2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I use of English

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered

blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points)

Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and

other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us

just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones 2 on

batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost

without a phone or a compass and you 4 can’t find north, a few

ticks to hep you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow

the land.

When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7

area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this

particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans

overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 if

you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find. you should 10 see

signs of people.

If you've explored the area before. keep an eye out for familiar

sights--you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or

tree can restore your bearings.

Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation

13 even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree

line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the

woods. Head towards these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the

horizon for 17 light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk

toward the glow of light pollution.

18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent,

look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks,

and other features can 20 you to civilization.

[A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All

[A] put [B] take [C]run [D]come

[A]since [B] if [C]though [D]until

[A]formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally

[A]back [B] next [C] around [D]away

[A] onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone

[A]unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D]unfamiliar

[A]site [B] point [C]way [D]place

[A]so [B]yet [C]instead [D]besides

[A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually

[A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused

[A]problem [B] option [C] view [D]result

[A]above all [B]in contrast [C]on average [D]for example

[A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate

[A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under

[A]posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks

[A]artificial [B]mysterious [C] hidden [D]limited

[A]finally [B]consequently [C] incidentally [D]generally

[A]memories [B]marks [C] notes [D]belongings

[A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D]expose

1.【答案】C Few　　【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。文章首段首句为主题句，谈到我们生活在一个GPS 定位系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都能在手机中找到的世界里。空格句指出：我们中的 在没有手机的情况下走进森林。走进森林或者陌生地方我们需要地图的指引，所以句意为在没有手机的情况下我们很少有人走进森林。Without 与 few 相呼应。Few 表示几乎没有，填入符合文意。　　2.【答案】C run　　【解析】此处考察词组搭配。Put on batteries 表示手机需要电池才能正常使用。Put on(穿上;增加;使运转)，take on(承担;呈现;雇佣)，come on(快点;开始)，放入句中均与句意不符。　　3.【答案】B If　　【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。空格所在句指出： 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路， 找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航 文明之地。看过四个选项之后我们发现此题考察的是逻辑关系，此处为假设情况，B 选项代入原文更符合句意。Since(因为;自从)，though(虽然)，until(直到)。　　4.【答案】D literally　　【解析】 此处考察副词词义辨析。空格所在句指出：如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，你……找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航……文明之地。将四个选项 formally(正式地)，relatively(相对地)，gradually(逐渐地)，literally(确实地，真正地)带入目标空，发现只有 D 选项符合文意。　　5.【答案】A back

　　【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格所在句指出：如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，你肯定找不到北方，那么我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航 文明之地。前文说到迷路(lost)，空格句说我们有一些技巧帮助你 文明之地，肯定是回到(back)文明之地。　　6.【答案】B off　　【解析】此处考察词义辨析+词组搭配，需要运用段落总分结构法解题。空格句指出：当你发现自己正好 一条小径，而不是在完全 地形中时，你必须回答两个问题：在这个特定的地区，哪个 是下坡?最近的水源在哪里?目标空出现在句首，运用我们课上讲过的段落总分结构法解题：段首出现空不要着急做题，要看段落剩下的部分所表达的意思，通过后面文章可以发现，前文想表达当你便宜正常路线，迷失踪迹的时候。B 选项远离，离开符合句意。　　7.【答案】D unfamiliar　　【解析】此处考察词义辨析。空格所在后半句出现了 but 这个很重要很明显的转折词，那么所填入的词要与前面的句意构成转折关系，前文说到虽然偏离了路线，但是也不是完全不熟悉路，D 选项 unfamiliar(不熟悉的，不常见的)符合句意，为正确选项。Unattractive(不吸引人的)，uncrowded(不拥挤的)，unchanged(未改变的，没有变化的)均与句意不符。　　8.【答案】C way　　【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。当你发现自己远离一条小径，而不是在完全陌生的地形中时，你必须回答两个问题：在这个特定的地区，哪个 是下坡?最近的水源在哪里?文章都在讨论迷路之后的对策和办法，那迷路了我们就需要找到回家或者有人烟地方的路，空格处刚好也是要表达这样的意思，事要找到下坡的路，所以 C 选项正确。site(地点，位置，场所)，point(要点)，place(地点，地方)三个选项均不符合句意表达，故不入选。　　9.【答案】A So　　【解析】此处考察逻辑连接词。空格前一句指出：生活在山谷中的人基本上靠饮用淡水为生，紧接着空格句： 你下山沿着水走就会发现人类活动的迹象......很明显前后两句之间是因果的逻辑关系，A 选项 So 是表示因果关系的连接词。　　10.【答案】D eventually　　【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格句句意：所以如果你下山沿着水走，你 发现人类活动的迹象......所填入的副词需要与语境相符，D 选项 eventually(最终，最后)符合句意。Immediately(立即，立刻)，intentionally(有意地，故意地)，unexpectedly(意外地，出乎意料地)三个选项带入空格处均不符合句意。　　11.【答案】A surprised　　【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。从该句“如果你之前探索过这一区域，那就留心观察那些熟悉的记号，或许你可以……很快地找到一块醒目的岩石或者大树能重新　　12.【答案】B option　　【解析】这里提到了一个关键词 another，所以说明它所指代的内容在上文中提到过，且后面有冒号解释说明：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。说明这也是一种方法，所以只有 option 最合适。　　13.【答案】D For example　　【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。前面说了一种大致的方法，后面内容是具体分析，所以用表示举例分析的 for example 最合适，其他选项最重要的是、相反、平均都不合适。　　14.【答案】C spot

　　【解析】考察搭配。结合原文语境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也应该能够……林木线的缝隙。”所以这里填上一个动词后面的宾语是缝隙的只有观察这个意思，所以答案只能是 spot,而bridge the gap 是弥补代沟，其他几个意思不符。　　15.【答案】B through　　【解析】本题考察介词搭配。“因为道路、电线、火车轨道和其他道路都是人们……树林中开辟的。”这里填的介词强调与动词 carve 搭配，表示从树林中 carve 开来，所以 through 最合适。　　16.【答案】D breaks　　【解析】本题考察词义复现。“朝着这些……走，找到一条出路。”前面提到了代词 these,所以内容肯定有所指代，根据前文动词 carve 开辟，能得出大概意思为岔路口，符合题意的就是breaks, 而 post 标杆，link联系，shade阴影都不符合。　　17.【答案】A artificial　　【解析】根据本题语境，强调在夜晚，可以用……光源探路，如火源和路灯，填词为形容词修饰 light sources， 后面举例说明了是火源和路灯，而这种光源不是天然的，而是人工的，所有artificial 完美符合。其他的 mysterious神秘的，hidden隐藏的，limited 有限的均不符合。　　18.【答案】A Finally　　【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。可以先看选项 finally 最终地，consequently 因此，incidentally偶然地， generally 通常地，结合文章后面一句，“……，假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景上留下的……。”能看出，跟上一句之间说的是另外一种情况，而得出的另一种说法，所以 finally 更合适。　　19.【答案】B marks　　【解析】本题考察逻辑关系。根据原文语境“…look for the … we leave on the landscape.” “假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景上留下的……”。既然迷失了，肯定是寻找记号，答案 marks 最合适。　　20.【答案】C lead　　【解析】考察搭配 Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can … you to civilization山火、轮胎痕迹和其他特征可以……你走向现代文明社会。只有“带你”最符合，所以选择 lead， 而 restrict限制，adopt采取，收养，expose暴露，曝光均不符合。

Section II Reading comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four tests. Answer the questions below each text

by choosing A B C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

(40 points)

Text 1

Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual

rule on the bosses of big banks. starting next year. Any guaranteed

bonus of top executive could be delayed 10 years if their banks are

under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this

"clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking

and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also

hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-marking not

only by banks but by all corporations to build a stronger economist

for future generations.

“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in

publicly traded companies says the Bank of England’s top economist.

Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gain of classical economics. Alfred

Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like

“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at

once" rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States

and Britain. he notes, has dropped from seven yeas to seven months

in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly

profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-

term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed

“quarterly capitalism”

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid

trading of equities, quicker use of information. and thus shorters

attention spans n financial markets. “There seems to be a

predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term

investing,” said commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities

and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most

public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives

by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism”, in its latest

survey of CEO pay. The Wall Street Journal finds thants “a substantial

part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.

Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as

changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.

In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at

least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

With in companies the right compensation design can provide

incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the

company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a

reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance

not just for the short term but for the long term.

21. According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is

the

A. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility

B. help corporations achieve larger profits

C. build a new system of financial regulation

D. guarantee the bonuses of top exeautives

22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate

A. the conditions for generating quick profits

B. Governments’ impatience in decision-making

C. The solid structure of publicly traded companies

D.“sthort-termism”in economic activities

23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public

companies can be

A. Indirect

B.adverse

C. minimal

D. temporary

24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate

A. the obstacles to preventing“ sot-termism”

B. the significance of long-term thinking.

C. the approaches to promoting“Iong-termism".

D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

B.Patience as a Corporate Virtue

C.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

D.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

Text2

Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAS (grade-

point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a

product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are

treated like customers to be pleased, But another, related force—a

policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade

forgiveness"— is helping raise GPAS.

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which

they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest

grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall

GPA.

The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent

years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in

school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.When

this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to

freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first

year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But

now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all

undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades

forgiven.

College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade

forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging

students to retake courses critical to their degree program and

graduation without incuring a big penalty "Untimely." said Jack

Miner, Ohio State University's registar, “we see students achieve

more success because they retake a course and do better in

subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to

graduate on time."

That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies

colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are

sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation

rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting

figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAS

will likely make students—who, at the end of the day,are paying the

bill— feel they' ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,

which is another big concern for colleges.

Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities

are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education.

Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it

is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as

qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and

colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.

26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?

A .The change of course catalogs.

B.Students’ indifference to GPAS.

C.Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.

D. The influence of consumer culture.

27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?

A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.

B. To maintain colleges' graduation rates

C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.

D. To increase universities' income from tuition.

28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to

A.obtain more financial support.

B.boost their student enrollments.

C.improve their teaching quality

D.meet local governments' needs.

29. What does the phrase "to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most

probably mean?

A.To counterbalance each other.

B.To complement each other.

C.To be identical with each other.

D. To be contradictory to each other.

30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by

A. assessing its feasibility

B. analyzing the causes behind it.

C. comparing different views on it.

D. listing its long-run effects

Text3

This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of

Frankenstein: or, The Modem Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even

before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a

remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many

ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises

fundamental questions:“What is intelligence, identity or

consciousness? What makes humans humans?"

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that

would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.

Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would

look,move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently

depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld" and

"Humans".

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood.

let alone reproduced. Says David Eagleman, a Stanford University

neuroscientist. "We are just in a situation where there are no good

theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could

ever build a machine to get there."

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at

hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses

thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make spit-

second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of

instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences. and what their

eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI“vision" today is not nearly

as sophisticated as that of humans, And to anticipate every

imaginable diving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly g

et into a lot of ethical

questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based

agency that is helping the

government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AL. Along

with Singapore. Other governments and mega-

corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.

Britain is sitting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics

strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy AI” that woul

d cause"overall harm”.or to develop Al-

directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate interna

tional norms. It

also pledged not to deploy Al whose use would violate international l

aws or human rights.

While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point,So

does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be

explainable,transparent,and fair.

To put it another way:how can we make sure that the thinking of

intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values?Only then will

they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control

monster.

31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it

A.fascinates Al scientists all over the world

B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years

C. involves some concerns raised by AI today

D. has spark ed serious ethical controversies

32.In David Eagleman's opinion. our current knowledge of consciousn

ess

A.helps explain artificial intelligence.

B.can be misleading to robot making.

C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.

D.is too limited for us to reproduce it

33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

A.can hardly ever be found.

B.is sill beyond our capacity.

C.causes little public concern.

D.has aroused much curiosity.

34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of

A.affirmation

B.skepticism.

C.contempt

D.respect.

35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A.Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants

B.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al

C.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

D.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

Text4

States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when th

ey make online purchases

under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers wi

th lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decade

s-old decisions that states

said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually The decision

s made it more difficult for

sates to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was sippin

g a customer's purchase to a

state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a w

archouse or office, the

business didn't have to collect sales lax for the state. Customers were

generally responsible for

paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it

, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.

Justice Anthony

Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year th

e

physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reali

ty and results in significant

revenue losses to the Slates," he wrote in an opinion joined by four o

ther justices. Kennedy wrote

that the rule “limited states ability to seek long-cm prosperity and ha

s prevented market

participants from competing on an even playing field."

The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many state

s, since they usually

collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be chargi

ng sales tax where they

hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide b

ecause they typically have

physical stores in whatever stale a purchase is being shipped to. Ama

zon.com, with its network of

warehouses also collect sales tax in every state that charges it, thoug

h third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a singl

e state or a few states

have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addre

sses outside those states Sellers

that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, al

so haven’t been

collecting sales lax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday. states can

pass laws requiring out-of-

state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it

to the sate.

Retail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing fi

eld for local and online

businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-

only retailers, especially

smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with vari

ous stat sales tax laws. The

Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a s

tatement, "Small

businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by th

is decision."

36. The Supreme Court decsion Thursday will

A. Dette business’ relutions with states

B. put most online business in a dilemma

C. make more online shoppers pay sules lax

D. force some states to cut sales tax

37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled

desicisuns

A.have led to the domainance of e-commerce

B.have cost consumers a lot over the years

C.were widely criticzed by online purchases

D. were consider upfavorable by states

38. Auording to Justice Anthony Kennedy . the physical presernce

rule has

A.hindered economic development .

B.brought prosperity to the country

C.harmed fair market competition

D. Doosted growth in states , revenue

39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling

A.Internet enterpreneces

B.Big-chair owners

C. Third-party sellers

D. Small retailers

40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday ,the author

A.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B. describes the long and complicated process of its making

C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications

21 A enhance banker's sense of responsibility　　22Dshort-termism"in economic activities　　23 B adverse　　24 C the approaches to promoting " long-termism　　25B patience as a corporate virture　　26D The change of course catalogs　　27C To help freshmen adapt to college learning　　28 D obtain more financial support　　29 B To complement each other　　30C analyzing the causes behind it　　31 D involves some concerns raised by AI today　　32 A is too limited for us to reproduce it　　33 C is still beyond our capacity　　34 B affirmation　　35 B Frankenstein, the Novel predicting the Age of Al　　36 C make more online shopper pay sale tax　　37 B were considered unfavorable by states　　38 harmed fiar market competition

　　39 Big chain owners　　40 gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequences

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order: For

Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs

into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them

into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly

placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful

sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning

about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with

us and learning to talk and work together with them, If we readjust

our view of arguments -from a verbal fight or tennis game to a

reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and

understanding--then we change the very nature of what it means to

"win" an argument.

B. of course many discussions are not so successful. Sill, we need to

be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments t00 quickly We

need to learn how to evaluate them properly A large part of

evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit

good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical

standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness

in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the

opposite side.

C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse

to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for

what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is

any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask

them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument

fully and charitably. Assess its strength imprtally Raise objections and

listen carefully to their replies.

D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we

often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both

sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your

prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just

competitions-like,say tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball

back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered.

Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try

to avoid arguments, especially about polities and religion.

E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale

Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an

argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is

common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that

causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in

many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

E. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a

conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as

long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people

with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about

how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand

them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help

you win-in one way.

G There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor

increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell,

"Yes"and I yell,“No," neither of us learns anything. We neither

understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for

compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a

reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live

in poverty: Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a

higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people

for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and

recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy

workers.

41-42-F-43-44-C-45

Part C Translation

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined

segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on

the ANSWER SHEET (10 point)

　 It wasn’t until after my retirement that I had the time to read

scientific papers in medical journals with anything like close

attention. Until then, I had, like most doctors, read the authors’

conclusions and assumed that they bore some necessary relation to

what had gone before. I had also naively assumed that the editors

had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and

probity of the contents of their journals.

　　 It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the

medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning

to end, that I realized just how bad — inaccurate, misleading, sloppy,

illogical — much of the medical literature, even in the best journals,

frequently was. My discovery pleased and reassured me in a way: for

it showed me that, even in advancing age, I was still capable of being

surprised.

　 　 I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of

paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo

of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat

less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46) There is a great

deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when

taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health

scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

　　Why is so much bad science published?

　 　 A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’,

published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to

answer this intriguing and important question.

　　According to the authors, the problem is not merely that people

do bad science, as they have always done, but that our current

system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote

ananonymous researcher who said pithily: ‘Poor methods get

results.’ What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but

publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has

been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone

applying for a research post has to have published twice the number

of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10

years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. It is at

least an objective measure.

　　 In addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in

journals for positive rather than negative results. To prove that factor

a has no effect whatever on outcome b may be important in the

sense that it refutes a hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as

that factor a has some marginally positive statistical association with

outcome b. It may be an elementary principle of statistics that

association is not causation, but in practice everyone forgets it.

　　 The easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad

science, for example by trawling through a whole lot of data without

a prior hypothesis. For example, if you took 100 dietary factors and

tried to associate them with flat feet, you would find some of them

that were associated with that condition, associations so strong that

at first sight they would appear not to have arisen by chance.

　　Once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say,

red cabbage is associated with flat feet, one of two things can

happen: someone will try to reproduce the result, or no one will, in

which case it will enter scientific mythology. The penalties for having

published results which are not reproducible, and prove before long

to be misleading, usually do not cancel out the prestige of having

published them in the first place: and therefore it is better, from the

career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing at all. A

long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always impressive.

　　48)Attempts have been made to (control this inflation命题人改编为 curb this kind tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes

to career advancement 这部分被出题人删除), to incorporate some

measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an

applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is

to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in

the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important

paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This

would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists

can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or

get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.

　　Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics,

such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails

considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately,

the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess

researcher merit are likely to be quite great.

　 　 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both

meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions

incentivize that kind of science.

　 　 In other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal

contact and even nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell

it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the

daughters of the Philistines rejoice…

46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical

journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,

generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

　【解析】　　1. 本句主干为 There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈)

　　2. which 引导定语从句，修饰 this kind of nonsense，which 指代 this kind of nonsense，在定语从句中做主语　　(1) 则定语从句为“这些无稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热”　　(2) when 引导状语从句，可以理解为条件，从句省略 this kind of nonsense is，则为“如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈”　　【参考译文】　　在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。　　47. Nowadays，anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.　　【解析】　　1. 本句主干为 anyone has to have published twice the number of papers (任何人都必须已经发表了两倍的论文数量)　　2. applying for a research post修饰 anyone，则意思为“任何申请研究职位的人”　　3. that 引导定语从句，修饰 the number　　【参考译文】如今，任何想申请研究职位的人都必须已经发表两倍于十年前申请同一职位所需的论文数量。　　48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.　　【解析】　　1. 本句主干为 Attempts have been made(尝试被做出)，可以调整表达为：有人已经做出多次尝试　　2. to curb this tendency 为主语补足语，则主干可以调整为“有人已经多次试图遏制这种趋势”　　3. by doing 为方式状语　　(1) incorporate... into... (将...纳入...)　　(2) by trying to incorporate some measure into the assessment of an applicant’s papers (通过试图将某种衡量标准纳入对某位申请者论文的评估过程当中)　　(3) 可以调整为“在评估申请人的论文时，纳入某种衡量标准”　　(4) of quality as well as quantity修饰measure，意思为“除了数量标准以外，还有质量标准”　　(5) 调整为“在评估申请人的论文时，除了纳入关于数量的衡量标准以外，还要纳入有关质量的衡量标准”　　【参考译文】例如，有人已经在评估申请人的论文时，尝试除了纳入关于数量的衡量标准以外，还纳入有关质量的衡量标准，以此来多次试图遏制这种趋势　　49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publication or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.　　【解析】

　　1. 本句主干为 This would be reasonable (这将会是合理的)，this 指代上一句中的“citation index”即:引用索引。　　2. if it were not for，意思为“如果没有...”，本句为虚拟语气　　(1) if it were not for the fact，意思为“如果没有这一事实的话”　　(2) 则为“如果没有这一事实的话，这种引用索引才是合理的”　　3. the fact 后 that 引导同位语从句　　(1) 同位语从句的主干为“scientists can easily arrange to cite ... or get...to do so”(科学家可以很容易地引用...或者让...这样去做)　　(2) 则为“科学家可以很容易地在他们未来的出版物中引用他们自己的论文，或者让合伙人为他们这样去做，以换取类似的好处”　　(3) 该同位语从句在表达时，可以省去 fact 不翻译　　(4) 则为“如果科学家不能很轻易地在他们未来的出版物中引用他们自己的论文，或者让他的同事为他们这样去做，以换取类似的好处”　　【参考译文】如果科学家不能很轻易地在他们未来的出版物中引用他们自己的论文，或者让他的同事为他们这样去做，以换取类似的好处，那么这种引用索引将会是合理的。　　50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.　　【解析】　　1. 本句主干为 we must ensure that ... (我们必须要确保...)　　2. that 引导宾语从句“我们的院校鼓励这种科学”　　3. if 引导条件状语从句　　(1) be serious about(对...当真)　　(2) 则意思是“如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究是有意义和可复制的”　　【参考译文】如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究是有意义和可复制的，我们必须确保我们的制度促进了这种科学的发展。

Section III Writing

Part A

51.

Directions:

Suppose you are working for the "Aiding Rural Primary school"

project to you university write an email to answer the inquiry from

an international students volunteer.specifying the details of the

project.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSINER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in the email use "Li Ming” instead (10

points)

Part B

51.

Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below In your

essay,you should:

1)Describe the picture briefly,

2)Interpret the implied meaning,and

3)Give your comments

Write your answer on the ANSINER SHEET.(20 points)

　解析：　　从形式来讲，今年的英语一小作文又考察了书信的形式，还是在意料之中的。从历年来的考查形式来看：无论是英语一还是英语二，小作文考查书信类和告示类两种。其中，从近年的考频来说，书信是考查的重点。在英语一中，小作文考查了 15年，其中，13年都考查到了书信。　　但从内容来说今年的英语一的小作文有点难度。考查了回复询问信，偏近于介绍性的信，需要介绍“援助乡村小学”的志愿者活动的具体内容。英语一之前的小作文从没有考过此类话题。在书信中，建议信和推荐信出现得最多。而无论是回复信还是介绍性的信都只分别在英语二中考过，这也是近几年当中首次出现的一个全新的话题。　　写作时，按照一般顺序。第一段写非常开心收到你的询问信这样过渡性内容，再加上写作目的;第二段改写题目提纲，具体介绍这个项目的具体内容;第三段再次点题和写期待。本文的要点有三个：一个是作为回复信，一段中过渡性内容应切题，不能生搬硬套模板;再就是是介绍的内容也要切题，符合这类活动的常规安排。第三段可以表示欢迎和期待。　　另外，注意小作文的评分侧重点。考研大纲指出：A 节作文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖、内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的个别关键词或词组，但使用提示语中出现过的句子将被扣分。这一点一定要引起重视!　　范文：　　Dear friends,　　As a coordinator of “Aiding Rural Primary School” project organized by Peking university, I am much delighted to have heard from you asking the possibility of

being a volunteer for the project and I am writing to make a brief introduction regarding it.　　You are expected to spend two months in assisting education for a rural primary school in a financially disadvantaged village in Inner Mongolia, a minority region. To let the kids obtain promotion in both knowledge and practices, I believe the following aspects can be beneficial. Firstly, as native English speakers, you can teach the kids some basic words for reading and communicating in English. Secondly, some colorful after-class activities and psychological guidance are also indispensable for their healthy growth, you efforts on these will also open up new horizons for them. The detailed arrangement will be sent if we have reached an agreement.　　Please accept my heartfelt gratitude for your unselfish help and enthusiasm for the kids in rural area. If you have any other practical suggestions, please do not hesitate to tell us.　　Yours sincerely,　　Li Ming