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WateReuse Research Foundation Webcast Series
Achieving Sustainability Goals through Water Reuse in Buildings and Communities
© 2013 by the WateReuse Research Foundation. All rights reserved.
The mission of the WateReuse Research Foundation is to conduct and promote applied research on the reclamation, recycling, reuse, and desalination of water.
More Informationwww.watereuse.org/foundation
Research Reportswww.watereuse.org/foundation/publications
A Few Notes Before We Get Started…
Today’s webcast will be 75 minutes.
You will be able download a PDF of today’s presentation when you complete the survey at the conclusion of this webcast.
There are 1.25 Professional Development Hours available for this webcast.
If you have questions for the presenters, please send a message by typing it into the chat box located on the panel on the left side of your screen.
If you would like to enlarge your view of the slides, please click the Full Screen button in the upper right corner of the window. To use the chat box, you must exit full screen.
The Presenters
Dr. Ben StanfordHazen and Sawyer
Dr. Yanjin Liu American Water
Dr. Paul KnowlesNatural Systems Utilities
Achieving Sustainability Goals through Water Reuse for Buildings and Communities
Presented by Ben StanfordYanjin LiuPaul Knowles
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Project Team Ben Stanford, Ph.D. Anni Luck, P.E.
Rick Cisterna, P.E. Paul Knowles, Ph.D Lauren Shuler
Mark LeChevallier, Ph.D. Yanjin Liu, Ph.D.
Special Thanks to Pentair for their Financial Funding
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Agenda
1) Emerging “Green” Reuse Drivers
2) Objective and Technical Approach
3) Case Study Database
4) Reuse Decision Support Tool
Ben Stanford
Yanjin Liu
Paul Knowles
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Building / Community Scale Reuse Capture, treat, and reuse wastewater locally
Potential energy and infrastructure savings
Depends on location and logistics of each community
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Drivers for Reuse Reducing the capital cost where a local sewer
connection is unavailable or far Reducing the total amount of potable water
withdrawn from rivers, streams, lakes, and underground aquifers.
Reducing the total pollutant load to sewers or the environment.
Beneficial reuse of the nutrients in treated effluent for local irrigation
Urban systems: help delay capital improvements to accommodate growth or increased demand
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Drivers for Reuse Possibly reducing the service costs for potable
water supply and wastewater treatment. Supporting sustainability objectives for a project
and the pursuit of green building accreditations such as LEED
Positive public image of the project Potentially higher property value
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What is LEED? LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
USGBC = United States Green Building Council
Points based Certification System:
(40‐49 pts) (50‐59 pts) (60‐79 pts) (80+ pts)Certified Silver Gold Platinum
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Previous 2009 Reuse Related LEED Points
LEED Category Subcategory Possible LEED Points
Water Efficiency
Water Efficient Landscaping 2 or 4
Innovative Wastewater Technologies 2
Water Use Reduction 2 to 4
Innovation and Design Process
Innovation in Design 2
Total Possible Reuse LEED Points 12
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Obstacles to Decentralized Reuse Lack of Knowledge and Familiarity Developers Planners Architects Engineers
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Project Objective Develop support tools: Case Studies Reuse Decision Support Tool Reuse Implementation
Guidance Manual
Designed for or planners, developers, and engineers to evaluate potential reuse projects
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Technical Approach
Literature Review
Reuse Decision Tool
Case Studies
Cost Curves
Guidance Manual
Reuse System Database
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Literature Sources Project Team Internal Database Journal Articles Industry Reports EPA EPRI IWA USGBC WERF
Site Visits
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Reuse Database Parameters Geographic Location Treatment Technology Reuse Applications Power Consumption Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Green Rating
/Certification
Total Reuse Systems = 52
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LEED Ranking
15%
19%
0%2%4%
60%
Platinum
Gold
Silver
LEED Certified
6‐Star GB
None*
*Includes International Projects
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Reuse System Case Studies
Project Name State Year Reuse System Type Capacity (gpd)
LEED Rating
Gillette Stadium MA 2002 Commercial Building 250,000 ‐
Wrentham Outlet Mall MA 1996 Commercial Building 100,000 ‐
Turtle Run South MN 2002 Residential Community 86,300 ‐
The Solaire NY 2003 Residential Building 25,000 Gold
The Visionaire NY 2009 Residential Building 25,000 Platinum
Springs Preserve NV 2007 Commercial Building 8,400 Platinum
Headquarters Park NJ 1991 Office Building 6,000 ‐
National Great Rivers IL 2010 Institution Building 5,000 Gold
Central Carolina Community College NC 2011 School Building 5,000 Gold
Port of Portland OR 2010 Office Building 5,000 Platinum
Oberlin College OH 2001 School Building 2,500 ‐
Willow School NJ 2003 School Building 4,000 Platinum
Jordan Lake NC 1993 Office Building 1,200 ‐
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Battery Park City – Urban Water ReuseBattery Park City – New York
The Solaire 2003 Tribeca Green 2006 The Millennium 2007 The Visionaire 2009
Reuse Applications:
• Toilet Flushing
• Cooling Tower Make‐Up Water
• Landscape Irrigation
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The Solaire – New York, NYReuse System Summary
Startup Year: 2003Type of Reuse System: Residential Building
Green Certification: LEED GoldPopulation Served: 560Treatment Process: MBR; UV; OzoneSystem Footprint: 700 sfDesign Capacity: 25,000 gpd
Reuse Application:Toilet Flushing ; Irrigation;
Cooling Water
Capital Cost: $560,000 ($22.40/gpd capacity)
Annual O&M Cost: $144,000/yr
Regulatory driver (BPC Environmental Guidelines)
Lower water demand and sewer discharge
Reduce the volume of combined sewer overflows
Financial incentives from NYDEP
Key Drivers
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The Solaire – Battery Park City, New York City
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AVERAGE WATER QUALITYTREATED RECLAIMED WATER
PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATERpH 7
Fecal Coliform 1 /100 mLTotal Nitrogen, TN* 31 mg/LTotal Suspended
Solids , TSS< 1.0 mg/L
Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD
< 6.0 mg/L
Wastewater “Feed” Tank Trash
Trap TankAnoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Membrane Tank
UV / OzoneRecycled Water Storage Tank
Solaire Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System
Wastewater Influent
To Toilet FlushingCooling TowerIrrigation
Mixed Liquor Recycle
*TN removal is not required
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The Solaire – Battery Park City, New York City
First LEED certified green buildings in the US
Lack of regulations and permitting system at the time of development
MBR is the solution to provide high quality reclaimed water with limited space in the building basement
Researchers are working with building mangers and operators to look for opportunities for improvements (e.g. energy optimization)
Experiences and lessons learned
2
NYSERDA
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The Visionaire – Battery Park City, NY
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Reuse System SummaryStartup Year: 2009
Type of Reuse System: Residential BuildingGreen Certification: LEED PlatinumPopulation Served: 778
Capital Cost: $600,000Annual O&M Cost: $122,000/yrSystem Footprint: 700 sfDesign Capacity: 25,000 gpd
Treatment Process: MBR; UV; Ozone
Reuse Application:Toilet Flushing; Irrigation;
Cooling Water• Other green features
• Water efficient fixtures• a 48 kW photovoltaic system• High efficient air filtration system• Other energy saving feature (e.g. low‐E glass curtain wall)
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The Visionaire – Battery Park City, NY
2
Wastewater “Feed” Tank Trash
Trap TankAnoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Membrane Tank
UV / OzoneRecycled Water Storage Tank
Visionaire Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System
Wastewater Influent
To Toilet FlushingCooling TowerIrrigation
Mixed Liquor Recycle
AVERAGE WATER QUALITYTREATED RECLAIMED WATER
PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATERpH 7
Fecal Coliform 1 /100 mLTotal Nitrogen, TN 24 mg/LTotal Suspended
Solids , TSS< 1.0 mg/L
Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD
< 6.0 mg/L
Blowers Feed Pumps, Grinder GE Membrane Module
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The Visionaire – Battery Park City, NY
Experiences and lessons learned from the Solaire and the other BPC green buildings: The “greenest” buildings in the US a more streamlined designed, build, and start-
up and operation process Improved design from the Solaire
Addition of grinders High efficiency blowers Ozone Redundancy Spacing of membranes Easier access for operators Stormwater is collected and treated
A showcase for sustainable living
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Wrentham Village Outlet Mall, MA
Key Driver: lack of public sewer system ‐ an onsite wastewater treatment and reuse system is required
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REUSE SYSTEM SUMMARYStartup Year: 1996
Location: Wrentham, MAType of Reuse: Commercial Building
Green Certification: None Capital Cost: $2,700,000 (two phases)
Population Served:130 stores, an office complex, theater, hotel, and 450‐seat
restaurantDesign Capacity: 100,000 gpdAverage Flow: 44,000 gpd
Treatment Process: MBR; UV; Ozone
Reuse Application:Toilet Flushing; Groundwater
Recharge
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Wrentham Village Outlet Mall, MA
3
Wastewater“Feed” Tank Trash
Trap TankAnoxicTank
AerationTank
MembraneTank
UV / OzoneRecycled Water Storage Tank
Wrentham Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System
Wastewater Influent
To Toilet FlushingCooling TowerIrrigation
Mixed Liquor Recycle
• Reuse applications• 50% to 60% for toilet flushing• The rest is for groundwater recharge
AVERAGE WATER QUALITYTREATED RECLAIMED WATER
PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATER
pH 7.6
Fecal Coliform < 10 /100 mL
Total Nitrogen, TN 2 mg/LTotal Suspended
Solids , TSS3 mg/L
Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD
< 4.0 mg/L
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Wrentham Village Outlet Mall, MA
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Experiences and lessons learned One of the earliest reuse system in MA Flow equalization is critical to address the
challenges in variation of flow (diurnal, weekday vs. weekend)
Two types of membrane technologies are used GE Zenon membrane was used in phase I Kubota membrane was later added to
handle the increase of flow from the new stores
Similar performance
GE Zeeweed Hollow Fiber Membrane Kubota Flat Sheet Membrane
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Gillette Stadium, MAREUSE SYSTEM SUMMARY
Startup Year: 2002Location: Foxborough, MA
Type of Reuse: Football StadiumGreen Certification: None
Capital Cost: $5,100,000 (two phases)Population Served: 69,000 (game day)
Design Capacity: 250,000 gpdAverage Flow: 90,000 gpd
Treatment Process: MBR; UV; Ozone
Reuse Application:Toilet Flushing; Groundwater
Recharge
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Key Driver: lack of water supply and sewer system which had limited the expansion of the stadium and the growth of the surrounding area
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Gillette Stadium, MA
3
Flow EqualizationTank
Pre-Anoxic Tank
Aeration Tank 1
Aeration Tank 2
MembraneTank
UV / OzoneRecycled Water Storage Tank
Gillette Stadium Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System
Wastewater Influent
To Toilet Flushingand Groundwater Recharge
Mixed Liquor Recycle
Post-AnoxicTank
AVERAGE WATER QUALITYTREATED RECLAIMED WATER
PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATER
pH 7‐8
Fecal Coliform 5 /100 mL
Total Nitrogen, TN 4 mg/LTotal Suspended
Solids , TSS< 1 mg/L
Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD
< 2 mg/L
• Reuse applications• stadium and mall toilet flushing• 2.4 acre leach field – on site groundwater recharge
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Gillette Stadium, MA
30.5 MG Reclaimed Water Storage Tank
1.0 MG Wastewater EQ Tank
Reuse enabled the reconstruction and expansion of the stadium and provide water supply to the economic growth in the area
Wastewater equalization and reclaimed water storage capability to handle the peak flow during a game day
On‐site wastewater treatment using MBR was the most economical option
A showcase of “green” stadium
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Willow School, NJ
Also captures and treats all stormwater run-off from the site
Provides educational amenity to the school students
Emphasizes the school’s commitment to sustainability
Reuse System SummaryStartup Year: 2003
Type of Reuse System: School BuildingGreen Certification: LEED PlatinumPopulation Served: 200Treatment Process: WetlandSystem Footprint: 3,000 sfDesign Capacity: 4,000 gpd
Reuse Application: Toilet Flushing
Capital Cost: $70,000($17.50/gpd capacity)
Annual O&M Cost: $30,000/yr
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Willow School, NJ
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• Energy efficient building shell containing high efficient insulation materials
• Energy efficient lightening and electrical systems • Energy efficient mechanical and ventilation systems
• Renewable energy – solar panels on roof and solar heating and lighting
Other “green” features at the Willow School include:
This facility has become an active learning center, with students surrounded by interactive facility and yet it is not using any drinking water for either irrigation or flushing toilets
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Reuse Decision Support Tool (DST)
Survey Engine Results
Water Reuse Decision Support Tool
The DST captures the required user input (survey), processes the information to arrive at conclusions (engine) about system cost, area, carbon footprint, and provides outputs (results) so that the user can make an informed selection.
It has been designed to be usable by all and follows the LEED 2009 in terms of the questions asked.
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Conceptual Architecture of Tool
Project Specific Variables
Locational Variables
Regional Variables Database
Database of Technology Cost Curves
Calculation Module LEED Points
Water Demand Profile and Balance
Cost, Area, Carbon Metrics
1. SURVEY 2. ENGINE 3. RESULTS
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Survey Module Broken-down into 6 steps with two input options: Detailed Survey
Utilizes project-specific user inputs Takes 5 to 20 minutes to complete pending on level of detail
Abbreviated Survey Utilizes industry standards in place of user inputs Takes less than 5 minutes to complete Provides generalized results based on project type and size
Each color indicates a different type of input cell:
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Step 1: Site Details/Project Background
Zip Code: Must be a valid 5‐digit zip code. Please ensure the state and zip code match.
Sewer Access: Provide details about the current availability of sewer access and soil type. This helps to determine the disposal mechanism.
Project Size: Please fill in all three values and include units.
Next Button: Runs the tool and automatically returns the results page. Press ‘Next’ when all information has been input.
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Step 2: Population Details
Occupant Type: Up to a maximum of 7 user types/rows can be added.
Gender: Men & women have different water use profiles. Please use this option to appropriately indicate a non‐equal gender split
Frequency: Indicate how frequently the occupant type will utilize the project space.
Number: A new, blank, occupant line will appear each time a number of occupants is added.
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Step 3: Indoor Water Demand
YESNO
If ‘YES’ a GREEN input box will appear allowing the user to input the known flow (units are fixed).
Assumptions: Flow ratings for each type of fixture including conserving and non‐conserving options are based on industry standards.
Fixture Flow Rates: Indicate whether or not flow for a given type of fixture is known.
If ‘NO’ a YELLOW drop down will appear allowing the user to choose from a series of industry standards. The BLUE cell provides the flow rate for the industry standards.
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Step 4: Reuse Selector
Types of Reuse: Provide YES/NO answers for each question to indicate the general type of reuse that is desired for the project.
Disposal Method: Indicate potential options. Note that these options are not mutually exclusive.
Reuse Applications: Indicate the desired types of reuse applications. Note that state guidelines may set requirements for different types of reuse.
Level of Insulation: Water cooled A/C systems provide a great opportunity for reuse water. Level of insulation helps to determine overall cooling load.
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Step 5: Cost Info
Cost of Land: Input the land cost if known.
Rate: Input separate rates for regional water and sewer service. If only the combined rate is known, the user may use best judgment to split the rate into separate water and sewer components.
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Step 6: Irrigation Info
Variable descriptions for reference.
Provide details about each type of planting for the project:1. Planting Area2. Planting Water Needs3. Planting Density4. Indoor vs. Outdoor5. Sprinkler Type
LEED multiplication factors: Used for irrigation calculations
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Engine Module
Regional Variables Database
PrecipitationEvapotranspiration
Degree DaysDischarge RegulationsReuse Regulations
Database of Technology Curves
CAPEX ($/gpd installed)OPEX ($/1000 gal treated)
Power (kWh/1000 gal treated)Footprint (sq. ft/gal installed)
CALCULATIONS COMBINED WITH LOGIC ALGORITHMS
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Engine Module – Water Balance
2. Treatment & Reuse
3. Disposal / Discharge1. Demand
POTABLE
STORM WATER
PERMEATION & RUNOFF
DISCHARGE
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
ENGINE
Water Balance verifies that “Inflows = Outflows”
Cooling Tower EVAPORATIONCooling Tower EVAPORATION
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Reuse Treatment Systems1) Conventional Customized activated sludge plants, trickling filters, rotating biological contractors
2) Conventional Package activated package plants, sequencing batch reactors, oxidation ditches
3) Membrane Customized membrane biological reactors (MBRs), reverse osmosis membranes
4) Natural Systems constructed wetlands, lagoons, and ponds
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Capital Cost & Size of Disposal Options
Disposal Options
Baseline Water Use
Conservation Only
Conservation and Reuse
Groundwater Discharge Cost $ 1,485,064 $ 1,008,090 $ 639,218
Sewer Cost $ 5,280,000 $ 5,280,000 $ 5,280,000
Groundwater Dispersal Area 3.0 acres 2.0 acres 1.3 acres
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Annual Operating Costs ($/yr)An
nual Ope
ratin
g Cost ($/yr)
Baseline Water UseConservingConserving + Reuse
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20 Year Net Present Value (NPV)20
Year N
et Present Value
($)
Baseline Water Use
ConservingConserving + Reuse
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Physical FootprintPh
ysical Foo
tprin
t (Squa
re Feet)
Baseline Water UseConservingConserving + Reuse
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Environmental Performance Metrics
ScenarioSystem Capacity
Annual Potable Demand
Equivalent Olympic Swimming
Pools
Annual Wastewater Discharge
Equivalent Olympic Swimming
Pools
Carbon Footprint of Wastewater Technology
(gpd) (gal/yr) # (gal/yr) #Tons
CO2/YearBaseline Water Use
64,568 28,304,857 43 23,567,320 36 94
Conservation Only
43,830 20,727,710 31 15,997,950 24 77
Conservation and Reuse
43,830 13,661,950 21 15,997,950 24 108
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Take Home Messages Involve regulators early in the process Educate the public and potential clients/customers
about the benefits and the expected challenges (costs)
Ensure that the selected technology can handle large variations in flow and use patterns
Use competitive bids for technologies Consider energy along with water efficiency and
reuse—both impact sustainability! Design according to principles contained in green
design codes to meet sustainability goals for the project