WAVES OF IMMIGRATIONWAVES OF IMMIGRATION

�� 16071607--17601760--------“THREAT TO FREEDOM (ABSOLUTE “THREAT TO FREEDOM (ABSOLUTE MONARCH GOV)” MONARCH GOV)” ENGLISH, NW EUROPE, & ENGLISH, NW EUROPE, & AFRICANSAFRICANS

*CRISIS: 1740*CRISIS: 1740--1760 GERMANS1760 GERMANS

�� 18351835--18901890--------“CATHOLIC THREAT” “CATHOLIC THREAT” IRISH, GERMANS, IRISH, GERMANS, & NW EUROPE & NW EUROPE

*CRISIS: 1847*CRISIS: 1847--1860 REFUGEE IRISH1860 REFUGEE IRISH*CRISIS: 1847*CRISIS: 1847--1860 REFUGEE IRISH1860 REFUGEE IRISH

�� 18901890--19211921--------”RACIAL THREAT” ”RACIAL THREAT” SOUTHERN/EASTERN EUROPE, ITALIANS, POLISH, SOUTHERN/EASTERN EUROPE, ITALIANS, POLISH, JEWSJEWS

*CRISIS: 1900*CRISIS: 1900--1914 SE EUROPEANS, JEWS1914 SE EUROPEANS, JEWS

�� 19681968--????????--------”MEXICAN THREAT” ”MEXICAN THREAT” MEXICANS, MEXICANS, ASIANS, LATIN AMERICANSASIANS, LATIN AMERICANS

*CRISIS: 1985*CRISIS: 1985--2008 ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION2008 ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

GENERATIONSGENERATIONS

11STST: FROM OUTSIDE, BUT LIVING IN : FROM OUTSIDE, BUT LIVING IN US (1.5 BORN OUTSIDE, CAME US (1.5 BORN OUTSIDE, CAME BEFORE 12 YEARS OLD)BEFORE 12 YEARS OLD)

22NDND: BORN IN US, (1) PARENT BORN : BORN IN US, (1) PARENT BORN 22NDND: BORN IN US, (1) PARENT BORN : BORN IN US, (1) PARENT BORN

OUTSIDEOUTSIDE

33RDRD: BORN IN US, PARENTS BORN IN : BORN IN US, PARENTS BORN IN US, ONE GRANDPARENT BORN US, ONE GRANDPARENT BORN OUTSIDEOUTSIDE

TERMSTERMS

CITIZENCITIZEN: BORN HERE, NATURALIZED : BORN HERE, NATURALIZED

FOREIGNERFOREIGNER

ALIENALIEN: 1: 1STST GENERATION WHO IS NOT GENERATION WHO IS NOT

NATURALIZEDNATURALIZED

EMMIGRATIONEMMIGRATION: MOVE TO FOREIGN COUNTRY: MOVE TO FOREIGN COUNTRY

IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION: ARRIVAL FROM FOREIGN : ARRIVAL FROM FOREIGN IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION: ARRIVAL FROM FOREIGN : ARRIVAL FROM FOREIGN

COUNTRYCOUNTRY

MIGRATIONMIGRATION: MOVE WITHIN NATIONAL : MOVE WITHIN NATIONAL

BORDERSBORDERS

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION: MOVE TOWARDS THE TRAITS : MOVE TOWARDS THE TRAITS

OF NATIVESOF NATIVES

NATIVISM/XENOPHOBIANATIVISM/XENOPHOBIA: HOSTILITY TOWARDS : HOSTILITY TOWARDS

FOREIGNERSFOREIGNERS

1800-1880s

AFTER 1880s

THE CHINESE WERE THE FIRST GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS TO BE DENIED ENTRY INTO THE

UNITED STATES

Gentlemen’s Agreement

INCREASEDIMMIGRATION

REACTIONS TO INCREASED IMMIGRATION

NATIVISM

CHINESEEXCLUSION

ACT

IMMIGRATION

LAW & POLICYLAW & POLICY

•• 1876: FEDERAL CONTROL OF 1876: FEDERAL CONTROL OF IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION

•• 1882: CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT1882: CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

•• 1906: BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION1906: BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION

•• 19071907--08: Gentlemen’s Agreement08: Gentlemen’s Agreement

•• 1917: LITERACY TEST1917: LITERACY TEST

•• 1921/1924: QUOTA SYSTEM1921/1924: QUOTA SYSTEM

PAPER READS: “MAFIA IN NEW ORLEANS, ANARCHISTS IN CHICAGO, SOCIALISTS IN NEW YORK”

ANTI-JEWISH CARTOON SHOWING JEWISH

IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRANTS AS

UNDESIRABLES

QuotesQuotes

"THERE IS NO ROOM IN THIS COUNTRY FOR HYPHENATED AMERICANISM… A HYPHENATED AMERICAN IS NOT AN AMERICAN AT ALL. AND

THOSE HYPHENATED AMERICANS WHO TERRORIZE AMERICAN POLITICIANS BY

THREATS OF THE FOREIGN VOTE ARE ENGAGED IN TREASON TO THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC." IN TREASON TO THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC."

-FORMER PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, SPEECH BEFORE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS, 1915

CHART OF IMMIGRATION

1820 TO 1980

1900

ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER, NEW YORK CITY

WEST COAST IMMIGRATION CENTER, ANGEL ISLAND

Total and Foreign-born U.S. Population: 1900-1990 (numbers in thousands)

1910

Foreign born

Rank Place Total Native Number Percent

1 New York city, NY 4,766,883 2,822,526 1,944,357 40.8

2 Chicago city, IL 2,185,283 1,401,855 783,428 35.9

3 Philadelphia city, PA 1,549,008 1,164,301 384,707 24.8

4 St. Louis city, MO 687,029 560,806 126,223 18.4

5 Boston city, MA 670,585 427,220 243,365 36.3

6 Cleveland city, OH 560,663 364,493 196,170 35.0

7 Baltimore city, MD 558,485 480,823 77,662 13.9

8 Pittsburgh city, PA 533,905 392,981 140,924 26.4

9 Detroit city, MI 465,766 308,232 157,534 33.8

10 Buffalo city, NY 423,715 305,026 118,689 28.0

11 San Francisco city, CA 416,912 274,614 142,298 34.1

12 Milwaukee city, WI 373,857 262,328 111,529 29.8

13 Cincinnati city, OH 363,591 306,732 56,859 15.6

14 Newark city, NJ 347,469 236,462 111,007 31.9

15 New Orleans city, LA 339,075 310,742 28,333 8.4

16 Washington city, DC 331,069 306,167 24,902 7.5

17 Los Angeles city, CA 319,198 253,065 66,133 20.7

18 Minneapolis city, MN 301,408 215,309 86,099 28.6

19 Jersey City city, NJ 267,779 189,792 77,987 29.1

20 Kansas City city, MO 248,381 222,915 25,466 10.3

21 Seattle city, WA 237,194 169,738 67,456 28.

Year, type

of residence and size of

place

Total Native Foreign born

Number Percent

Percent distribution by type of residence

1910

Total 91,972,266 78,456,380 13,515,886 14.7 100.0 100.0 100.0

Urban 42,623,383 32,877,686 9,745,697 22.9 46.3 41.9 72.1

100,000 or

more20,302,138 14,419,064 5,883,074 29.0 22.1 18.4 43.5

2,500 to

99,99922,321,245 18,458,622 3,862,623 17.3 24.3 23.5 28.6

Rural 49,348,883 45,578,694 3,770,189 7.6 53.7 58.1 27.9

total nativeForeign born

THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908

EDUCATION WAS NOT COMPULSORY AND SOME CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES