90-95% of soluble iron
• 20 & 30 liter capacity Domestic Terafil water filter fitted with food grade plastic containers
• Community Terafil water purification gravity flow stand-alone plants ( capacity: 1,000 LPD, 2,500 LPD, 5,000 LPD, 10,000 LPD, 20,000 LPD)
• On-line Terafil pressure flow filtration unit (100 l/hour) without using electricity
Terafil disc fitted with holder
Domestic Terafil water filter
• Installation cost of Community gravity flow Terafil water filter:
Rs.10,000/- to Rs.2,00,000/- for 1000 LPD to 25,000 LPD gravity flow Terafil
• Cost of Domestic Terafil water filter: Rs.350/- for complete sets with food grade
plastic containers
• Cost of Terafil filtration candle is very cheap (Rs.25) and operational life is five years
• Cost of treatment of product water is 0.02 paisa per liter
Implementation Status
• Implemented in Bharat Nirman Yojana in state of Karnataka for removal of Iron from ground water in 3072 villages
• Govt. of Orissa supplied 75,000 sets to Anganwadi centres, Health centres etc
• Terafil water filter supplied by State Council of Science & Technology, Govt. of
Meghalaya
• Technology of TERAFIL filtration media has been transferred to more than 35
entrepreneurs
Red Clay based Water Filtration Media (disc) –TERAFILTM
Electrolytic Defluoridation Technique
• Removal of fluoride by active species of hydroxide of aluminium produced by passing DC power through aluminium electrode
• Process is effective to remove excess fluoride and also bring down the bacterial load of the raw water
• Simple to fabricate, easy to operate with minimum maintenance
• Suitable for treatment of raw water with fluoride concentration upto 10 mg/L
• Produces potable water with palatable taste as against the other available chemical treatment methods
• Quantity of sludge produced is much less (60-70%) than conventional treatment methods
• Treatment cost up to Rs 20 per 1000 L
• Technology transferred to 9 SMEs
Solar Energy Based Electrolytic DefluoridationPlants Installed by CSIR- NEERI
Usarvara village, Durg Dist.
(C.G.)
Sargapur village, Seoni Dist.
(M.P.)
Malgaon village, Balod Dist.
(C.G.).
Adivasi Kanya Shiksha Parisar,
Dist. Chindwara (M. P.)
• Salts of calcium and phosphorous to reduce the fluoride
• Suitable for fluoride concentration up to 10 mg/L
• Free from interference of anions in water
• Does not affect palatability of water unlike the other chemical treatment process (NalgondaTechnology) for fluoride removal
• Cost of the unit Rs. 2500
• Treatment cost : Rs. 0.2 per liter (Fluoride ~ 5 mg/L in raw water and <1 mg/L in treated water)
• 60 household demonstration units installed in Sakhara village in Yavatmal Dist. (M.S.) with support from Rajiv Gandhi S&T Commission, Mumbai
Chemo-defluoridation Technique
• New composite type adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and selectivity
for fluoride
• Suitable for treatment of raw water with a wide range of initial fluoride levels and with high concentration of co-existing ions
• Estimated cost of adsorbent: Rs. 85 per kg.
• Up-scaling of adsorbent synthesis completed up to 10 kg at SudChemie India Ltd.
• Laboratory scale batch and column trials completed with field water
• Patent filed.
New Adsorbents for Defluoridation
Adsorbent Equilibrium capacity (mg/g)
NEERI-I 7.2
NEERI-II 4.7
Activated Alumina 1.1
Adsorbents tested for wastewater with higher ‘F’ content
(50 ppm)
NEERI 30.3
NEERI 37.0
Activated alumina 5.0
Field water: Initial F Conc.: 5.2 mg/L; Contact time 20 min
Household techniques developed and
user’s perception study completed
BT Cap: 14 mg/g
Breakthrough Column Study
Chemo - Dearsenification Household Unit
Salient Features
• Process involves removal of arsenic using Fenton’s reagent / KMnO4+ FeCl3
• Reduces arsenic concentration in water to <10 ppb
• A typical unit, of 30 L capacity can serve a family of 5-6 persons, on the basis of
5-6 litres per capita/day for drinking and cooking purposes
• Suitable for treating the water upto arsenic concentration of 2000 ppb
• No leaching of arsenic from sludge back into the water at normal pH range (6.5-
8.5)
• Most reliable for small arsenic affected villages where community water
treatment plant is not economically feasible
• Unit cost Rs. 3000-4000
Cost of Treatment
With KMnO4 + FeCl3 = Rs. 3.0/1000 litre
With Fenton’s Reagent (Ferous sulphate +H2O2)= Rs. 4/1000 litre
Novel Features • Simple to fabricate and easy to operate
• Minimum maintenance
• Gravity operated
• No power requirement
• Taste of the treated water is palatable
• Typical Capacity - 30 L
Chemo-Dearsenification Units Installed in the Field
Ceramic Membrane Based Technology
Adsorption on nano-colloidal media in water and separation of suspended adsorbent using ceramic micro-filtration membrane modules
Level of treatment
– Raw water : Arsenic : 2.7 mg/l and iron : 13 mg/l
Implementation Status
– 28 nos. community plants (500 - 5000 LPD capacity) installed in North Eastern States
– 7 nos. private entrepreneurs installed plants in Tripura under self/bank financing scheme
Salient features
– Simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron, turbidity
– Low pressure (< 2 Kg/cm2 ) operation
– Low power consumption.
CGCRI
Water treatment using naturally occurring minerals
• Low cost mineral based adsorption media for removal of both As(III) and As(V) simultaneously and iron
• Field trial for about three months in 50 households in Sahebgunj district has shown that the technology is technically viable
• Sludge can be easily contained however, requires a concerted methodology
• Low Consumables’ cost
Batch size:• 20 L, easily upgradable
Hardware required:• A three container set up with flexible material of
construction (stainless steel to plastic). Clay set ups are
also feasible
Consumables• Naturally occurring minerals (typically 2-3 g of ferruginous
manganese ore for 20 L of water having 0.2 mg/L of arsenic
Special features: Low cost
Does not require electricity
May be upgraded to
community level
Can take As(II) and As(V)
without pre-treatment
Does not require
specialized training
Sludge management
protocol ingrained
Hand Pump Attachable Iron Removal Plant
• Continuous operation system with 1m3/hour hydraulic loading
• 40 Ipcd and 10 hours daily operation assumption
• Based on contact bed aerationsystem
• 240 plants installed at Assam duringwater Mission in 1992
• 200 plants installed in Chhatisgarh
• Construction cost about Rs. 50,000
Principle: • Aeration (Gas transfer)• Oxidation • Precipitation • Sedimentation • Filtration
“NEERI-Zar”- Domestic Iron Removal Unit
• NEERI-ZAR also works as Domestic Iron Removal Unit
• Potassium permanganate oxidises and precipitate iron in groundwater (0.5 mg per mg of iron)
• Potassium permanganate also works as disinfectant
• Suitable for iron affected remote places
• Cost of the unit Rs. 6000 : Operating cost Rs. 3 per 1000 L
• 20 units installed in Tadoba Reserve Forest, Chandrapur Dist. (Maharashtra) for supply of potable water to forest guards (Iron concentration 3 to 7 mg/L)
• Demands from police camps at remote places in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
Ultrafiltration membrane based water purifier
• Operates on normal tap water pressure(0.5 bar) and does not require electricity.
• The water filtration rate for 30 cmmodule is 1 lit/min, and 3 lit/min at 1 barpressure for community module.
• Applicability : Hand pump, foot pump,cycle pump, and compact, online andelectrically operated pumps.
• With the support of Department ofScience and technology (DST), New Delhi40 units have been supplied to NGOsworking in public health monitoring fortrial and performance evaluation
• The technology on non-exclusive basishas been transferred to M/s. MembraneFilters (India) Pvt. Ltd
Water disinfection using UF Membranes: From concept to market
Flat sheet membrane based spirally wound modules Developed a process to control membrane porosity using a
substrate polymer manufactured in India- Reject smallest known pathogenic species (virus);- Still be able to operate at tap water pressure (0.4 bar)
Prototype preparation, demonstration & performance evaluation- Designed various easy to use prototypes, - Demonstration & rigorous performance evaluation
Technology transfer: - Licensed to M/s. Membrane Filters India Ltd.
Prototypes developed at NCL
Units marketed by M/s. MFIL based on
NCL’s technology
CSIR-CSMCRI’s Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration & Microfiltration Membrane Technologies
Hollow fiber spinning unit
• Developed the technologies for manufacturing low fouling ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes
of different MWCO values
• Useful for the removal of bacteria, viruses, cyst, turbidity, colloidal materials from water
The technologies have been Licensed to M/s Uniqflux Membranes LLP, Pune. The company has
started commercial production in August 2011
Patent No: WO2012/035402A1
Technical Details
TechnologyWet Spinning Phase
Inversion
Polymer Polysulphone/PAN
MWCO 100/40/10 KD
Lumen ID 0.8/1/1.2/2 mm
Flux 70-150 LMH
Type Hollow Fibre
Operation Cross Flow/Dead End
Flow In-Out/Out-IN
Bacteria/Virus
RejectionLog6/4
Location(Villages)
Salt Concentration Fluoride, ppm
Feed Permeate Feed Permeate
Wailapally 2500 500 6.50 0.88
Gattuppal 670 75 4.50 0.44
Puttapaka 2300 330 0.90 0.10
Yelama-kanna 4800 527 3.00 0.45
Kalvakuntla 1875 241 4.00 0.53
RO feed and permeate water analysis, Nalgonda, A.P.
Parameter Feed (mg/lit) Permeate (mg/lit) R (%)
Salinity 1907 148 92.2
Sulphate 110 7.64 93.0
Fluoride 1.74 0.169 90.3
Mg 201 7 96.5
Tot. Hard 261 9 96.5
Nitrate 151 23.4 84.5
Barmer Air Force Station, Rajasthan
Mobile RO Plant
RO Desalination cum Defluoridation• RO is useful not only for desalination but for the simultaneous removal of fluoride, nitrate,
iron, hardness, pathogens, etc., from water
• The data clearly indicates that RO is capable of removing all the impurities simultaneously
• Treatment of RO concentrate is essential before discharge, especially, where Fluoride is
present in water
Solar PV Powered RO desalination/defluoridation plants
Feed TDS = 2500 ppm; Fluoride 3-5 ppm
Product water TDS = <300 ppm; Fluoride < 1
ppm
• Five Solar PV driven 250-400 LPH RO desalination plants were set up
in villages of Rajasthan, 2010-2013
The mobile unit is
equipped with RO
and UF membrane
based plants
UF membranes in Providing Clean Drinking Water for Odisha cyclone Victims
October 2013
UF unit produces 10000
L/h safe drinking water
HF ultrafiltration membrane based water purification units in
Uttarakhand after the 2013 Himalayan Tsunami
Technology of hollow fiber membrane spinning
Next generation membranes: Higher surface area
Developed a process with control on porosity using a substrate polymer manufactured in India
- Reject smallest known pathogenic species (virus);
- Still be able to operate at tap water pressure (0.4 bar)
Achieved state of the art competency in this area
Technology transfer: - Licensed to M/s. Technorbital Advanced Materials Ltd.
Membrane modules developed at NCL
One of the units marketed by
M/s. TAML based on NCL’s technology
Conclusion
• Cost-effective and sustainable water and wastewater treatment technologies are developed by CSIR
• These technologies are successfully implemented in the field
• Technologies can be disseminated in water quality affected rural habitations with the help from water supply agencies
• CSIR will provide essential training to water supply agencies for implementing technologies
THANKS
from
Team CSIRPawan Labhasetwar/Subhash Andey
Water Technology and Management DivisionNEERI, Nehru Marg, NagpurEmail: [email protected]
Indigenous TFC RO Membrane desalination plants
Based on indigenous membrane technology, CSMCRI has set up several brackishwater and seawater desalination plants:
US patent no. 7387728, June 17, 2008
Nagraja Rajashthan SWRO Plant installed at at Nelmadur, Ramanathpuram
water collection point (left); actual plant (centre); people collecting filtered sea water for drinking (right)
Patent Application. No. :1550/DEL/2009
First community scale Solar PV powered 700LPH Brackish water RO Plant jointlydeveloped with Social Work and ResearchCenter (Barefoot College), Tilonia, Rajasthan.
5 more plants are set up in Sambhar Lakearea