weathering and soils
DESCRIPTION
Weathering and Soils. Granite headstone in Southern Vermont. Weathering and Soils. Marble headstones in Southern Vermont. Weathering and Soils. Mechanical Weathering- the physical breakdown of rocks Chemical Weathering- reaction of rocks with water, acids, oxygen, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Marble headstones in Southern Vermont
Weathering Weathering and Soilsand Soils
Granite headstone in Southern Vermont
Weathering and SoilsWeathering and Soils MechanicalMechanical Weathering- the physical Weathering- the physical
breakdown of rocksbreakdown of rocks ChemicalChemical Weathering- reaction of rocks Weathering- reaction of rocks
with water, acids, oxygen, etc. with water, acids, oxygen, etc.
Chemical Chemical WeatheringWeathering
Solution:Solution:HH22O + COO + CO22 = =
HH22COCO33 ( H ( H++ + HCO + HCO33-- ) )
in air (acid rain)in air (acid rain) acidacid
gasgasLimestone dissolves readilyLimestone dissolves readily
CaCOCaCO33 + 2 H + 2 H++ (aq) = (aq) =
CaCa+2+2 + CO + CO22 + H + H22OO
Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering Differential WeatheringDifferential Weathering
Weathering can preferentially dissolve out mafics & increase the sialic component in sediments to yield “granite”
Chemical WeatheringChemical WeatheringWhat happens when granite is weathered?
The biotite and hornblende will undergo hydrolysis to form clay, and oxidation to form iron
oxides.
The feldspars will undergo hydrolysis to form kaolinite (clay) and release Na+ and K+ ions into solution
The quartz (and muscovite, if present) will remain as residual minerals because they are very resistant to weathering.
Effect of climate on soil typesEffect of climate on soil types
tundra soils
Precipitation
Tem
pera
ture
cold
hot hot
coollow high50 cm/yr
pedalferspedocals
laterites
tundra soils
Effect of climate on soil typesEffect of climate on soil types
A typical pedocal with A typical pedocal with white white calichecaliche (CaCO (CaCO33) )
deposits in a shallow B deposits in a shallow B horizonhorizon
Effect of climate on soilsEffect of climate on soils
Making Making laterite laterite bricksbricks
Temple at Temple at Angkor Angkor
Wat Wat CambodiaCambodia
(700 yrs (700 yrs old)old)
Laterite
Tundra soil
Rates of soil formation:Rates of soil formation:
Central USA: ~ 1 cm/100 years in very porous Central USA: ~ 1 cm/100 years in very porous and permeable rockand permeable rock
Humid N. Carolina: ~ 1 cm/5 yearsHumid N. Carolina: ~ 1 cm/5 years““
Granite may require over 1000 years for a cmGranite may require over 1000 years for a cm
Both Ends of the Erosion ProblemBoth Ends of the Erosion Problem
Serious Serious soil erosionsoil erosion and gully and gully formation related to diversion of formation related to diversion of water runoff over a few months water runoff over a few months in central Californiain central California Sediment pollutionSediment pollution following following
heavy rains in North Carolinaheavy rains in North Carolina
Soil DegradationSoil Degradation ErosionErosion DeforestationDeforestation Agricultural depletionAgricultural depletion Contamination - PollutionContamination - Pollution
SalinizationSalinization PesticidesPesticides Chemical additions and spillsChemical additions and spills
UrbanizationUrbanization DesertificationDesertification OvergrazingOvergrazing
Raindrop impact: Raindrop impact: millions in a single millions in a single shower hit at ~ 30 mphshower hit at ~ 30 mph
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
Rill-wash and gullying in loose Rill-wash and gullying in loose and poorly-consolidated soilsand poorly-consolidated soils
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
Soil Lost (tons/km2/yr) % runoffWoods ~ 0 0.12Grass 10 6.5Corn 18087 42Fallow 17050 49
Soil Erosion for Various Uses
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
Number of dust storms during the month of March, 1936Number of dust storms during the month of March, 1936
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
Figure 3.12:Figure 3.12: (a) a natural forested slope(a) a natural forested slope(b) the same slope following a clearcut(b) the same slope following a clearcut
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
Figure 3.12:Figure 3.12: (c) the same slope after conversion to farmland(c) the same slope after conversion to farmland(b) the same slope following urbanization(b) the same slope following urbanization
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
1968 motorcycles 1968 motorcycles first come to Deer first come to Deer
Creek near Creek near Bakersfield, CABakersfield, CA
1972 after only 4 1972 after only 4 years of ORV use years of ORV use little vegetation or little vegetation or
topsoil remainstopsoil remains
Soil ErosionSoil ErosionORV users increased ORV users increased from 21 to 38 million from 21 to 38 million
between 1982 and 1992between 1982 and 1992
ATVs rip through a marsh in ATVs rip through a marsh in West VirginiaWest Virginia
Great Grizzly Hike, MontanaGreat Grizzly Hike, Montana
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
1985 photo of bulldozer and jeep tracks in 1985 photo of bulldozer and jeep tracks in Alaskan tundra made in 1946Alaskan tundra made in 1946
Salt accumulation due to irrigation in Salt accumulation due to irrigation in an arid climate: San Fernando Valleyan arid climate: San Fernando Valley
Grain production Grain production levels off while levels off while population population continues to growcontinues to grow
Strip-croppingStrip-croppingand and
Contour plowingContour plowing
Combating Soil DegradationCombating Soil Degradation