WEA

TH

ER

MO

DIF

ICA

TIO

N

TEC

HN

OLO

GIE

S-[C

loud

Seedin

g in the c

onte

xt of

pre

sent C

CC

-C

oncern

for

Clim

ate

Change]

Dr I V

M

ura

li K

rishna

PhD

(IIS

c-B

angalo

re)

Jaw

aharlal N

ehru

Technolo

gic

al

Univ

ers

ity, H

YD

ER

AB

AD

500085

India

ivm

@ie

ee.o

rg

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Cloud Seeding ---

•T

he fi

rst f

acto

r to

con

side

r in

my

pres

enta

tion

is th

e at

mos

pher

ic m

oist

ure.

C

loud

s ar

e fo

rmed

by

the

liftin

g of

moi

st a

ir w

hich

coo

ls b

y ex

pans

ion

as it

re

ache

s fa

lling

pre

ssur

es a

t hig

her

leve

ls;

•C

loud s

eedin

g is

the

pro

cess

of In

ject

ing N

ucl

eiin

to

the

clo

ud t

o e

nhan

ce a

clo

ud’s

abili

ty to p

roduce

ra

in –

•Ess

ential

ly

we

conve

rt t

he

Mois

ture

to C

loud

dro

ple

t –

whic

h in

turn

bec

om

es R

ain d

rop -

••D

elivery

of th

e n

ucle

i in

to the c

loud is

basic

ally

Delivery

of th

e n

ucle

i in

to the c

loud is

basic

ally

usin

g a

ircra

ft. A

nd R

ockets

/ M

issiles can als

o

usin

g a

ircra

ft. A

nd R

ockets

/ M

issiles can als

o

be

be

used. Inte

rnational convention now

is

to

call

it as PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Why is Injection of Nuclei

required?

Moisture particles

Average rain drop is

about 2-3 m

m.

Rain drop form

s around a Nuclei

Coalesence –

Collision-Coalescenceprocess

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Cold Cloud

Freezing Level (Temperature 0 Degrees)

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Warm

Cloud

Freezing Level (Temperature 0 Degrees)

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Hygroscopic Seeding

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Cloud seeding System O

rientation

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Prospects

•A s

cie

ntifically d

esig

ned e

xperi

ment w

ill pro

vid

e a

nsw

ers

to

many o

f th

e q

uestions a

bout utility

of clo

ud s

eedin

g

•Stu

dy o

f clo

ud p

rocesses is v

ery

im

port

ant fo

r unders

tandin

g the e

ffect of seedin

g

•A d

ense g

round n

etw

ork

of ra

inguages w

ill help

in

validating the s

eedin

g e

ffects

.

A c

oord

inate

d e

ffort

s involv

ing c

loud s

tudie

s, observ

ational

gro

ups a

nd m

odellin

g s

tudie

s w

ill im

pro

ve the p

rospects

of

the o

pera

tional clo

ud s

eedin

g e

xperi

ments

.

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

•1880

First known attem

pt at cloud seeding.

U.S. Departm

ent of Agriculture sponsored

General R. G. Dyrenforth for cloud seeding.

•1910

Kites with dynam

ites were used. After the

kites had risen to 100 feet high or higher, the

dynam

ite would be detonated.

•1946

Schaefer in USA showed that pellets of

dry ice could rapidly glaciate a laboratory cloud.

•1947 Australia started cloud seeding experim

ents

85 cloud seeding projects in 26 countries have been undertaken in the

last 50 years

History of Cloud Seeding

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Cloud Seeding Around the World

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Some of the M

ain Cloud Seeding Countries

•U

SA

•C

anada

Mexico

•N

ew Z

eala

nd

•C

hin

a

•A

rgen

tina

South

Afr

ica

UA

E

Saudi A

rabia

Thailand

Isra

el

Jord

an

Aust

ralia

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

IND

IAN

CLO

UD

SEED

ING

EFFO

RTS

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

•1957-1

966

National Physic

al Labora

tory

Conducte

d e

xperim

ents

usin

g g

round-

based genera

tors

, in N

ort

h India

•1973-1

974 -

IITM

, usin

g A

ircra

ft, over

catc

hm

ent of R

ihand reserv

oir in U

P

•1975 Lin

ganam

akki R

eserv

oir in K

arn

ata

ka

•

Cloud Seeding in India

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007.

This

photo

, show

ing

rain

aft

er seedin

g,

was taken d

uri

ng the

India

n C

loud S

eedin

g

Stu

die

s c

onducte

d

by IIT

M, (India

n

Institu

te o

f Tro

pic

al

Mete

oro

logy) P

une

CLO

UD

SEED

NG

IN

IN

DIA

(contd

)

-1976-1

986 -

Experim

ents

by IIT

M o

n

Warm

C

louds

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

History -Cloud Seeding in India

(contd..)

•1983-

Tam

il N

adu G

ovt contr

acte

d a

ircra

ft for

Clo

ud s

eedin

g

•1984-1

987-TN

Govern

ment b

ought a

ircra

ft a

nd

opera

ted it fo

r 3-4

years

. A

ircra

ft w

as s

old

in

1987/8

8 as it w

as found d

ifficult to

m

ain

tain

it.

•1993-9

4A

gain

Tam

il N

adu G

overn

ment contr

acte

d

Air

cra

ft for

Clo

ud S

eedin

g

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

History -Cloud Seeding in India

(contd..)

Duri

ng the p

eri

od b

etw

een

1994-2

003, th

ere

was n

o

clo

ud s

eedin

g d

one in

India

.

Why?

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Reason for this gap?

•Veri

fication o

f th

e c

laim

s o

f enhancin

g r

ain

fall

was a

difficult task.

•A

ctu

al lo

cation o

f Seedin

g w

as b

ased o

n m

anual

trackin

g b

y the p

ilots

.

•There

was n

o w

ay to fin

d o

ut in

real tim

e w

hat

happened.

•Experi

ments

could

not be o

bserv

ed b

y a

ll.

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Reason for this gap?

•Som

e q

uestions a

bout th

e e

ffic

iency o

f th

e o

pera

tions

Answ

er -

Air

cra

ft u

sed w

ere

very

pri

mitiv

e

•There

were

no s

ophis

ticate

d w

eath

er

radars

, capable

of analy

zin

gth

e s

ituation.

Answ

er -

Seedable

clo

uds identification b

ecam

e just gam

e p

layin

g

•Success d

epended g

reatly o

n the m

ete

oro

logis

t’s o

wn a

bility.

Answ

er –

Rate

of fa

ilure

s h

igh

•C

alc

ula

tion, com

puta

tion a

nd a

naly

sis

were

mostly m

anual / prim

itiv

e c

om

pute

r syste

ms.

Answ

er -

Seeded M

ate

rial did

not becom

e the n

ucle

i for ra

in d

rop form

ation

•N

o c

ontr

ol of dis

pers

al of nucle

i.

Answ

er –

resulted in

Under seedin

g / o

ver seedin

g

•Pro

bably

there

was n

o n

eed –

Answ

er -IM

D d

ata

show

ed the p

eriod is r

easonably

Wet w

ith n

orm

alc

y p

revailin

g in m

ore

than 8

0

perc

ent of th

e c

ountr

y

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

What H

appened b

etw

een 1994-2

003

•Spin

off b

oons o

f In

form

ation a

nd c

om

munic

ation

Technolo

gie

s -

Radar

/ G

PS / H

igh R

esolu

tion S

ate

llite

Data

/ H

ard

ware

syste

ms and F

lare

Technolo

gy b

ecam

e

available

without re

str

ictions

•M

ore

countr

ies e

xperi

mente

d w

ith c

loud s

eedin

g.

•C

ountr

ies lik

e C

hin

a / T

hailand / U

AE have launched C

loud

seedin

g activitie

s

•In

dia

did

not e

xperim

ent furt

her

aft

er 11 y

ear

IITM

experi

ence

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Recent W

eath

er M

odific

ation E

xperiences

in India

•2003

Karn

ata

ka

1 A

ircra

ft +

2 R

adar

•2003

Andhra

Pra

desh

1 A

ircra

ft

•2003

Mahara

shtr

a1 A

ircra

ft +

1 R

adar

•2004

Mahara

shtr

a2 A

ircra

ft +

2 R

adars

•2004 A

ndhra

Pra

desh

2 A

ircra

ft +

2 R

adars

•2005

Andhra

Pra

desh

2 A

ircra

ft +

2 R

adars

•2006

Andhra

Pra

desh

2 A

ircra

ft +

2 R

adars

•2006

Andhra

Pra

desh

2 A

ircra

ft +

2 R

adars

•2007 A

ndhra

Pra

desh 2

Aircra

fts +

2R

adars

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Technological Im

pact of the New M

illenium

•G

lobal Positio

nin

g S

yste

m

•A great deal of inform

ation from the signals coming from the

of any G

PS System ( Eg NAVSTAR,

GLONASIS, GALILEO)

•Galileo -The European Program for Global Navigation

Services –India also is a partner

•G

alile

o s

ate

llites.-

The n

avig

ation s

ignals

can b

e e

ffic

iently u

sed for

accura

tely

dete

rmin

ing 1

) atm

ospheric p

rofile

s o

ver w

ide a

reas ,

inclu

din

g d

ensity, pre

ssure

, m

ois

ture

conte

nt and w

ind p

attern

s.

•C

ontinuous m

easure

ment of atm

ospheric p

ara

mete

rs w

ill pro

vid

e

valu

able

data

for w

eath

er fo

recasting a

nd –

over th

e longer te

rm –

for

clim

ate

monitoring.

•The G

alile

o s

yste

m w

ill als

o h

elp

in s

tudie

s o

f th

e s

ea and o

ceans,

inclu

din

g s

urv

eys w

ith b

uoys flo

ating o

n c

urr

ents

and tid

es.

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Technological Im

pact of the

1990s

•Soft

ware

–O

pera

tional packages to a

id the a

naly

sis

and

unders

tandin

g o

f th

e c

loud m

icro

physic

al

para

mete

rs

–Tra

ckin

g o

f th

e c

loud / a

ircra

ft m

ovem

ent

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Technological Im

pact of the

1990s

•R

eal tim

e d

ata

lin

k

–Enable

s real tim

e tra

nsm

issio

n o

f lo

cation a

nd

seedin

g, to

help

in v

erification

•In

tern

et

–H

elp

ed p

eople

acro

ss the g

lobe to s

ee w

hat is

happenin

g.

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

The c

hain

of events

associa

ted to seedin

g m

ay b

e s

um

mari

zed a

s follow

s:

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Infrastructure

Typic

al pro

gra

m

infr

astr

uctu

re o

f a

pro

ject.

AP Cloud seeding Project -2007

Evalu

ation o

f ra

dar,

air

cra

ft,

and s

eedin

g m

ate

rials

used in

the p

rogra

m

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Radar

Our R

adar

at A

nanth

pur in

2007

AIRCRAFTS

•Tw

o T

win

Cessna

Turb

o-C

harg

ed 340A

aircra

ft and

one C

essna 1

88 A

gw

agon p

rovid

ed

airborn

e clo

ud seedin

g fo

r In

dira

Megham

adhanam

u 2

006.

•O

pera

tions c

arr

ied o

ut fr

om

-H

ydera

bad

-B

angalo

re

-Tirupati

Aircrafts used in

seeding

Operations

Analysis of rainfall samples from the

seeded area and its correlation with

presence of seeded m

aterial in rainfall

samples to revise the area of influence

zone assumed

Conta

iner

s fo

r th

e ra

in w

ate

r sa

mple

collec

tion w

ere

sent

to

the

vari

ous

dis

tric

t co

llec

tors

/

CP

Os

by JN

TU

. C

ontr

ol

sam

ple

s are

co

llec

ted b

y J

NT

U.

Analy

sis

of

the

sam

ple

s co

llec

ted and analy

zed at

vari

ous

Nati

onal L

abora

tori

es

Rura

l W

ate

r Supply

Cir

cle

(R

WS)

Gro

und W

ate

r D

epart

ment (G

WD

)

India

n Institu

te o

f C

hem

ical Technolo

gy (IIC

T)

National G

eophysic

al R

esearc

h Institu

te (N

GR

I)

Jaw

aharl

al N

ehru

Technolo

gic

al U

niv

ers

ity

The

chem

ical

analy

sis

was

usi

ng

Ato

mic

A

bso

rpti

on

Spec

trophoto

met

er &

F

lam

e P

hoto

met

er fo

r th

e ch

emic

al

elem

ents

that

are

pre

sent

in t

he

flare

s use

d.

Tota

l quantity

of ra

infa

ll e

nhanced

by c

loud s

eedin

g fallin

g w

ithin

the

zone o

f in

fluence

•In

the s

tate

of A

ndhra

Pra

desh R

ain

fall e

nhancem

ent

by c

loud s

eedin

g p

roje

ct is

bein

g c

arr

ied o

ut fo

r th

e

last 4 y

ears

on a

larg

e s

cale

in a

bout 600 M

andals

.

•The o

pera

tions c

arr

ied o

ut during 2

003 a

nd 2

004

earl

ier

did

not use techniq

ues o

f w

arm

clo

ud s

eedin

g

and m

ostly u

sed E

jecta

ble

s w

hic

h a

re s

uitable

only

fo

r cold

clo

ud s

eedin

g.

•A

s s

uch, due to lack o

f pro

per opera

tional

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd inappro

pri

ate

seedin

g techniq

ues

adopte

d, up to the y

ear

2004 the o

pera

tions d

id n

ot

giv

e s

ignific

ant re

sults.

•The o

pera

tions d

uri

ng the last 3 y

ears

fro

m 2

005

onw

ard

s involv

ed p

redom

inantly h

ygro

scopic

seedin

g w

ith tw

o “

C”

Band R

adars

locate

d a

t H

ydera

bad a

nd A

nanta

pur

and tw

o A

ircra

fts to c

over

12 d

istr

icts

in A

P.

“AUGMENTATION OF RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH”

RA

IN F

ALL E

NH

AN

CEM

EN

T T

HR

OU

GH

CLO

UD

SE

ED

ING

2

007 IN

AP, IN

DIA

-Report

on 1

20 D

ays o

f O

pera

tion.

S U

M M

A R

Y

DIS

TR

ICT W

ISE C

UM

ULA

TIV

E SU

MM

AR

Y O

F C

LO

UD

SEED

ING

OPER

ATIO

NS F

OR

TH

E P

ER

IOD

16TH

JU

LY T

O 1

2th

Novem

ber (1

20 D

ays)

Dis

tric

tN

o o

f

Mandals

Mandals

subje

cte

d to

seedin

g influence

No .of Fla

res b

urn

t in

the

dis

tric

t

Cum

ula

tive

Rain

fall

with in z

one

of in

fluence

Avera

ge

Rain

fall

per

Rain

gauge

No. of

Avera

ge

Rain

y

days o

ut

of 120

days

Date

s o

n w

hic

h the d

istr

icts

were

under

the s

eedin

g

influence

Gro

ss

Net

Hygro

sB

IP40 k

m in m

mm

mdays

Guntu

r57

( 30)

102 (73)

35

(24)

14

11999.9

(1260)

18

( 17 )

31

July

:17,2

0,2

1,2

2,2

4,2

7,2

8,3

0,3

1

Aug: 1,4

,5,1

9,2

2,2

4, 30 ;

Sep: 9,1

1,1

5, [19]

Pra

kasam

56

(44)

89 (73)

40

(33)

18

11995.7

(1913)

21

( 22 )

26

July

: 19, 20, 24, 26,2

7,3

0

Aug:1

,4, 7,1

1,2

4,2

6; Sep:1

5,1

7

[14]

Nellore

46

(40)

16

( 11 )

11

( 7)

41

429.0

(138)

24

( 14 )

29

July

: 26. A

ug:2

6 O

ct:18,1

9 ,29 [5

]

Chitto

or

66

( 65)

191 (190)

55 (54)

30

63144.0

(3093)

19

( 18)

30

July

: 24, 25; A

ug:9

,23,2

4,2

6,3

1

Sep: 3, 5, 6,9

,14,1

5,1

6,1

9,2

8,2

9,3

0 O

ct:

19,2

0,2

2,2

4,2

5,2

6 [2

4]

Kadapa

51

( 47)

256

(234)

46

( 43)

27

85216.7

(4914)

20

(19)

30

July

:23,2

5 A

ug:2

0,2

3,2

4,2

5,2

6, 29, 31

Sep: 3

,9, 12,1

5,1

6,1

7,1

9 ,30

Oct:

19,2

0,2

2,2

4,2

5,2

6,2

9,3

0 [24]

Ananta

pur

63

( 63)

431 (431)

63

(63)

110

20

6773.2

(6773)

16

(16)

24

July

: 17, 18, 21, 24.

Aug:4

,10,1

1,1

9,2

0,2

1,2

2,2

3,2

4,2

5,2

6, 27,

29, 31 Sep: 3, 5 ,9,1

0,1

3,1

5,1

6,1

7,1

9,3

0

Oct : 5 ,21,2

2,2

3,2

4,2

6,2

8,2

9,3

0 [3

7]

Kunro

ol

54

(46)

249 (216)

54

(46)

36

75038.7

(4242)

21

( 19)

26

July

:17,1

9,2

2,2

3,2

4,2

5,2

6,2

7,3

0

Aug:4

,7,1

2,1

9,2

1,2

2 ,23,2

4,2

5, 26,2

9

Sep: 2,1

6,1

7 O

ct:

20, 21,3

0 [28]

Mahabubnagar

64

( 64 )

522 (522)

64

(64)

120

16

9838.4

(9838)

20

(20 )

23

July

:17,1

8,2

3,2

4,2

5,2

6,2

7,3

0,3

1

Aug:1

,4,5

,6,7

,8,9

,12,1

8,1

9,2

0, 21, 24, 25,

26, 27,2

9,3

0, 31 S

ep :1 2

,3 , 4

,

10,1

3,1

6,1

7,1

9 ,29,3

0 O

ct:

2 ,19,2

1,2

2,2

3 ,

Nov2,5

,6 , [48]

Rangare

ddy

37

(22)

347 (208)

37

(22)

40

68050.1

(5111)

24

( 23)

26

July

: 17, 18, 2

2, 26, 27, 29, 31

Aug:1

,2,4

,5,6

,7,9

,12,1

8 ,20, 24, 25 , 2

7, 31

Sep:1

,2 ,3, 4, 6

,12,1

3,1

5,1

6,1

7,1

9,2

9,3

0

Oct:

2,7

,20,2

1,2

3 N

ov2,6

, [4

1]

Medak

46

(19)

177 (110)

43

(18)

28

22352.4

(1341)

13

( 12)

21

July

:23,2

5,2

6,2

8,3

1

Aug:1

,2,5

,6,7

,9,1

2,1

6, 20, 31

Sep: 6,1

2 ,30 O

ct: 2

,7 , [2

0]

Kari

mnagar

57

( 08)

242

(42)

54

( 8)

29

44277.1

(710)

17

( 16 )

25

July

: 2

3,2

8,3

1

Aug: 2,7

,16, 20 ,22 S

ep: 3, 6, 12,1

4

[12]

Nalg

onda

59

( 50 )

514

(457)

59

(50)

91

10

8579.6

(7375)

17

( 17 )

26

July

: 17 ,19,2

0,2

1,2

2,2

3,2

4,2

7,2

8,2

9,3

0,3

1

Aug: 1,2

,4,5

,6,7

,19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27,

30, 31 S

ep: 2,6

, 9,1

3,1

5,1

6,1

7,1

9,3

0 O

ct:

7,2

0,2

1,2

3,2

4 [41]

Tota

l656 (498)

3136

(2567)

561

(432)

547

82

57694.8

(46708)

•The im

ages o

f th

e c

louds a

ppeare

d o

n the d

ispla

y o

f TIT

AN

softw

are

for

the s

eedin

g

day o

f 02/0

9/2

007.

Image o

f th

e T

AR

GET c

loud [tr

ack n

o 6

41] at th

e c

entr

e o

f th

e red c

ircle

,

whic

h is in the s

outh

east direction to the J

NTU

RA

DA

R .

Contr

ol clo

ud

Target cloud 641

Images o

f both

TA

RG

ET a

nd C

ON

TR

OL c

louds a

fter seedin

g

Variation o

f volu

me o

f seeded a

nd a

n u

nseeded c

loud o

n 0

2-0

9-2

007, fo

r

every

5m

inute

s fro

m the tim

e o

f seedin

g.

VO

LU

ME

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

TIM

E [m

in]

VOL[Km3]

SEEDED

UNSEEDED

Variation o

f A

RE

A o

f both

seeded a

nd u

nseeded c

louds for every

5

min

ute

s fro

m the tim

e o

f seedin

g.

AR

EA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

TIM

E [m

in]

AREA [Km2]

SEEDED

UNSEEDED

Variation o

f th

e P

-FLU

X o

f seeded a

nd u

nseeded c

loud for every

5m

inute

s.

PR

EC

IPIT

AT

ION

FLU

X

0

50

100

150

200

250

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

TIM

E [m

in]

P.FLUX [m3/Sec]

SEEDED

UNSEEDED

Variation o

f C

LO

UD

MA

SS o

f seeded a

nd u

nseeded c

loud for every

5

min

ute

s fro

m the tim

e o

f seedin

g

CLO

UD

MAS

S

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

TIM

E [m

in]

MASS [Kilotons]

SEEDED

UNSEEDED

Variation o

f VIL

of seeded a

nd u

nseeded c

loud for every

VE

RT

ICAL IN

TE

GR

AT

ED

LIQ

UID

CO

NT

EN

T

0123456789

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

TIM

E [m

in]

VIL [Kg/m2]

SEEDED

UNSEEDED

Variation o

f TH

ICK

NESS o

f th

e s

eeded a

nd u

nseeded c

loud for every

5m

inute

s fro

m the tim

e o

f seedin

g.

TH

ICK

NES

S

0123456789

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

TIM

E [m

in]

THICKNESS [Km]

SEEDED

UNSEEDED

RA

DA

R D

ER

IVED

CLO

UD

PA

RA

METER

S

SEED

ED

Vs U

NSEED

ED

SEED

ED

TIM

E (G

MT):09:3

3

DA

TE:2

2-0

9-2

007

MA

ND

AL:K

ON

DU

RG

DIS

TR

ICT:M

AH

AB

OO

BN

AG

AR

S.NO.

VARIABLES

SEEDED

CLOUD

TRACK NO.

119

UNSEEDED

CLOUD

TRACK NO.

109

SEEDED

Vs

UNSEEDED

PERCENTAGE

INCREASED

(%)

1.

LifeTim

e(m

in)

120

60

2100

2.

Area(km

2)

41.31

12.25

3.37

237

3.

Volume(km

3)

113.4

33.1

3.43

242.6

S.N

O.

VA

RIA

BLE

SS

EED

ED

CLO

UD

TR

AC

K

NO

.119

UN

SEE

DED

CLO

UD

TR

AC

K N

O.

109

SE

ED

ED

Vs

UN

SEE

DED

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

INC

RE

AS

ED

(%)

4.

CloudTop(km)

6.18

6.12

1.01

10

5.

CloudMass

(kilotons)

30.22

8.53

3.54

254

6.

Pflux(m

3/sec)

49.63

14.7

3.38

238

7.

Pmass(kilotons)

(=Pflux*Lifetime)357.3

52.9

6.75

575

8.

VIL(kg/m

2)

2.66

1.68

1.58

58

9.

Cloud

Thickness(km)

4.65

4.61

1.01

10

S.N

O.

VA

RIA

BLE

SS

EED

ED

CLO

UD

TR

AC

K

NO

.119

UN

SEE

DED

CLO

UD

TR

AC

K N

O.

109

SE

ED

ED

Vs

UN

SEE

DED

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

INC

RE

AS

ED

(%)

10.

LW

C(=

VIL

/

Clo

ud T

hic

kness)

(gm

/m3)

0.5

40.3

61.5

656

11.

Eff

icie

ncy

(= P

mass / C

loud

Mass)

11.8

26.2

1.9

191

12.

Rain

(=Pm

ass/

Are

a) (m

m)

8.6

04.3

02.0

100

13.

Rain

Rate

(Z/2

00)0

.625

mm

/hr

11.7

98.6

52.7

4174

14.

Gro

und

Measure

ment -

Rain

mm

/24hr

444.9

(37

Mandals

0.0

--

District

District

District

District

No o

f M

an

dals

in in

flu

ence

d

zon

e w

ith

rep

etit

ion

No o

f

days

seed

ed

Tota

l

Rain

fall

in

Zon

e of

Infl

uen

ce

in m

m

Aver

age

Rain

fall

per

Rain

gau

ge

in

mm

Guntur

Guntur

Guntur

Guntur

8+

1*

384.6

9.4

Prakasam

Prakasam

Prakasam

Prakasam

27+

33*

12

851.8

14.2

Nellore

Nellore

Nellore

Nellore

31+

96*

13

2708.6

21.3

Chittoor

Chittoor

Chittoor

Chittoor

49+

75*

10

1777.1

14.3

Kadapa

Kadapa

Kadapa

Kadapa

48+

94*

20

1440.5

10.1

Anantapur

Anantapur

Anantapur

Anantapur

41+

47*

18

733.2

8.3

Kurnool

Kurnool

Kurnool

Kurnool

38+

31*

15

627.9

9.1

Mahaboobna

Mahaboobna

Mahaboobna

Mahaboobna

gar

gar

gar

gar

46+

58*

14

1022.4

9.8

Rangareddy

Rangareddy

Rangareddy

Rangareddy

26+

34*

9724.5

12.1

Nalgonda

Nalgonda

Nalgonda

Nalgonda

44+

83*

92190.1

17.2

358+

552*=

910

12160

14.4

GIS

mandal m

aps

Evalu

ation T

echniq

ues

Meth

ods o

f E

valu

ation

•Physic

al Evalu

ation C

om

ple

te

physic

al –

dynam

ical n

um

erical m

odel

•R

andom

ization T

echniq

ues

Half the c

louds a

re s

eeded a

nd the

oth

er half n

ot seeded

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Achie

vem

ents

-S

trength

s

•The first Technolo

gic

al U

niv

ers

ity in the c

ountr

y to c

arr

y o

ut opera

tions on

very

larg

e s

cale

•A

bility to b

ring in the late

st te

chnolo

gy thro

ugh w

orld c

lass o

rganiz

ations,

equip

ment and e

xpert

s in the fie

ld o

f w

eath

er m

odific

ation.

•A

dapt th

e late

st te

chnolo

gy to India

n c

onditio

ns.

•C

loud s

eedin

g d

esig

n, pla

nnin

g a

nd Im

ple

menta

tion

•Flight pla

nnin

g a

nd A

via

tion e

xperience to im

ple

ment th

e s

olu

tions.

•First to

cre

ate

Rain

Wate

r chem

ical chara

cte

ristics base d

ata

w

ith a

bout 2100

wate

r sam

ple

s

JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA

MADHANAMU ANDHRA

PRADESH 2007

Looking back and front

“W

eath

er m

odific

ation

as a

means for glo

bal peace ”

Thank Y

ou