Year 12 Earth and Space Science AS 91189Investigate geological processes

in a New Zealand locality LabBook 2015

Please note:When you are required to put an answer in this booklet, the point at which you start typing is marked with a red X. Your typed answer should also appear in red.

If your are required to write or draw something, this is stated in BLUE. You can then pho-tograph your work and paste it into this LabBook.

In many experiments and investigations, you will be asked to photograph or video the experiment. You should insert these in the appropriate place in this LabBook.

ObjectivesBy the end of this topic students should be able to:• Describe the structure of the earth• Describe the theory of plate tectonics• Explain the different types of plate movement and briefly describe their consequences (volcanoes, earthquakes, uplift, folding, faulting, mountain building, formation of troughs and basins)• Relate plate movements to the location of earthquakes and volcanoes around the world and in NZ ( done in general, this will be covered in greater detail in extreme events stan-dard)• Name and describe the formation of different types of rocks• List, define and explain rock cycle processes• Investigate the properties of some rocks Preparation for first assessment opportunity • Create a timeline of the geological origins of Auckland (relate to plate tectonics)• Name, describe the location and properties of the Waitemata strata rocks• Describe and explain the formation of the Waitemata strata rocks and make links to plate tectonic and rock cycle processes.• Explain weathering and erosional processes that affect the Waitemata strata rocks• Link to landforms produced by the Waitemata strata rocks (shore platforms, beaches,

caves, tombolos, reefs )

First assessment opportunity “The rocks and landforms of Whangaparaoa peninsula” in-cludes field trip

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• Preparation for second assessment opportunity • Label the parts of a typical volcano• Describe the Auckland volcanic field, its cause,( ie Hot spot so not related to plate tecton-ics) and the types of volcano found in Auckland.• Investigate the Pupuke volcano• Name, identify and describe the formation and properties of the different types of rock formed by the Pupuke volcano ie basalt, scoria and tuff.• Explain the causes of weathering and erosion of the tuff ring and basalt lava flow• Make links between plate tectonics, rock cycle processes, the types of rocks found, and

present day landforms

Second assessment opportunity“The rocks and landforms produced by the Pupuke Volcano” includes field trip

Vocabulary Word list:Geology, Plate Tectonics, volcanoes, igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, plate boundary, convergent zone, divergent zone, hot spot, uplift,erosion, weathering, folding, faulting, strata, pressure, deposition, transport, sediment, lithi-fication, fire fountaining, lava, magma, phreatomagmatic, effusive, ground water, explosion crater, Mara, fossils, minerals, landform ReferencesTe Ara encyclopedia geology

Auckland Museum Geology

Auckland uni geology

GNS geology

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T1 Structure of the earth

Earths structure video

The Earth is made up of four distinct layers:The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core.The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a thickness of approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live.Types of crust;There are two different types of crust: continental crust, which carries land, and oceanic crust, which carries water.The diagram below shows the structure of the earth. In geol-ogy, taking a slice through a structure to see inside is called a cross sec- tion.

Use the list of words in the box to complete the information below about the earth’s structure

Mantle than solid layers oxygen basalt lithosphere silicon stops less magma 5,500°C liquid nickel 1 The earth is made up of 4 X2 The outer layer is solid and is called the crust or X3 The crust is X rock but is fractured like a broken egg shell.4 There are two types of crust continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is made mainly of X and X is X dense than oceanic crust which is made mainly of X5 The second layer down is called the X it is made of semi X rock called X. The tempera-ture here is more X10000c. It is only the enormous pressure above it that X it from melting completely.6 The third layer down is called the outer core. This layer is thought to contain liquid iron and X is denser than the mantle.

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7 Scientists believe the inner core is made of solid iron and nickel. The inner core is like the engine room of the earth because it has a temperature of more than X.

T2 Plate tectonics2.1 The development of the theory ( An example of the nature of science )

The theory of plate tectonics developed from an earlier theory called the “Theory of Conti-nental drift"The “Theory of Continental drift" was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German meteo-rologist in X. Geologists of the day ridiculed Alfred Wegener saying his theory was nothing more than X. The major problem they had with it was the question of “what force could possibly cause the the continents to move?"Gradually as new technology developed, more and more evidence was gathered to sup-port Wegener’s theory.

Watch the you tube clipPop up plate tectonics

Describe 4 pieces of evidence that support the theory of plate tectonics. Paste im-ages or videos to support your answers

1 X2 X 3 X. 4 X.

Some crucial evidence was gathered by a New Zealand Geologist called Harold Wellman. Read the interesting story of Wellman’s work In the late 1930s, Wellman noticed that the Southern Alps were associated with a fault line, which laterally displaced land on either side of it. He traced it as far south as the Fiordland coast and north to the Nelson Lakes and Marlborough, a distance of around 400 miles. He continued his research and based on many obser-vations of landforms that had been wrenched apart by the fault, Wellman made the astonishing suggestion that there had been a lateral displacement of 300 miles. ( the north west of the South Island used to be attached 300 miles southwest to Fiordland )The name ‘Alpine Fault’ was formally adopted in 1942.

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In 1964, Wellman proposed that the horizontal displacement on the Alpine Fault had oc-curred within the last six million years, a revolutionary idea that provided further evidence that the earths crust was mobile as Wegener had suggested 50 years earlier With increasing supporting evidence and the discovery that earth’s crust is made of “plates” that are constantly moving, the “Theory of Continental Drift” was replaced by the "theory of Plate Tectonics".

2.2 Types of plate movement Use the following link to complete the tasks What happens when plates move

Name four things that can occur along plate boundaries1 X 2 X3 X4 X Watch the video in the above website Name the three types of plate boundaries and briefly explain what happens at each (note one type of plate boundary is CONVERGENT. There are two things that can happen here) 1 X 2 X 3 X New Zealand has formed on the boundary of two of earths largest plates, The X plate and the X plate.

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Research questions 1. Where on earth do most earthquakes occur? X2. Where on earth do most volcanoes occur? X3. Explain why the edge of the Pacific plate is called “The Pacific Ring of Fire” X4. Discuss the implications of New Zealand’s location. X You will revisit this in much greater detail in our last unit of work. "The causes of extreme earth events”

2.3 Folding and FaultingFolding and faulting occur due to a build up of pressure caused by plate movement.

DefinitionsFaulting - Fracture of rock strata resulting in displacement of rocks either side, ( usually due to earthquakes )

Folding - When one or a stack of originally flat, level surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of pressure and high temperature. The basic cause is likely to be some aspect of plate tectonics.

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Find some other pictures that show folding and faulting and paste them here. Try to find some examples from Auckand.

Teacher DemoTake two Moro bars, slice them diagonally from top to bottom. Put one in the fridge, and one in the incubator until it is soft. Apply pressure to the ends of the bars and observe what happens. Which represents faulting which represents folding? Take pictures of both insert them here and write a short explanation underneath each. X

Rewrite these definitions in your own words

Faulting XFolding X

Read the following linkPlate tectonics

T3 Types of Rocks

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Types of rockUse the link to help you complete the following.

Name the three types of rock X

3.1 sedimentary rocks Fill in the gaps about the formation sedimentary RocksLarge rocks are weathered by Xr, Xw or Xi and broken up into small pieces called Xs. These Xs are Xt down rivers to the Xs or a Xl. The Xs get Xd and fall to the bottom. The pressure of the water and the chemicals in the water Xc the pieces together to make aXr. Conglomerate is composed of Xl grains. These grains are heavy so fall to the bottom in a Xh Xe environment such as a Xf flowing river. Sandstone is composed of Xm -sized grains. These grains fall to the bottom in a Xm Xe environment such as a Xs Xf river. Mudstone is composed of X s -sized grains. These grains fall to the bottom in a X l X e environment such as a gentle Xs or Xl

Investigation 3.1Settling DownYou may have noticed that the rocks making up the cliffs in the Hibiscus Coast area can vary considerably in appearance. Aim: To investigate the factors that cause layers to form in sedimentary rocksMethod: Mix water, gravel, sand, garden soil and powdered clay (aluminium silicate) in a large beaker. Leave to stand overnight.Results: Photograph what the beaker looks like from the side, and paste it here.Conclusions: Complete the following.The main feature of sedimentary rocks is that they are XThe largest/ heaviest particles have settled (where?) Xwhile the smaller ones are (where?) X the larger particles on top are X

The type of rock formed depends mainly on the speed/energy of the flow of water from which the sediments are deposited.Complete the boxes to describe the type of sediments deposited and the type of rock formed.

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slow flowinglow energydeposits small, light particles forms Sandstone

The rocks around Auck-land known as "The Waitem-ata group" form the cliffs of

the Hibiscus coast. They are made of layers of X , X and X

Discuss inferences that can be made about the environments in which the sedi-ments that make these rocks were deposited

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Investigation 3.2 The most common rock variety in the Hibiscus Coast area is sedimentary - sandstones, mudstones and siltstones, formed from materials that eroded from the ancient Waitakere Volcanoes and land to the North of present day Auckland known as the "Northern Aloc-thon". We will look at how these rocks form.

Aim: Make Your Own rocksMethod: Make up the following rocks, using a syringe with the end cutoff to press them. (Once they have been pressed, you can carefully push them out the end of the syringe.) WASH THE SYRINGES CAREFULLY AFTER MAKING EACH ROCK!!!

Rock 1: 4 tsp damp sand, then pressRock 2: 5 tsp dry sand and half a tsp iron sulfatedissolved in a little water, then pressRock 3: 3 tsp mud and 1 tsp ironsulphateRock 4: 2 tsp plaster of Paris mixed with a small amount of waterLabel your rocks and leave them to dry overnight. See how hard they are - do they fall apart? How will you test them?ResultsComplete the following table.

Rock 1 2 3 4Made of

Did it make a successful rock? Why/ why not

Rock is like?

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Investigation 3.3Properties of sedimentary rocksAim: To describe and identify some sedimentary rocksMethod: Follow your teachers instructions and record your findings. Then use the follow-ing link to identify the rock.

Sedimentary rocks

Number 1 2 3 4 5Hardness

Colour

Grain size

Relative roundness of particles

Reaction with acid

Name

.

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3.2 Igneous RocksIgneous rocks are formed by Xm or lava that has Xc.Some igneous rocks form in Xe, while some form under the earth’s Xc.Volcanic rocks cool Xq forming Xl Xc e.g. Xp, Xo and Xr. Plutonic rocks Xc Xs forming Xl Xc e.g. Xg and XgMagma often contains dissolved Xg for example Carbon dioxide and water vapour. When magma comes to the Xs and pressure is suddenly released, these gases Xe leaving holes of various sizes.

Investigation 3.4Aim: To describe and identify Igneous rocksIgneous rocks can be identified by looking at their physical properties.Hardness - scratch with a nail and compare to Moh’s scaleCrystal size - Plutonic (intrusive) igneous rocks cool slowly so have large crystals. Vol-canic (extrusive) rocks, cool quickly so they have small crystals or no crystals at allColour - Silica rich rocks are lighter coloured than silica poor rocks. Rocks rich in Iron are red/ brown coloured.Gas holes - Formed when pressure in the magma is reduced and the gases dissolved in the magma escape, leaving holes. Therefore gas holes are only found in volcanic rocks.Density - Those with gas holes are less dense (lightMethod: Follow your teachers instructions and record your findings. Then use the follow-ing link to identify the rock

Igneous rocks

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6Hardness

Crystal size

Colour

Gas holes

Density

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Name

3.3 Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed by the following process. A rock gets Xb deep by tectonic forces. Deep beneath the Earth’s crust the rock gets subjected to extreme Xh and Xp. Over a long period of time, this transforms the initial rock into a Xm rock.For us to see the rock it has to come to the surface by a process of Xu Some examples of metamorphic rocks:Marble used to be X lSlate used to be X s

Your teacher will show you some examples of metamorphic rocks.Why are they always hard?XWhy are they sometimes layered?XWhere in New Zealand do you find metamorphic rocks?XWhy will you not find metamorphic rocks in Auckland?X

Metamorphic rocks

T4 The rock cycleYour teacher will show this video on the rock cycle

You tube rock cycle

On ultranet you will find a PowerPoint called “The Rock Cycle”. Use this and the following animation to improve your understanding of rock cycle processes.

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Rock Cycle animation

Copy and paste the words listed below onto the appropriate places on the diagram. Note some words should be used more than once!!WeatheringHeatBurialTransportErosionMelting cementingTransportUpliftPressureCoolingdeposition

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A4

Use the following website and others you may find to explain and give and examples of each of the following processes:

Weathering and erosion

Weathering -.ErosionDepositionTransport

Cementing

Match the following videos and pictures with

the process ( each picture may show more than one process )

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Formative assessment taskA5

Research and write a detailed paragraph describing and explaining the formation of pumice. Your paragraph must include the words heat, melting, eruption, lava, cooling, so-lidifying, magma, gas. X

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A6Research and write a detailed paragraph explaining the formation of sandstone a sedi-mentary rock commonly found in Auckland. Your paragraph must include the following words: weathering, transport, deposition, layers, pressure, erosion, uplift, surface rocks, wind, rain , animals.

T6 LandformsAll of the above processes result in various landforms being produced eg mountains, val-leys, beaches, headlands, tombolos, shore platforms, caves, cliffs etc What common landforms do we see around the Hibiscus coast ? X

Insert photos of these landforms here

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T7 Assessment requirements ( from NZQA clarification document )Students are required to select at least two different rocks found in a selected local area. For each rock, produce a concise report, pamphlet or brochure that:1. Identifies the different rocks selected.2. Explains the role of plate tectonics in the formation of selected rock types. 3. Explains the role of rock cycle processes in the formation of selected rock types.4. Explains how weathering and/or erosion has shaped the present day observable land-forms in the locality.Notes:There are two distinct aspects to this assessment task:1. Geological processes involved in the formation of two different rocks.2. How weathering and erosion produces an observable (current) landform.Examples of a dominant and easily observed landform might be: sandstone arches, wave cut coastal platforms, fossil forest, volcanic crater.The geological processes of weathering and/or erosion must be discussed in relation to the formation of a current landform.Grade differentiation ( this means the difference between A, M or E) will depend on com-prehensiveness, accuracy and linkage of explanations.

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The flow diagram above May help you to understand what is required.

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