we4.l10.3: the evolution of the us satellite ir sounding program – from the nimbus sirs and iris...
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Hawaii 2010 IGARSS30th Anniversary July 25-30 2010
Honolulu Hawaii USA
NPOESSNimbus
The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program –
From Nimbus to NPOESS William L. Smith1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb1
1University of Wisconsin-Madison2Hampton University
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding:
Might detect a bit of a WI perspective, but what do you expect?
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using
15 micron CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969
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The 1st Sounders (1969) were Spectrometers IR Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS B, Rudolf Hanel)Satellite IR Spectrometer (SIRS A, David Wark)
IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels
on Nimbus 3 & 4
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969
Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of space (x, y), wavelength (z), and time (GEO)
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Temperature &Water VaporIR Sounders (Operational orPre-op Demos)
VAS (1980-) –1st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan)
GIFTS (2015?)
(30)
(1200) IRT-MTG (2017)…
ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-)
IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011)
AIRS (2002-)
IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1st Sounders
(1200)
(2800/1200)
GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)
(1200)
(150-300)
(30)
(30)
Spectral Resolving Power (/ )Resolving Power @ 14 m
Purple = Leo Blue = Geo
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Temperature &Water VaporIR Sounder (Operational orPre-op Demos)
VAS (1980-) –1st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan)
GIFTS (2015?)
(7-14)
(<10) IRT-MTG (2017)…
ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-)
IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011)
AIRS (2002-)
IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1st Sounders
(14)
(12/14)
GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)
(4)
(160-100/230) nadir only
(15/30/20-10)
(8)
Spatial Footprint (km)
Purple = Leo Blue = Geo
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Key Enabling Technological Advances
Spacecraft Payload Capacity:
Detectors: Longwave Photovoltaic (AIRS, CrIS, GIFTS, IRS) & Detector Arrays (AIRS, GIFTS, IRS)
Mechanical Coolers (AIRS, GIFTS, IRS) FTS Advances: Dynamic alignment (CrIS),
Laser sample control (CrIS, GIFTS, IRS), Techniques for radiometrically accurate imaging FTS (GIFTS)
Signal Processing Electronics: ADC & DSP speeds CrIS, GIFTS, IRS)
Mass (kg) Power (W) IRIS (Nimbus 3, 1969) 13 16 SIRS (Nimbus 3, 1969) 41 24 AIRS (Aqua, 2002- ) 166 256 IASI (Metop, 2006- ) 236 210 CrIS (NPP, JPSS, 2011- ) 146 110 GIFTS (2015 ??) 200 535
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO)
Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
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Aircraft & Ground-based Instruments: Development of 1. S/C Instruments 2. RT Model 3. Algorithms 4. Validation
VAS (1980-)
ARM AERI (1993-)
GIFTS (2015?)
(30)
(1400)
(1200) IRS-MTG (2017)
ITPR/VTPR (1972) , HIRS (1978-)
IASI/CrIS (2006- / 2011)
AIRS (2002-)
HIS (1986-1998)
IRIS, SIRS (1969-70)
(1200)
(2800/1200)
GOES Sounder (1994-)
S-HIS/NAST-I (1998-)
(1200)
(150-300)
(2000)
(30)
(1400/2800)
(30)
(/ )Resolving Power @ 14 m
20 yrs
20 yrs
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HIS Aircraft Instrument (1983-1998) U2 Shadowed in background, 1985
Dynamically Aligned Interferometer, Henry Buijs, Bomem
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Slide 13
HIS (1985)• Demonstrated that state-of-the-art FTS is well suited to
achieving accurate calibration (even for a warm instrument without active thermal control)
While traditional phase correction ormagnitude analysis yielded large errors
Good 280.2 K result from complex calibration(using 300K, 77K blackbodies)
16 K
Revercomb, et al., Applied Optics, 1988
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Slide 14
UW Scanning HIS(1996-present)
Ambient Blackbody
Hot Blackbody
Scene Mirror Motor
Interferometer & Optics
Electronics
Data Storage Computer
LW/MW overlap MW/SW overlapLW/MW overlap MW/SW overlap
Longwave Midwave Shortwave
CO
N2O
H2O
N2O CH4
CO2
O3CO2
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Slide 15
Scanning-HIS RadiometricCalibration 3-sigma Error Budget
21 November 2002 on ER2, TABB = 260K, THBB = 310K
LW
SW
MW
0.2 K
200K Scene Tb 300K
Wav
enu
mb
er (
cm-1)
Tb
Err
or, 3
-sig
ma
(K)
0
1
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NIST TXR S-HIS
AERI BB
January 2007, testing at UW/SSEC
S-HIS / TXR Side-by-side radiance intercomparison shows agreement
within 60 mK (3) at 10µ.
Mean = -22 mKMean = -60 mK ±90 mK
TXR 10 µ Channel
NIST TXR Validates S-HIS Radiances
TXR is the NIST Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer
chamber AERI blackbody
TXRCh1
TXRCh2
Scanning-HISspectra
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Slide 17
AERI Cavity Blackbody ( > 0.999)
BlackbodyCavity
ElectricalConnector
Case
ThermalInsulation
Aperture(6.90 cm)
(dedicated feedbackthermistor is located at base of cone section)
Handle
CircumferentialHeater
CavityStructural Support(thermal isolator)
SenseThermistors (3)
(Aero-glaze Z306)
Cavity Shape fromUW Pioneer Venus / Sydnor, JPL, 1970
High emissivity coupled with T accuracy & stability from ultra stablethermistors and careful calibration are key to high accuracy of AERI
Best et al., Calcon, 2003; Knuteson et al., J. Atm, & Oceanic Tech., 2004
[YSI 46041]
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AIRS 4 May 2002 Launch
AIRS14 June 2002
Calculated
NASA Aqua
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Slide 19
• Excellent agreement Demonstrated!
AIRS Calibration Validation with S-HIS
11/21/2002 Gulf of Mex
1st demo of direct airborne validation of satellite radiance
Tobin et al., JGR, 2006
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Slide 20
High Accuracy IR Radiances-CLARREO
IASI on Metop 19 October 2006 launch
- full cross-track scan - 2x2 12 km pixels
sample 50x50 km
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Spectral Coverage of GIFTS/IRS/HES*
Compared to IASI, CrIS, AIRS, S-HIS & NAST-I
wavenumber
IASI L1C
Deapodized
1cm MaxOPD
AIRS
CrIS
S-HIS
NAST-I
GaussianApodization
AIRS
CrIS
AdvancedGEO
Sounders
*HES option
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Slide 22
Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx)
4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin
wavenumber
IASI, NAST-I, S-HIS Mean spectra
BT
(K
)D
iff (
K) IASI minus NAST-I, IASI minus SHIS
0.09 K0.16 K
0.07 K0.12 K
Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57
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Slide 23
Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx)
4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin
Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57
wavenumber
IASI, NAST-I, S-HIS Mean spectra
BT
(K
)D
iff (
K) IASI minus NAST-I, IASI minus SHIS
0.12 K0.20 K
0.04 K0.03 K
-0.19 K-0.08 K
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Slide 24
IASI / AIRS Direct ComparisonsMay 2007-Jan 2008
Dave Tobin
wavenumber
NORTHERN SNOs (73.8N)
SOUTHERN SNOs (73.8S)
Sample SNO Spectra
}0.1K
}0.1K’’
Excellent agreement, but issues > 0.1K remain
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor-Superior performance in a small package!
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Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) for NPP/JPSS
Mass: < 146 kg Power (Avg): < 110 WData Rate: <1.5 Mbps
from Williams, Glumb and Predina, ITT, August 2005 SPIE
Current Generation
HIRS(20 ch)
Next Generation
CrIS(1307 ch)
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Noise: NEN Comparison with AIRS(AIRS, CrIS random, CrIS Spec)
AIRS for 250K scene,
CrIS for 303 K(SW NENs similar for
300K scene)
CrIS NEN 4x smaller in 15m CO2
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Slide 28
CrIS Expected On-orbit Accuracy
Will be <0.2 K 3-sigma for all Scene T’s!
3-sigma Brightness Temperature Accuracy(color coded for each of 9 FOVs)
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor
Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- )
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959 1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species
with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- ) Climate Quality Calibration: High resolution FTS will
enable new climate benchmark for CLARREO
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Technology Developments for theCLARREO Benchmark Climate Mission
High Performance FTS
Spectral line shapefrom laser source
A New Class of Advanced Accuracy Satellite Instrumentation (AASI) for the CLARREO Mission
NASA IIP
31TEMPERATURE referenced to multiple phase change signatures
Pulse-tube detector cooler
OARS:Standard for
On-orbitCalibrationTraceability
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Slide 32
f
October 1959 - October 2009
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-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species
with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- ) Climate Quality Calibration: High resolution FTS will enable new
climate benchmark for CLARREO
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Hawaii 2010 IGARSS30th Anniversary July 25-30 2010
Honolulu Hawaii USA
NPOESSNimbus
The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program – Part 2
Evolution of Sounding Retrieval CapabilityWilliam L. Smith1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb1
1University of Wisconsin-Madison2Hampton University
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: Physical Concept
IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels
Nimbus
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: Physical Concept
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: First Satellite Sounding
First Satellite SoundingKingston, Jamaica
April 14, 1969
Wark & Fleming
Nimbus
SIRS data started being used by the US
Weather Bureau (NMC) in the final
analysis used to initialize extended range Numerical
Weather Forecasts on May 22,1969, less
than 6 weeks after the launch of Nimbus 3.
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First Numerical First Numerical WeatherWeather
Prediction Prediction Validation Using Validation Using Satellite Infrared Satellite Infrared
Sounding DataSounding Data(SIRS-A)(SIRS-A)
Nimbus
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Nimbus
3-day forecast errors over the
western US reduced by 50%
using Nimbus sounding data over the mid-Pacific in the initial analysis
Shortwave ridge predicted with the
use of Nimbus soundings in the initial analysis
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The problem with Nimbus -3 and Nimbus-4
Temperature Profiles was that >95 % of SIRS
and IRIS Sounding Fields of View ( 150 km IFOV) contained cloud
which greatly compromised the
accuracy of the derived soundings
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1969-1971): Clear Vs Cloudy
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1972-2014): High Horizontal Resolution
Nimbus TIROS-N NOAA
TIROS/NOAA HIRS (TOVS)
Temperature Profile Errors
TOVS (HIRS/MSU) Weighting Functions and RMS Differences with Raobs (+/- 3 Hrs and 200 km) during the GWE
ITPR/HIRS HIRS
The high horizontal resolution (~ 20 km)
filter radiometer sounders (ITPR, VTPR,
and HIRS) provided soundings for partially
clouded FOV with almost the same
accuracy as obtained for clear sky FOVs
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ITPR
Per
cen
t C
orre
lati
on o
f F
orec
ast
Vs
Ob
serv
ed
Year
By 2001 A SH forecast was as good as a NH forecast and a 6-day SH forecast was as good as a 3-day forecast made at the beginning of the GWE (1979)
HIRS
TIROS-N NOAA
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1979 - ): Improved Global NWP
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1979-2002): Poor Vertical Resolution
ITPR
The Problem The Problem With the TOVS With the TOVS
waswas Lack of Lack of Vertical Vertical
ResolutionResolution
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): Ultra-spectral Resolution
ITPR
A/C HIS, NAST-I & S-HIS (1985, 1998 -, 1999- )
IASI (2006)
• Broad Spectral Coverage • High Spectral Resolution • Thousands of Spectral Channels • High Information Content
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): High Vertical Resolution
ITPR
High Vertical Resolution a result of sharper weighting functions and much higher S/N from very large number of radiance observations (1000’s Vs 10’s)
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): Profile Information Content
ITPRN
um
ber
of
Pie
ces
of I
nfo
rmat
ion
Radiosondes AIRS/IASI/CrIS HIRS/TOVS
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1986 - ): High Vertical Resolution Soundings Demonstrated With Aircraft HIS & NAST-I
ITPR
300
Distance (75 km)
Alti
tude
(km
)
Radiosonde NASA ER-2 A/C Ultraspectral Sounder
Ultra-spectral resolution sounder provides 1 K / 15% temperature and moisture accuracy for 1-2 km layers
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Impact is amazingly considering only 1% of the radiance measurements were used in the assimilation process (clear-only, spatially and spectrally thinned)
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Forecast [days]
An
om
aly
Co
rrela
tio
n
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Forecast [days]
An
om
aly C
orrelatio
n
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ops
Ops+AIRS
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ops
Ops+AIRS
(J. LeMarshall, 2004)(J. LeMarshall, 2004)1-27 January, 2004
Northern Hemisphere)
Southern Hemisphere)
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2002 - ): EOS Aqua AIRS Provides Large Positive Impact on Global Weather Forecasts
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NNATIONAL ATIONAL PPOLAR-ORBITING OLAR-ORBITING OOPERATIONAL PERATIONAL EENVIRONMENTAL NVIRONMENTAL SSATELLITE ATELLITE SSYSTEMYSTEM
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)
NPP/JPSSLTAN 1330
“Early-Afternoon”
METOPLTDN 0930
“Mid-Morning”
Launches Lifetime Atmospheric Sounders METOP [2130] ~2006, 2012, 2018 7 yr IASI/AMSU/MHS NPP/JPSS [1330] ~ 2011, 2014 7 yr CrIS/ATMS
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ITPR -Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2006 - ): JPSS IASI Validation (4/19/2007)
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ITPR
April 29 2007 IASI and AIRS data used to demonstrate IASI/CrIS Diurnal Change Measurement Capability
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2012 - ): JPSS Time Change Capability
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• Quasi-continuous NAST-I demonstrates that the major differences between IASI and AIRS water vapor soundings are due to the time variation of mesoscale features of the atmosphere.
NAST-I Shows the Continuity between IASI and AIRS NAST-I Shows the Continuity between IASI and AIRS
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-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability• First Satellite Soundings: SIRS and IRIS (1969-1971) successfully demonstrated
the sounding retrieval concept but poor horizontal resolution restricted their utility under cloudy sky conditions
• High Horizontal Resolution Sounders: ITPR, VTPR, and HIRS (1972-) provided dense global coverage and great improvements in Numerical Weather Predictions
• Poor Vertical Resolution: Poor vertical resolution provided by poor spectral resolution filter sounders led to the development of the ultra-spectral resolution sounding concept first demonstrated from aircraft (1986)
• High Vertical Resolution:-Proven from aircraft: HIS( 1986), NAST-I (1998), and S-HIS (1999)-Demonstrated by AIRS (2002-) and IASI (2006-); soon by CrIS (2011-)
• NPP/JPSS : IASI and CrIS will provide global high vertical (1-2-km) and temporal resolution (4-8 hourly) sounding observations which will lead to improved weather and air quality forecasts and climate change observations
• Note: Combined MetOp-A/MetOp-B and NPP/JPSS may enable 30-minute atmospheric sounding tendencies and water vapor motion wind profiles to be derived