Water, Water Water, Water EverywhereEverywhere

AIMAIM: What is the hydrologic : What is the hydrologic cycle?cycle?

Water Cycle (hydrologic Water Cycle (hydrologic cycle)cycle)

1. Water enters 1. Water enters the atmosphere the atmosphere

by…by…EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration – all – all

evaporation from earth evaporation from earth and plants.and plants.

a. Evaporationa. Evaporation – Water – Water changes from a liquid changes from a liquid to a gas. to a gas.

-Most water evaporates -Most water evaporates from the oceans. from the oceans.

-Wind and high temps -Wind and high temps speed up evaporation.speed up evaporation.

b.Transpirationb.Transpiration – water – water in plants evaporatesin plants evaporates

2. Water leaves the atmosphere 2. Water leaves the atmosphere by…by…

a. Condensationa. Condensation – – Water changes from Water changes from a gas to liquid to a gas to liquid to form clouds. form clouds.

b. Precipitationb. Precipitation – – any form of water any form of water that falls from that falls from clouds (rain, snow, clouds (rain, snow, sleet, hail)sleet, hail)

a. Runoffa. Runoff –water that –water that flows over the ground, flows over the ground, -eventually leads back -eventually leads back

to a larger body of to a larger body of waterwater

b. Accumulationb. Accumulation – – when water collects when water collects into large bodies, or into large bodies, or falls directly into it falls directly into it (reservoirs)(reservoirs)

3. Where does the water 3. Where does the water go?go?

c. Infiltrationc. Infiltration – when – when water seeps (sinks) into water seeps (sinks) into the ground to be stored the ground to be stored as as groundwatergroundwater

d. aquiferd. aquifer – an – an underground layer of underground layer of rock or soil that contains rock or soil that contains waterwater

e. Water tablee. Water table – point – point between saturated and between saturated and unsaturated soil below unsaturated soil below the surfacethe surface

-Lakes, rivers and -Lakes, rivers and oceans are where the oceans are where the water table comes to water table comes to the surfacethe surface

4. Factors that affect 4. Factors that affect infiltrationinfiltration

a. Porosity: a. Porosity: empty spaces between sediments in soil.

b. Permeability:b. Permeability: The ability of water to pass through sediments in the ground.

c. Saturation:c. Saturation: the amount of water in the ground

Permeability animation

5. Factors that affect Porosity5. Factors that affect Porosity

a. Shape of Sediment a. Shape of Sediment Round- High PorosityRound- High Porosity Flat-Low PorosityFlat-Low Porosity

b. Sorting of Sedimentb. Sorting of Sediment Well Sorted (Uniform Size)- High PorosityWell Sorted (Uniform Size)- High Porosity Unsorted (Mixed Sizes)- Low PorosityUnsorted (Mixed Sizes)- Low Porosity

c. Packing of Sedimentc. Packing of Sediment Loosely packed- High PorosityLoosely packed- High Porosity Tightly packed- Low PorosityTightly packed- Low Porosity

Shape of SedimentShape of Sediment

SortingSorting

PackingPacking

if volume of sedimentsif volume of sediments

sorting of sedimentssorting of sediments

and packing of sediments are the same…and packing of sediments are the same…

Porosity is the same!Porosity is the same!

When comparing Porosity of When comparing Porosity of varying samples:varying samples:

6. What affects Permeability?6. What affects Permeability?

a. porosity determines permeabilitya. porosity determines permeability ShapeShape SortingSorting packing packing

b.b. Impermeable Impermeable:: water doesn’t pass water doesn’t pass through (clay)through (clay)

a. Gravel and Sand: Quick InfiltrationBecause there are larger spaces between the pieces of gravel and grains of sand where water can go through easily.

b. Silt and Clay: Slow InfiltrationSilt and clay are smaller but have more surface area, more places for water to move between them.

7. Rate of Infiltration7. Rate of InfiltrationPermeability animation

http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/groundwater/

Hurray for Porosity!Hurray for Porosity!

8. Factors that affect runoff:8. Factors that affect runoff:

a. Impermeable soil increases runoffa. Impermeable soil increases runoffb. Gradient (Slope) – steeper will cause b. Gradient (Slope) – steeper will cause

more runoffmore runoff

c. Saturated soil– wetter ground will c. Saturated soil– wetter ground will decrease permeability and cause more decrease permeability and cause more run offrun off

d. Groundcover – vegetation decreases d. Groundcover – vegetation decreases runoff, concrete increases runoff.runoff, concrete increases runoff.

9. Capillary Action:9. Capillary Action: -when water moves -when water moves

upward in soil/sand.upward in soil/sand.

-The smaller the particles, -The smaller the particles, the more surface the more surface areaareathe faster the the faster the capillary action (cohesion)capillary action (cohesion)

-makes water available for -makes water available for plant rootsplant roots transpiration transpiration into atminto atm

CapillarityCapillarity

Fill it in…Fill it in…

Which processes of the water cycle return water vapor directly to the atmosphere?

(1) evaporation and transpiration(2) infiltration and capillarity(3) freezing and precipitation(4) water retention and runoff

Which soil characteristic allows greater amounts

of water retention?(1) large-size particles(2) small-size particles(3) high-density particles(4) low-density particles

A paved blacktop parking lot was built on what was once a soil-covered field. This area will now experience increased runoff when rain occurs because the paved parking lot has

(1) less capillarity(2) less permeability (3) greater infiltration(4) greater porosity

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