https://PollEv.com/discourses/YrJ7AvvHapA3STo/web

Agenda • What Food Insecurity Is• What Food Insecurity Looks Like on College Campuses• Why Should We Care? Theoretical Lens• Current Campus Strategies and Initiatives • Discussion• Regroup – Offer Recommendations

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Defining Food Insecurity • Food security

• Having enough food to live an active, healthy life • Being able to acquire nutritionally adequate food in socially

acceptable ways

• Food Insecurity • Not having access to enough or nutritionally adequate food• Having to rely on food relief strategies • Signs

• Experiencing hunger as a result of running out of food• Eating a poor-quality diet as a result of limited food options • Having anxiety about getting more food

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Measuring Food Insecurity

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Who is food insecurity affecting? • There is a disproportionate impact of food insecurity

based on income, race, and generation status• Students from low-income backgrounds were more than

twice as likely to report food insecurity (Fruedenberg et al., 2011)

• Food insecurity is most prominent in students of color (Dubick et al., 2016; Fruedenberg et al., 2011; Knol, Robb, McKinley, & Wood, 2017)

• 2015 – 52% of African American, 44% Hispanic or Latinx, compared to 35% of White or Asian students

• In 2015, 25% of first-generation college students experienced very low food security with another 19% experiencing low food security (Goldrick-Rab et al., 2015)

What additional factors contribute to food insecurity• Institutional Type

• 25% of community college students reported experiencing food insecurity in 2016 compared to 20% at four-year institutions (Dubick et al., 2016)

• Living Situations• Over half (64%) of food insecure students reported

experiencing housing insecurity as well (Dubick et al., 2016).

• Working Status• Students who are employed are almost twice as likely to

experience food insecurity (Patton-Lopez et al., 2014)

The effects of food insecurity • Academic Performance

• “students who had experienced severe [food insecurity] were nearly 15 times more likely to have failed courses and were six times more likely to have withdrawn or failed to register for more courses" (Silva et al., 2017, p. 293-294).

• Student makes a difference in academic performance

• Mental Health• 55% of food insecure students indicated symptoms of

depression, 52% reported severe levels of anxiety, 16% reported symptoms of an eating disorder, and 20% contemplated serious thoughts of suicide in the past year (Goldrick-

Rab et al., 2015).

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Maslow (1943)• If a student does not have access

to enough food, learning is no longer their primary concern (Burleson & Thoron, 2014).

Astin's IEO Model

• suggests student inputs and environments shape their outcomes (Renn & Reason, 2013).

Astin's IEO Model

• suggests student inputs and environments shape their outcomes (Renn & Reason, 2013).

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Campus Food PantriesHow are they ran? • Honor Code

• Allows students to come as they please• Open access• Card access

• Student Employees• A specific office oversees it and will let students in the space

• Volunteers• Works specifically with a class to oversee the pantry• Local community members

Farmer's Markets and Community Gardens• Partnering with a local farmer's market to bring on

campus or provide fresh produce to the campus (Western Technical College's Fresh Produce Days)

• Allowing students to volunteer at local community gardens together as a group (University of Wisconsin- La Crosse First-Year Experience class).

Wisconsin's FoodShare Program• Promoting the program on campus• Helping students sign up for FoodShare directly on the

spot• Asking for a Human Services representative to provide a

workshop on the FoodShare program (Western Technical College)

Meal Donations• Swipe Out Hunger Program

• 36 chapters among 18 different states, and has been able to donate 1.4 million meals (Swipe Out Hunger, 2017a).

Meal Vouchers and Meal KitsThe "Feed a Need" Program• Provides food insecure students in distress with one

meal. The meal is automatically placed on the student’s ID card for confidentiality purposes (Crutchfield, 2016).

Hungry Student Kits• Premade meals that include ready-to-eat microwavable

food and snacks (Crutchfield, 2016). The meals are placed at different locations around campus, readily available for students to pick up as needed (Crutchfield, 2016).

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Data & Assessment• Determine if food insecurity is an issue on your campus• Who is using our campus food pantries?

• Demographics being collected• Working with the financial aid office

• How are we assessing the effectiveness of our food security programs?

• Are we serving the students with the greatest need?• Are we making our services easily accessible?

References Alaimo, K., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (2001). Food insufficiency and American school-aged children's cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics, 108(1), 44-53. Retrieved

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Bahrampour, T. (2014, April 9). More college students battle hunger as education and living costs rise. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/more-college-students-battle-hunger-as-education-and-living-costs-rise/2014/04/09/60208db6-bb63-11e3-9a05-c739f29ccb08_story.html?utm_term=.8ec049f98994

Blagg, K., Gundersen, C., Whitmore Schanzenbach, D., & Ziliak, J. P. (2017). Assessing food insecurity on campus: A national look at food insecurity among America’s college students. Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/92331/assessing_food_insecurity_on_campus_3.pdf

Bruening, M., Brennhofer, S., Woerden, I., Todd, M., & Laska, M. (2016). Factors related to the high rates of food insecurity among diverse, urban college freshman. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(9). 1450-1457. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.04.004

Burleson, S. E., & Thoron, A. C. (2014). Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its relations to learning and achievement. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/WC/WC15900.pdf

Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M. P., Gregory, C. A., Singh, A. (2017). Household food security in the United States in 2016. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=84972

Crutchfield, R. (2016). Serving displaced and food insecure students in the CSU. Retrieved from https://presspage-production-content.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/1487/cohomelessstudy.pdf?10000

Dawson, G. (2016, Sep 27). Students donate meals to students in need. Food Management. Retrieved from http://www.food-management.com/colleges-universities/students-donate-meals-students-need

Dubick, J., Mathews, B., & Cady, C. (2016). Hunger on campus: The challenge of food insecurity for college students. College and University Food Bank Alliance. Retrieved from http://studentsagainsthunger.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Hunger_On_Campus.pdf

Florence, M. D., Asbridge, M., & Veugelers, P. J. (2008). Diet quality and academic performance. Journal of School Health, 78(4), 209-215. Retrieved from http://www.ashaweb.org/resources/journal-of-school-health/

Freudenberg. N., Manzo, L., Jones, H., Kwan, A., Tsui, E., & Gagnon, M. (2011). Food insecurity at CUNY: Results from a survey CUNY undergraduate students. Healthy CUNY Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Centers/Center%20for%20Human%20Environments/cunyfoodinsecurity.pdf

Gold

Referencesrick-Rab, S., Broton, K., & Eisenberg, D. (2015). Hungry to learn: Addressing food & housing insecurity among undergraduates. Wisconsin HOPE Lab. Retrieved

from http://wihopelab.com/publications/Wisconsin_hope_lab_hungry_to_learn.pdf

Gundersen, C., Dewey, A., Crumbaugh, M., Kato, & Engelhard, E. (2017). Map the meal gap 2017: Food insecurity and child food insecurity estimates at the county level. Feeding America. Retrieved from http://www.feedingamerica.org/research/map-the-meal-gap/2015/MMG_AllCounties_CDs_MMG_2015_1/MN_AllCounties_CDs_MMG_2015.pdf

Hughes, R., Serebryanikova, I., Donaldson, K., & Leveritt, M. (2011). Student food insecurity: The skeleton in the university closet. Nutrition & Dietetics, 68, 27-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2010.01496.x

Knol, L. L, Robb, C. A, McKinley, E. M., & Wood, M. (2017). Food insecurity, self-rated health, and obesity among college students. American Journal of Health Education, 48(4) 248-255. doi: 10.1080/19325037.2017.1316689

Martinez, S. M., Maynard, K., & Ritchie, L. D. (2016). Student food access and security study. University of California. Retrieved from http://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/regmeet/july16/e1attach.pdf

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. doi: 10.1037/h004346

Morris, L. M., Smith, S., Davis, J., & Bloyd Null, D. (2016). The prevalence of food security and insecurity among Illinois University students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(6) 376-382. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.03.013

National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY). (2014). Financial aid for unaccompanied homeless youth. Retrieved from http://www.naehcy.org/sites/default/files/dl/fafsa-survey-report.pdf

Ohio State University. (2017a). Study on collegiate financial wellness. Retrieved from http://cssl.osu.edu/

Ohio State University. (2017b). Study on collegiate financial wellness: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved from http://cssl.osu.edu/

Patton-Lopez, M., Lopez-Cevallos, D. F., Cancel-Tirado, D. I., & Vazquez, L. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among students attending a midsize rural university in Oregon. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(3), 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2013.10.007

Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido, F. M., & Quaye, S. J. (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

References

Perna, L. (2010). Understanding the working college student. American Association of University Professors. Retrieved from https://www.aaup.org/article/understanding-working-college-student#.Wo_HVujwaUk

Pope, R. L., Reynolds, A. L., Mueller, J. A., & McTighe Musil, C. (2014). Creating multicultural change on campus. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

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Renn, K. A., & Reason, R. D. (2013). College students in the United States: subtitle. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Silva, M. R., Kleinert, W. L., Sheppard, A. V., Cantrell, K. A., Freeman-Coppadage, D. J., Tsoy, E., Roberts, T., & Pearrow, M. (2017). The relationship between food security, housing stability, and school performance among college students in an urban university. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory, & Practice, 19(3), 284-299. doi: 10.1177/1521025115621918

Swipe Out Hunger. (2017a). Our chapters. Retrieved from http://www.swipehunger.org/chapters

Swipe Out Hunger. (2017b). Our programs. Retrieved from http://www.swipehunger.org/programming

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2017a). Definitions of food security. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-security/

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2017b). Measurement. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/measurement

Wisconsin HOPE Lab. (2016). What we’re learning: Food and housing insecurity among college students: A data update from the Wisconsin HOPE Lab. Retrieved from http://www.wihopelab.com/publications/Wisconsin_HOPE_Lab_Data%20Brief%2016-01_Undergraduate_Housing%20and_Food_Insecurity.pdf

Wunderlich, G. S., & Norwood, J. L. (2006). Concepts and definitions. Food insecurity and hunger in the United States: An assessment of the measure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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