we have previously looked at artificial seismograms such ... 13 tsunami 2011 version.pdf“the great...
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P
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We have previously looked at artificial seismograms such as this one here.
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A realistic Seismic Record
Seismic station PMM is in Parkfield, CaliforniaUTC = Universal standard time (Greenwich, England)PDT = Pacific daylight timeS - P = 9 min 30 sec = 570 seconds
Each vertical line = 1 minuteEach horizontal line = 15 minutes
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Liquefaction Some rocks behave as liquids when shaken by
earthquake waves (soft sands, clays, water-logged sediments, land-fill).
Such materials are known as thixotropic. The process is called liquefaction. Liquefaction magnifies the effects of
earthquakes. It results in ground movement, slumping and landslides, causing buildings to collapse. It is a very serious contributor to earthquake damage.
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Landslide at Turnagain Heights, Alaska, 1964
A very good example of liquefaction
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Liquefaction – Sand Boils
Examples of sand boils
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Tsunamis
“The great wave off the coast of Kanagawa”a famous picture by the Japanese artist
Hokusai (1823-1829)
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What on Earth is a Tsunami?
Tsunami (Japanese) means harbor wave. Tidal Wave (English) is not strictly
correct, since tides imply the influence of the moon. Tsunamis are mostly generated along, or
close to, the deep ocean trenches of the Pacific Ocean. They are caused by:- Faulting (earthquakes) Landslides Volcanic eruptions
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Generation of a Tsunami by Faulting
It is mostly reverse faults that trigger tsunamis
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Notice how the wave height increases as it approaches the shore. Wave heights are typically between 8 to 40 feet (100 ft waves
have been recorded). Wave heights can be amplified by the coastline. The interval between waves can vary from minutes to hours. The speed of the waves is proportional to the water depth, and
therefore decreases as it approaches the shore.
Tsunami
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Example of changes in water level associated witha small tsunami at Hilo, Hawaii in 1975.
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Calculating the Tsunami Wave Speed
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Damage caused by Tsunamis
Before After
Scotch Cap lighthouse, Aleutian Islands was completelydestroyed by a tsunami following an earthquake in the Aleutian islands in 1946.The lighthouse was 40 ft above the water, but the tsunami produced 100 ft waves!
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The same 1946 Aleutian Island earthquake produced a tsunamithat traveled 3,800 miles across the Pacific Ocean, devastatingHilo on the Big Island of Hawaii.
18 –24 ft wavescoming ashore inHilo
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Tsunami breaking over the pier in Hilo, Hawaii
$26 million in damage, 159 deaths
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Hilo, Hawaii, 1946
Waterfront buildings were washed across the streetcrashing into other buildings.
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Hilo, Hawaii 1960
Once again, in 1960, Hilo was devastated by a tsunami.This one originated in Chile, 10,000 miles away!
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Japan, 1983
Initial phase – water withdraws
Flooding
Afterwards
$800 million damage104 people drowned
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Valdez, Alaska, 1964
Earthquake caused land to slide into the sea, carrying dock and partof town with it. Tsunami with 32 ft.waves followed. $150 million in damage and 30 deaths.
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Sumatran Earthquake and TsunamiDecember 26th, 2004
• Megathrust along subduction zone between Australian plate and Burma and Sunda microplates.• 1200 km long displacement zone, most of which occurred 500 km N.W. of epicenter.• Maximum of 20 m displacement• Magnitude 9.0• Fourth largest earthquake since 1900 A.D. and largest since 1964 Alaska earthquake.• Equivalent to 475 megatons of TNT (23,000 Nagasaki A-bomb).•Triggered a massive tsunami
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Tsunami traveled across entire Indian Ocean, affecting Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Somalia, Madagascar and Tanzania. Maximum wave height was about 25 m (80 ft).Travel TimesIndia ~ 2 hoursE. Africa ~ 7 hours
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Wave coming ashore at holiday resort in Malasia
Vegetation stripped from low-lying areas by waves
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The worst hit area was Banda Aceh in N. Sumatra, Indonesia
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Tsunami Warning System
The tsunami warning system was established in 1946 following a devastating tsunami in Hawaii. Pacific Ocean-wide network of:- Seismic Station Tsunami Buoys Coastguards Civil defense
Times taken fortsunamis to reachHawaii from certain locations
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Tsunami Buoys in the Pacific
These buoys measure changes in water depth, thereby indicating the passing of tsunami waves.
Following the 1996 Sumatran earthquake and tsunami, there are plans to increase the number of tsunami warning buoys in the Pacific and Indian oceans
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Japanese Earthquake and TsunamiMarch 11, 2011 Magnitude = 9.0
CONSEQUENCESAffected 804 km of east coastInundated 130 sq. km of landDead ~ 15,854Missing ~ 3,272Homeless ~ 131,000Economic Loss ~$309 billion
PBS Nova Video
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Miyako
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Miyako
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Miyako
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Kessennuma
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Ishinomaki
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Ostuchi
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Ostuchi