watershed final)

8/3/2019 Watershed Final)

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WATERSHED MANAGEMEN TECHNIQUES AND PROGRAMES

By: Amit Kumar Gupta(09115014, EE, 3rd yr)

Amit Patel(09115016, EE, 3rd Yr)

Bhaskar Mahato(09118024, CHH, 3rd yr)

Batch :± T-1



Contents

What is Watershed?

Sources of Pollution.

Watershed Management. Benefits of Watershed Management.

Conservation Techniques.

Integrated Watershed Management.

Watershed Management Programmes In

India.

Conclusion.



Watershed

A watershed is commonly defined as an area in which all

water drains to a common point.

It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop andchannels it into soil, rivulets and streams flowing into

large rivers and in due course sea.

It affects the people living downstream of .

It is a synonym of catchment or basin of a river coined

for an area restricted to 2000sq. Km.



Watershed

Waterways within the watershed all feed into that main

body of water, which could be a river, lake, or stream.

The beginnings of a water source are

called headwaters. The spot where headwatersprogressively join other water sources is called

the confluence, and the endpoint of the waterways that

open into the main body of water is called the mouth

Water does not simply hit the land and roll off it into a

stream. Rainwater (and everything else) is lost through

absorption by plants, evaporation and consumption by

humans.



Types Of Watershed

Watersheds is classified depending upon

the size, drainage, shape and land use

pattern.1) Macro watershed (> 50,000 Hect)

2) Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Hect)

3) Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Hect)

4) Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Hect)5) Mini watershed (1-100 Hect)



Watershed



Some Inferences From River Basin

Statistics

Himalayan Rivers Water: 300 utilizable, 1200 BCM

available.

Himalayan large dams presently store 80 BCM. New

dams under consideration could store 90 BCM.

Peninsular Rivers Water: 400 utilizable, 700 BCM

available.

Peninsular large dams presently store 160 BCM.

New dams under consideration could store 45 BCM.

In all, large dams presently store 240 BCM. New

dams under consideration could store 135 BCM.

Total storage thus could be 375 BCM only



Withdrawal Of Water- 2050, Availability

India¶s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = BCM)

For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million

tonnes = 628 to 807 BCM

Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for

rural population at 150 lpcd and for urban population

at 220 lpcd = 90 to 110 BCM

Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70BCM

Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM

Navigational use = 15 BCM



Withdrawal Of Water- 2050, Availability

Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76

BCM

Environment and ecology = 20 BCM

Total 970 to 1200 BCM

Availability 1100 to 1400 BCM



Sources of Pollution

In an agricultural landscape, common contributors to water pollution

are nutrients and sediment which typically enter stream systems

after rainfall washes them off poorly managed agricultural fields,

called surface runoff, or flushes them out of the soil through

leaching. These types of pollutants are considered nonpoint source pollution

because the exact point where the pollutant originated cannot be

identified. Such pollutants remain a major issue for water ways

because the inability to trace their sources hinders any attempt to

limit the pollution

Point source pollution originates a specific point of contamination

such as if a manure containment structure fails and its contents

enter the drainage system.



Sources of Pollution

In urban landscapes, issues of soil loss through erosion,

from construction sites for example, and nutrient

enrichment from lawn fertilizers exist. Point sourcepollution, such as effluent from wastewater treatment

plants and other industries play a much larger role in this

setting.

The greatly increased area of impervious surfaces, such

as concrete, combined with modern storm drainage

systems, allows for water and the contaminants that it

can carry with it to exit the urban landscape quickly and

end up in the nearest stream.



Watershed Management

Watershed management is the process of creating and

implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain

and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant,

animal, and human communities within a watershed

boundary.

Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage

include water supply, water quality, drainage, stormwater

runoff, water rights, and the overall planning and

utilization of watersheds.



Objectives of Watershed

Management Conserving soil and water.

Improving the ability of land to hold water.

Rainwater harvesting and recharging.

Growing greenery ± trees, crops and grasses.



Factors affecting watershed

management a) Watershed characters

i) Size and shape

ii) Topography

iii) Soils

b) Climatic characteristic i. Precipitation

ii. Amount and intensity of rainfall

c) Watershed operation

d) Land use pattern

i. Vegetative cover

ii. Density

e) Social status of inhability

f) Water resource and their capabilities.



Benefits of Watershed

Management Good watershed management increases the expected benefits

experienced by domestic and non-domestic water supply customers,

farm operators, other rural self-supplied residents, people

participating in water-based recreation and those who value aquatic

ecosystems and environmental amenities. System failures can expose the customer to unsafe drinking water

and potential impairment of health. Unpalatable water reduces the

customer's level of satisfaction.

An improvement in raw water quality may also reduce the

customer¶s water bill by reducing the cost of producing treated water and the cost of treating wastewater.

The reduction in the expected price of water services increases the

expected benefits the consumer derives from the consumption of

various goods/services including tap water




Management Benefits of watershed management are also experienced in

agricultural, commercial and industrial operations.

These benefits are produced by increases in the expected income

generated by the operations.

Watershed management increases expected income by either reducing production costs or increasing productivity .

For example, watershed management can modify the expected

quantity or quality of water that is available for irrigation.

Resulting reductions in the cost of producing irrigated crops or in the

yield or quality of these crops will benefit the farm operator byincreasing net farm revenues.




Management The preceding examples of benefit are all user benefits

But individuals also experience ³non-use benefits´ from

watershed planning.

Economists identify a number of distinct non-use valuesthat can be magnified through watershed management

Pure existence benefits: the satisfaction derived from

just knowing, talking, or thinking about the existence of

healthy ecosystems for fauna and flora;

Altruistic existence benefits: the satisfaction derived from

just knowing, talking, or thinking about the opportunity

that other persons have or will have to benefit from

healthy ecosystems, where other persons include either

existing or future generations.




Management Certain non-use values come into play when there is

uncertainty about future outcomes.

Option value: Option value can be compared to the amount of

money an individual would be willing to pay, say as an

insurance premium, to guarantee that opportunities to

experience use or non-use benefits associated with a water

resource will be provided in the future.

Quasi-option value: the satisfaction experienced by an

individual when an irreversible action that may have an

uncertain adverse impact is delayed in order to allow for the

development of more knowledge about the consequences of

the action thus permitting better decisions about the action to

be taken.



Controlling Pollution

In agricultural systems, common practices include the

use of buffer strips, grassed waterways, the

reestablishment of wetlands, and forms of sustainable

agriculture practices such as conservation tillage, crop

rotation and intercropping.

After certain practices are installed, it is important to

continually monitor these systems to ensure that they

are working properly in terms of improving environmental

quality.




In urban settings, managing areas to prevent soil loss

and control stormwater flow are a few of the areas that

receive attention.

A few practices that are used to manage stormwater before it reaches a channel are retention ponds, filtering

systems and wetlands.

It is important that stormwater is given an opportunity

to infiltrate so that the soil and vegetation can act as a

"filter" before the water reaches nearby streams or lakes.




In the case of soil erosion prevention, a few common

practices include the use of silt fences, landscape fabric

with grass seed and hydroseeding. The main objective in

all cases is to slow water movement to prevent soil

transport.



Water Consevation

For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses

due to evaporation, runoff or subsurface drainage while maximizing

production.

Flood irrigation, the oldest and most common type, is often very

uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive excess water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other parts

Overhead irrigation, using center-pivot or lateral-moving sprinklers,

has the potential for a much more equal and controlled distribution

pattern.

Drip irrigation is the most expensive and least-used type, but offersthe ability to deliver water to plant roots with minimal losses.



Rain Water Harvesting

Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,

conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area ± for

beneficial use.

Storage ± in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-groundwater.

RWH - neither energy-intensive nor labour-intensive.

It has been used to provide drinking water, water for

livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical

uses given to water.



Advantages of Rainwater

Harvesting1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply

2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water

3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when

recharged

5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas

6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to

construct, operate and maintain

7. In desert, RWH only relief



Rainwater Harvesting



How Much Water Can Be

Harvested?Water harvesting potential = Rainfall (mm) x Collection efficiency

Area of plot = 100 sq. m. (120 square yards)

Height of the rainfall = 0.6 m (600 mm or 24 inches)

Volume of rainfall over the plot = Area of plot x height of rainfall

Assuming that only 60 per cent of the total rainfall is effectively

harvested

Volume of water harvested = 36,000 litres (60,000 litres x 0.6)

This volume is about twice the annual drinking water requirement

of a 5-member family. The average daily drinking water

requirement per person is 10 litres.



How Much Water Can Be

Harvested? India's average rainfall is about 1170 mm.

An average Indian village needs 1.12 hectares of land to

capture 6.57 million litres of water

India's total land area is over 300 million hectares. Let us

assume that India's 587,000 villages can harvest the

runoff from 200 million hectares of land, excludinginaccessible forest areas, high mountains and other

uninhabited terrains, that still gives every village on

average access to 340 hectares or a rainfall endowment

of 3.75 billion litres of water.



Soil Conservation Techniques

Contour plowing is the farming practice of plowing

across a slope following its elevation contour lines. The

rows formed slows water run-off during rainstorms to

prevent soil erosion and allows the water time to settle

into the soil. In contour plowing, the ruts made by the

plow run perpendicular rather than parallel to slopes ,

generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land

and are level.

Crop rotation is simply the conventional alternation of crops on a given field, so that nutrient depletion is

avoided from repetitive chemical uptake/deposition of

single crop growth.




Salinity Management: Salinity in soil is caused by irrigating the

crops by salty water during the evaporation the water from the soil

evaporate .Use of humic acid, especially in locales where excessive

irrigation was practiced. The mechanism involved is that humic

acids can fix both anions and cations and eliminate them from rootzones.es leaving the soil behind causing salinization .

Promoting the viability of beneficial soil organisms is an element of

soil conservation; moreover this includes macroscopic species,

notably the earthworm, as well as microorganisms. Positive effects

of the earthworm are known well, as to aeration and promotion of

macronutrient availability. Soil microorganisms play a vital role in

macronutrient wildlife. For example, nitrogen fixation is carried out

by free-living or symbiotic bacteria.



Afforestation

Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of

trees in an area where there was no forest.[1]

Reforestation is the reestablishment of forest cover,

either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root

suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).[2]

Many governments and non-governmental organizations

directly engage in programs of afforestation to restore

forests, increase carbon capture and sequestration, and

help to preserve biodiversity



Crop Rotation

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of

dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential

seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build

up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one

species is continuously cropped. A traditional element of

crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the

use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other

crops. It is one component of polyculture. Crop rotation

can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternatingdeep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants.



Terraces and Strip cropping

Terraces are used in farming to cultivate sloped land. Graduated

terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous

terrain. Terraced fields decrease erosion and surface runoff, and are

effective for growing crops requiring much water, such as rice.

Strip cropping is a method of farming used when a slope is toosteep or too long, or when other types of farming may not prevent

soil erosion. Strip cropping alternates strips of closely sown crops

such as hay, wheat, or other small grains with strips of row crops,

such as corn, soybeans, cotton, or sugar beets.

Strip cropping helps to stop soil erosion by creating natural dams for

water, helping to preserve the strength of the soil. Certain layers of

plants will absorb minerals and water from the soil more effectively

than others



Integrated Watershed Management

Large water resources development projects in India

have adverse socioadverse socio--economic and environmentaleconomic and environmental

consequencesconsequences.

The failure of such projects, contributed to indebtednessindebtedness,raising economic pressureeconomic pressure and jeopardising future

development. Indiscriminate expansion of marginal landsexpansion of marginal lands

and over-utilisation of existing water resources for

irrigation

Traditional water harvesting systems have sufferedsever neglect.

Over-utilisation of existing water resources for irrigation.



Objectives of IWM

Water has multiples uses and must be managed in anWater has multiples uses and must be managed in an

integrated way.integrated way.

Water should be managed at the lowest appropriateWater should be managed at the lowest appropriate

level.level. Water allocation should take account of the interests of Water allocation should take account of the interests of

all who are affected.all who are affected.

Water should be recognised and treated as an economicWater should be recognised and treated as an economic

good.good.



Integrated Watershed Management

IWM is the process of planning and implementing water

and natural resources «« an emphasis on integrating

the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional

aspects.

Integrated Watershed Management provides a

framework to integrate natural resource management

with community livelihoods in a sustainable way. This

action area addresses the issues of degradation of

natural resources, soil erosion, landslides, floods,frequent droughts and desertification, low agricultural

productivity, poor water quantity and quality and poor

access to land and related resources from an integrated

watershed management perspective.



Watershed Management

Progammes In India Many projects were, at different points of time, taken up by the

Government of India. The Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP)

and the Desert Development Programme (DDP) were brought into

the watershed mode in 1987. The Integrated Wasteland

Development Programme (IWDP) launched in 1989 under the aegis

of the National Wasteland Development Board also aimed at the

development of wastelands on watershed basis

All these three programmes were brought under the Guidelines for

Watershed Development with effect from 1.4.1995. Other major

programmes now being implemented through this approach are the

National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas(NWDPRA) and the Watershed Development in Shifting Cultivation

Areas (WDSCA) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA).



Integrated Wasteland Development

Programme (IWDP).

The basic objective of this scheme is an integrated wastelands development

based on village/micro watershed plans. These plans are prepared after

taking into consideration the land capability, site condition and local needs

of the people.

The scheme also aims at rural employment besides enhancing the contents

of people's participation in the wastelands development programmes at allstages, which is ensured by providing modalities for equitable and

sustainable sharing of benefits and usufructs arising from such projects.

The major activities taken up under the scheme are:

In situ soil and moisture conservation measures like terracing, bunding,

trenching, vegetative barriers and drainage line treatment.

Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees, shrubs, grasses, legumes and

pasture land development.

Encouraging natural regeneration.

Promotion of agro-forestry & horticulture.



DROUGHT PRONE AREAS PROGRAMME

(DPAP)

The basic objective of the programme is to minimize the

adverse effects of drought on production of crops and

livestock and productivity of land, water and human

resources ultimately leading to drought proofing of the

affected areas. The programme also aims to promote

overall economic development and improving the socio-

economic conditions of the resource poor and

disadvantaged sections inhabiting the programme areas.



Desert Development Programme (DDP)

The basic object of the programme is to minimize the

adverse effect of drought and control desertification

through rejuvenation of natural resource base of the

identified desert areas. The programme strives to

achieve ecological balance in the long run. The

programme also aims at promoting overall economic

development and improving the socio-economic

conditions of the resource poor and disadvantaged

sections inhabiting the programme areas.



Watershed management

progammes in India

Name of Scheme No. of project

sanctioned

Area covered (in

lakh ha.)

Total funds

released byCentre (Rs. in

crores)

DPAP 27439 130.20 2837.81

DDP 15746 78.73 2103.23

IWDP 1877 107.0 2797.56

Grand Total 45062 322.93 7738.60

Details of projects sanctioned and funds

released from 1995-96 to 2007-2008



Conclusion

There is a close relationship between the environment and the

community living within that area as the community derives

sustenance from it. Increase in biotic pressure leads to over-

exploitation and degradation of natural resources. Paucity of

resources also leads to internal conflict giving opportunity to others

to exploit the situation. It is thus necessary for people to realize the

intrinsic relationship between population, poverty and degraded

environment they live in. the poor, in the developing country like

India are left with no option but to degrade their own environment for

their very own survival.

Still, it is only they who can restore the health to environment thusruined, outside actors can only facilitate but never substitute for

stake holders. Hence, there can be no sustainable natural resources

management unless it involves all inhabitants of the affected areas

in an active manner and development plans are formulated and

executed by them.



Conclusion

Integration of indigenous technologies with development is vital.

Rural people¶s knowledge and the technological advancements are

complimentary in their strengths and weaknesses. Combined

together, they may achieve what neither would achieve along. Low

cost locally available technology with suitable intervention by latest

advancements yields best solution.

It is clear that the watershed development cannot be done in

isolation. A land lying in a valley cannot be improved if the land at

upper reaches is not treated. Treatment of land in a scattered

manner will not lead to wasteland development. Mere treatment of

land is not enough. Land and people cannot and should not beviewed in isolation. So the best possible strategy would be treating

the land by empowering the people who live in it.



Thank You

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