~pm

106 - -g from 2, wa-spects. similar 1wever, Moines

Sum· Uy af. eather •e fall r pres· fishing

0

warm· e e\·en· Klpuhr

fishtd season, 1ermen en the

lhe fa!: sh per Jm the angler. icipally :hannel catch

illY 35 :11 and agbt in vs. ~ , fewer

Wall· consti· catch. of tbe 1cr~e

e wall· ~ frO:Jl te wall· te thaD b indi· rs con· tl even fd, Joyable entY of 'or tbe ~cenerY iS sollle qa. a.nd ':j tba.t

action J.OlOUtb

47.3 t.O ~1

4~.5 3.S 1.1 o.4 13 ~

Volume 17 September, 1958 Number 9

WEATHER AND WATERFOWL MIGRATION -------------------------------.• * • • • • • • • Crowds Up Funds Lag

Iowa Parks Face Crisis

Ray Mitchell Sur•eriut~·rulent or Parks

State parks have been defined as relatively spacious areas of outstanding scenic or wilderness character. They often contain sig-nificant historical, archeological, ecological, geological and other scientific values, preserved as near-ly as possible in their original or natural condition and provide op-portunity for appropriate types of recreation where it will not destroy or impair the features and values to be preserved.

State parks mean various things to many people. To a family it may be a gay place to picnic in pleas-ant surroundings. To the weary businessman 1t may offer a needed rest from the ever turning wheels of progress. To the sctentist it is an undisturbed laboratory from the past, to the adventurer a satis-fying experience and to all who come, a sort of unexplainable up-lifting of the physical and spiritual being.

Preservation of the States' nat-ural, scientific, and historical areas is of intangible but unquestionable value to the culture and well being of her people. Such values are as important as the water and soil upon which civilization thnves.

State park systems or related (Continued on page 70)

IN THIS ISSUE Nature's -otebook

---------- ____ Page 66 Why Hunt Dove ?

----------- ___ Page 67 l\1odern-Day Robin Hoods

Page 68 Viking Park Geology

________ Page 70 Duck Hunting Hours

-------------·_Page 72

J lm Shennan l'hoto. Iowa waterfow lers this fa ll will be guided by regulations that are essentially the same as those of last year . The 70-day season opens Oc:tobe r 4 and c:ontinues through De· c:ember 12. Whether you c:all them by their c:ommon name, or "spikes" or "sprigs,"

these plnta ils make for fin e sport and a mighty pretty picture.

Iowa Duck Season Is Set A 70-day duck season, beginning

October 4 and continuing through December 12, has been announced by the State ConservatiOn Com-mission.

The new regulatiOns are much the same as a year ago, except for season dates. As in 1957, Iowans will hunt until sunset each day in lieu of including wood ducks in the bag.

During the 1958 season, hunting

will be from one-half hour before sunrise to sunset, including open-ing day. Daily bag limit of ducks IS four (4). Only one (1) hooded merganser may be in possession at any lime. Not more than two (2) canvasbacks or two (2) redheads or one (1 ) canvasback and one (1) redhead may be included in the daily bag limit. Possession limit of ducks after the first day is eight

(Continued on page 69)

Paul Becker :ueteorologi~t

U. 5! . 'Ventber Burenu Dubu(tue

Migration of birds has long been a source of wonder. Even the artists among the cave dwellers depicted mtgratory birds in their cave wall murals, indicating, at least, an awareness of avian trav-els. Today's waterfowl hunter knows that the flights or "pushes" take place in advance of or during foul weather for the most part.

Migrating birds pick days of rug-ged weather rather than the balmy days of autumn not only be-cause of being driven from the north country by the cold and snow but because the weather pat-tern also brings them tail winds to aid their southward flight to the wmtenng grounds.

Of course, one doesn't have to be a meteorologist to know that when the first snow flies and the ice forms in the north country it's time to head for the blind; and by the same token it isn't any mysterious instinct that tells the birds to get out or suffer the rigors of an iced-in, snow-covered habitat.

What the meteorologist does un-derstand, and what the ducks seemingly sense too, is that there are limes when it turns cold and snowy in the north country but the long fetch of tail winds to help on the long flight south is not present. Consequently the ducks remain or move but a few miles south, and the mass migration is deferred unlll these extensive northerly winds do come. So you can see that cold and snow alone do not make a mass fltght. A great many wildfowlers cannot take the time to be out every seemingly good "duck day" and it is to be hoped that the following discussion will do much to take the guesswork out of putting the "fix" on flight days.

Every hunter can avail himself of the professional facilities of the prmcipal source of weather infor-mation, the U. S. Weather Bureau. The steady stream of forecasts and charts released by the Weather Bureau through the media of news-papers, television and radio vary both in detail and the extent of the

(Continued on page 71)

Page 66

Iowa Conserva t ionist Published Monthly by the

lOW A v0NSEn v A 1 iuN COMMl S;":>iON East 7th and Cour1 ~es MomE>s, Iow a

(No Rights RE""served) HERSCHEL C. LOVE:..ESS, Governor

BRUCE STILES, Dm.:ctor KEITH SUTHERLAND. Ed1tor

EVfL Ylli J WE" ;... .a ._ Ed. r MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION

N ~ S -1 C '\. _ ':'1 "n Jama.-:x CLi O_ M . . J._.)D:..N, \,_ - .. -.r ... a n ......

·· ...•... . ..•......................................... Greene GEORGE M. FOSTER ..................... Ottumwa A. N. HUMISTON ............. Godar Rap1d~ GEORGE V. JECK. .. ............ Spirit Lake ~. M. MEYER .................................. Elkader J D RFYNOI.DS . .Creston

CIRCULATION TH1S ISSUE ...... 50.500 Sub crip t ·n at< 40c per year

Three Years $1.00 Ent01ed 1')0 clu 1:1 11ter at the

post offaC(> a . D u M dates are incor-rc

tkasaw r, Wll3 ·t out-" dm-.... : a1r. damp

nd the her in armth. in one couple t from r. ThP r were

ozinv 0

llds to e aru· ISed to tly, at

th. 5D!!le-

ro one

!OD5er·

a rub-tho·e ry to

! tiny

1 don't n this better

furisti€ .s:\Iill.i

e wa• .ng be-y. Be-lenace

fferet s witb

101th 8 treat·

ollle of • 1 aboU•

of t}lat

tin lllet about

g proi·

10pper) ailied it

birds?

• coun· countfii te jje d tiC~ _:~red. ;s3hOP'

tor 5 ;ped bJ!

IOWA CONSERV A TION I ST Page 67

G~rsrc Tov~ J'hntn The mourning dove In this photo may look doc:ile enough, but he Is a game bird w ith errat ic: fl ight to t est the skill of a ny ma rksman. Iowans do not hunt them, but he lp pay

their wa y for sportsmen in the 29 s t a t es that have dove seasons. 4 • * • • • •

WHY HUNT MOURNING DOVES 1 :Mar tin L. Grant

P •·ote., , or of B iolop,) lown ~tate ' l' eneh(' ' ' " C o ll

Page 68 IOWA CONSE R VATIO N IS T

Deer Hunting: Robin Hood Fashion Arnold 0. IIaugt.'Hrc h lnlt

Io""a '-t:ttt• fulh•,.:.t.>

A quarter of a m1lhon archery deer hunters can't be wrong! When that number of American sports-men have adopted the bow and arrow as their hunting \Veapon, the sport must have real attrac-tion. H ere is a national sport that bas grown from participation by less than a hundred hunters to a quarter million bowhunters all in a period of 25 years.

:Modern day bowhunting got its first major boost in \Yisconsin where the nation's first special season was providerl in 1934, and in Oregon where the first exclusive bow and arrow deer hunting area was provided in 1935 By 1957, almost all the states provided a special deer season and/or a sep-arate area for bowhunting. Iowans have enjoyed a separate bow and arrow deer season since 1954. The year before that, archers and gun bunters hunted together during a common season, the first deer sea-on in Iowa in modern times.

There are two good reasons why separate seasons are desirable for archery deer hunting. First, be-cause deer that are constantly dis-turbed as they are in the gun sea-son become a little too wild and alert for such successful stalking: secondly, because stalking is not a very safe method for hunting deer while the gun season is m progress. The bow and arrow deer hunting season this year extends from November 1 to November 30, inclusive.

The fact that nearly all states now provide a special bowhunting season for deer is an indication that these needs for good and safe bowhunting are generally recog-nized. Some of the more important deer hunting stales are providing bowhunting seasons over a month in length, some up to two months in duration. In the lake states reg10n, Michigan led the sport in 1957 with 36,630 bowhunLers. Wis-consin and Minnesota followed with 25,000 and 10,152 archery deer hunters, respectively. T hese three

THE AUTHOR Dr. Haug n ha

! • [a\\k. I

EJal\"k his sac ted mt£

that a ,st bare

• '

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 Total

-

'um b(•r P t- r cent 'nntb

Page 70 IOWA CONSERVATIONIST

Geology In Viking Lake Park riprap, and put there to protect the dam from wave action. Another earthen material was

('. S. Gwynne Pt·utt•,,ur nl ( . t ... ol oc.~

l t~nn ' tnt(• ( oll t-l!l'

I anct many lmchainecldepre~'isions. used with the drift in the dam construction. This is a silty mate-Then running water began its rial called loess. It lies on top of Y1king Lake, Iowa'!i newest

sLl lc park, is in the hilly coun-try of southeastern )lontgomery County a few miles east of Stan-ton, and northwest of Villisca.

Taking a look at the geology of the park, it might be well to con-sider first the origin of this billy country. Surprisingly enough to many, it turns out that when the last glacier melted away, the country hereabouts was left al-most flat Then the streams be-gan flov. mg and cutting their val-leys So now the park area is mostly slopes So, for that mat-ter, is most of ),Iontgomery Coun-ty, in which the park lies So, too. is most of ~outhern Iowa and for the same reason.

For millions of years before the coming of the glaciers the land of this area had been subject to ero-sion by running water. Xo one kno\'I.'S exactly what it looked like then, but it may have been hilly just as it is now. About 300,000 yeus ago, the land as far south as the Missouri River became cov-ered by a glacier of contmental dimensions. It was similar to the enormous ice caps of the South Pole or to the one in Green-land of today. World clrmate was such that it had formed in Canada and then spread in all directiOns.

\Vith a reverse change in eli-male to one much like we have today, the ice slowly melted away. Presently another change of cli-mate brought another glacier into existence. This second one also ex-tended over all of southern Iowa.

When It melted away, perhaps, 150,000 years ago, the country was left the rather featureless plain referred to above Not absolutely flat, but with some low hills here and there, shallow drainageways, • * • •

. 'i-·l- - • . .. ~-: .. · . --~·· ... ~. '

work, continued it through the th d 'ft f · t f bl . . . . . . , . e n . ormmg a sor o an-\ ears. and ts sttll ell tl No \\On- k t t f f t · th' k ·d th t tl t · _,. 1 e . up o a ew ee m 1c ness. er a 1e crram :->\IITO\lnumg It . b 1 d t h b 1 . . 1s e 1eve o ave ccn c e-VIkmg Lakl' 1s so htlly No won- .· .· . . . d th t l

. . 1 d pos1tect by the "mel. Th1s \\as dUJ-et a so muc 1 1s m s opes. an . . th t . !'ttl t. th 1. d 1. . mg another, and later, glactal a so I e 0 e up cln p cltn t . I . h th . 1' I · 1 ft s age one m w uc c 1cc c I< ts Ae d f l t .t . tl t th 1 not get this far south. Most of n m· una e 1 1s Hl. e va - . . . 1 h . h tl 1 k 1- · lh lhe road-cuts m the vtcmily of the ey m w tc 1e a c 1es 1s ere k th· 1 s t par expose 1s oess orne ge for om pleasure All that had ~0 down to the glacial dnil I n the be done to complc>le the lake basm 1 . 1 d ift t d th t . g ac1a r , owar e op, arc was to put m a dam across the 11 h't· h b' t Th

11 \ 11 · b 11 c m sma w 1 1s o JeC s. ese are va ey ~ sma JO , rea y, o - . d .lh 1 l . t called concretwns. They were de-pare \\1 w 1a nmmng \.va er . .

h d b . bl t 1 th h th posited from water seepmg through a ecn c\ e 0 ( 0 roug e the drift. thousands of ycar.s.

Yet the dam i.s a large one, and Now, let us turn to another mat-thet e again the glac1er helped ter The road through the park in this case, with materials for the ts made of crushed rock \\'hat dam construction. According to kind of rock is it, and where did the record, the dam Is ·100 feet It come from? The rock is lime-wide at the base, :'>5 feet high, and stone It came from one of the 1,250 feet in length. There were quanies in the northern part of 29i 000 cubic yards of earth used ).lontgomery County, as did also in its construction, and most of the broken rock used as riprap. this was material which was At the quarry the rock would brought to this part of the coun- be found to be in layers up to a try by the glacier. It was mostly few feet thick. This limestone, to-the soil and subsoil of the country gethe1 with layers of interbedded to the north, from away up in shale, was laid down as sediment Canada, that had become frozen m an ancient sea. Impressions of in the bollom of the tee. When the forms of life of the ancient sea the last 1ce melted, there it was a are present m the limestone and blanket over all of southern I owa, shale. Many are found in the averagmg more than 100 feel in broken rock at the dam. They are thickness The earth fo1 the dam called fossils. construction was scooped from the 1 The most common fossil is that sides of the valley nearby of a marine invet tebrate called a

This glacial deposit, called drift, brachiopod. This was a two-~helled is mostly clay and silt. But it animal somewhat like a clam or also contains stones of all sorts. an oyster. The two shells were These were once part of the solid unlike Each shell could be split rock of the earth's crust north of down the middle into two like Iowa In the park, they may be halves. Thus it is said to be hi-found wherever the bare subsoil laterally symmetrical. is at the surface. A ravine cutting Pieces of crinoid stems are also into the hillside near the boat dock found in the limestone and shale. shows many of these strange These fragments are cylmdncal, stones. They might also be found possibly as much as a half-inch in at the dam, wherever il is not cov- diameter and up to a few inches ered with the broken rock called long. The crinoid, also an mverte-

'!' * * brate animal, lived in a small thim-ble-shaped enclosure at the lop of the stem. The enclosure, or cup, was an inch or more in diameter and made of many small pieces of shell. When the ammal d1ed, the stem and cup fell to the bot tom and went to pieces. So the pieces of crinoid stem are of varying lengths. These c1 inoids were rela-tives of the star fish, though they certainly don't look tt.

I Some of the pieces of rock are crowded with what appear to be grains of wheal. These are fos-silized single-cell animals called fusilinids.

That fine sandy beach is another geological feature worthy of note. It was not preserrt when the dam was built. The sand was brought from Plattsmouth, Nebraska. Why from so far away? For the Sim-ple reason that 1t was the most

l'llnto hY lhl' Author

The a uthor wa~ suc:c:essful In obtaining some fossils from Viking 's limestone deposits. At the left arc fragments of "lnold stems. Brac:hlopod shells and fragments are shown

on the rlsht.

1 convenient place whence such clean sand could be secured. At Plattsmouth, it is scooped from the Platte R iver and washed and

screened to free it from clay and silt.

The shores of this lake, as is the cnse with those of any artificial lake, will be worn upon by the waves. At the time this is written, the lake is only partly filled, but perhaps by the fall of 1958 or the :-pring of 1959. it will be up to spillway level. From then on, it will be of interest to the geologi-cal-minded to observe the changes in the shore line, decade by decade. Low bluffs will develop, particu-larly on the points sticking out into the lake. The material eroded from the shore will be carried into the lake, thus contributing to its shallowing. Of course, sediment will also be brought m by the in-coming streams which drain an area of about 2,200 acres.

The lake now has an area of 150 acres, a maximum depth of 46 feet, and a shoreline of 4 1 :! mtles. It \"\'tll continue for many years as a monument to the work of glacier:->. running water, and the men who contributed to its devel-opment.

-------P \RK~ ...

(Continued from page 65) agencies exist in all 48 states with the first state park being attri-buted to California in about 1870 in a portion of the area now known as Yosemite National Park. I owa established her first state park m 1919 under authority granted by the legislature two years earlier. Backbone, the first state park, i::; located in northeast Iowa near the town of Strawberry Point. The latest area acquired but not yet developed is Prairie Rose State Park in Shelby County near Har-lan. This brings Iowa's total num-ber of state parks to 91 and in-cludes approximately 28,000 acres.

The nation's system of state parks is big busmess as indicated by the 1957 attendance of 216,-780.000 VISitors. I owa attracted 6,400,000 of the total, ranking ninth m the nation in attendance. The number of visitors in I owa parks has tripled since World War II. This 1s more significant when we see that Iowa ranks 22nd in population according to the 1950 census.

We, in Iowa, are fortunate to have acquired such a fine system of state parks and preserves. This was accomplished by a combina-tion of early planning, through the "Iowa Twenty-five Year Conser-vatiOn Plan" instigated in 1933. and the F ederal participation in the 1930's. Various F ederal Agen-Cies such as the National P ark Service, Civilian Conservation Corps, Works P rogress Adminis-tration. and many others. worked in nearly half of the present areas under the Federal Relief P rogram of the T hirties. The cost of labor was reasonable and unlimited at that time This tremendous build~ ing program was fine, but it did leave I owa with problems that are seemingly difficult to solve in this time of costly construction and maintenance. Many of these fine

--;;;' •

A ceo tun

\\ r.

ass9 om

~~ Why mdu tel'll lntg'

gral Urf

a pt The

facu 2) y f tt

fa co lhe Pres tal c1er

the the 1 ln

-'and

s the lficial

the tten. • bti~ r the 1p tc fD, It Jlogi-mges ·cade. rticu-r out roded I into :o its unent 1e in· n an

~ of th of [ 4 • many work td the jeve!·

with attri· 1870

:no \Ill Iowa

trk in ~by 31'1ier. rk. i; lf the

The ;t yet State }J3J'·

nUJll· ld in·

ere; state cated 216.-

racted ~ing dance.

Iowa d war when

!nd in ! 1950

IOWA CONSERV A TIONIST Page 71

- .

\ - . ,. • .

. . ---fl • I

M. '' h)' thr Authnr Accordin9 to the theory of seve ral waterfowl experts , this is the type of w eathe r sys· t e m that " tri!J!Jers" mi9ration of waterfowl . When stron9 winds and snow a ccompanieS

the system, theorists be lieve mass mi9rations of ducks push down the flyway .

The author shows on this map the format ion a nd move ments of air currents that a re a n important part of the weather syst e m a nd w a t e rfowl move me nts. Ducks take adva nta 9e

of stron9 north winds to hast en their trave l south. * • • • .. .. * WE ATHER . . .

(Continued from page 65)

area covered. Some are purely local, others are nationwide, and L'l the case where the meteorologist IS a hunter he may even furnish specific information on "duck weather" forecasts or shape-ups.

AI H ochbaum, a "duck research-er" of the first magnitude, has been associated with this problem for some time. In his latest book, "Travels and Traditions of Wa-terfowl," he discusses some of the whys behind duck movements, and indicates the surface weather pat-tern associated with certain mass migrations in years past. Fig. 1 graphically mdicates the general surface weather pattern preceding a push of ducks out of the north. The winds which blow counter-

facilities butlt in the Thirties are 25 years old and are badly in need of repair. The over use of existing facilities is creating a crisis for these fine areas. They should be preserved primarily for their natu-ral attractiveness, historical and scientific interests. Il is hoped that the people of Iowa will recognize the financial needs of Iowa's parks and will provide through the State legislature the means to adequate-ly maintain these areas.

It is interesting to note that the national average expenditure per park visitor in 1957 for mainte-nance and operation of state parks was 19 cents per park visitor, while the avallable money for state parks in Iowa is only 6 1 2 cents per park VIsitor. There must be more money for park maintenance if Iowa is to maintain her fine standing in the field of state parks. It is not neces-sary to pan1c m th1s time of crisis m park management to the extent that we permit commercialization to take over in an attempt to sup-port stale parks. If it were pos-Sible for slate parks to be self sup-porlmg, they would not be lef t in the hands of slate government, but turned over lo private enter-prise. Stale parks have inspira-tional and other inLangible values that are so often found in other tax supported facilities such as

clockwise around a low pressure system and clockwise around a high pressure area, tend to form a wind tunnel through which the ducks can pour down into the mid-west.

The main prerequisite is the long fetch of northerly winds that are associated with this surface pattern. Aloft where the ducks fly and where the influence of the surface conditions is minimized to some extent, the streamlines talfe on the definite trough pattern. (See Fig. 2).

Both the surface pallern and the pattern aloft make their way east-ward and the following 24 hours produces the surface pattern in-dicated by Hochbaum as being associated with certain mass mi-grations. That pattern is not re-

produced here as most interested parties should be out in their blinds looking for ducks, not weather pat-terns, if they spot a pattern like Fig. 1 in their paper or on their television.

W1th average flight speeds of 40-60 m p.h., assisted by wmds of 60-80 m.p.h., the ducks can cover 1,000-1,400 miles during the ten hours of daylight and in 24 hours fl ight can cover 2,400-3,360 miles. No wonder wildfowl pick this weather pattern!

I n the fall, watch for the pattern in F ig. 1 in your newspaper or over your television. When it's coupled with reports of snow and cold in the Canadian prairies and northern plams 1t won't be long until those quacking targets are winging their way past the blind.

A word of caution, though ... the supply of moisture available in the stream of air from the south in a pattern like this determines whether or not low clouds and rain or snow accompany the system, which m turn determines whether the flight is one with low or high flymg ducks. Unless the chart shows rain or snow and cloudy skies with the system, expect to see one of those migrations with high flying ducks which for the most part will be out of range for even the super magnums.

The one redeeming factor in even a mass migration of high flyers, is that some of them will drop out in Iowa if the conditions for food and water are attractive enough. Food we have plenty of . . . water is something else again.

libraries, art museums, etc. with her needs and economy. field of conservation from all over State parks are beneficial lo in- In any major undertaking that the nation drawing upon the best

dustrial growth, public health, com- is to be worthwhile, there must be talent available. It has given munity improvement programs, a plan and the "Iowa Twenty-five Iowans one of the best park sys-education and numerous other ac- Year Conservation P lan" has terns in lhe nation and under the tivities for the general welfare of served the Conservation Comm1s- new plan 1l will assure continued society, thus making the support sion well over the years. This plan success if the legislature provides of state parks everyone's respon- was developed by experts in the the means to carry it out. sibility rather than merely those .. * * * • * • • • * *

~' ,., .. who walk through the gales. A l- • tempts to make "tourist traps" and commercialized areas out of our State Parks through introduc-tion of entrance fees, road lolls, etc., will discourage full use of the parks and will not make a signifi-cant contribution lo state park support after collection expenses are deducted. The most logical solution is to create a better un-derstanding of the problem by the people of Iowa so that through their legislature they will act to support state parks properly and preserve their true purpose.

The "Iowa Twenty-five Year Con-servation Plan" celebrates its 25th Anniversary this year and the Con-servation Commission has author-ized a new ten-year plan study. It will soon be available lo con-tinue the systematic program of providing for the needs of Lhe state. A group of experts in lhe various fields of conservation are studying the problems in order to give Iowa a program compatible

..IIIII .'"}tiC Ill• •• ,a ·~ < ),

More Iowans are 9oln9 outdoors, puttln!l a strain o n pa rk f acili ties as Indicated in this rece nt photo at Lake Ahqua bi. Iowa, which ra nks ninth in t he nat ion In park attend· a nce , is tryln!l to keep up with the crowds on a b ud9et less tha n some c:ity park

syst e ms.

Page 72 I OWA CONSERVATIO NI ST

DUCK HUNTING HOURS O :3... 5.13 -5.3:1 5 li.> ii:31 .. :3S 5.3t.J ,, 1.! .).~IJ 5 II

5:14 :li'>l 5:~5 -:;,:;o

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- ---------After the young robin hatches

from the greenish blue egg, he averages eating 14 feet of earth worms every day.

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The skunk uses his potent scent sparingly. He produces it at the rate of only about one-third liquid ounce per week.

The wings of the butterfly are colorful because they are crossed by many minute ridges which b1 eak up the hght into irridescent colors

The Leopard Frog is widely used in studies of comparative anatomy. In addition, it also pro-vides frog-leg dinners.

Although the flea only measures about one tenth of an inch, he is capable of leapmg 12 mches or about 200 times his own body length.

Rabbits are beheved to be one of the most ancient living mam-mals on the North American con-tinent.

Owls can't move their eyes in their sockets, but they can rotate their heads in a 270 degree arc and thus hav~ a wide range of vision.

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