he Cold War 1945-1991

US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Democracy vs. Communism

Capitalism vs. Socialism

  

US/USSR Relationship during WWII

· 1939: _______________ (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler (Germany).

· 1941: _______________ breaks deal and attacks USSR.

· Stalin changes sides and fights with ________ and other allies

· Before the end of the World War II, _______________, _______________ and _______________ met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:

1. The establishment of the ________________________

2. Division of Germany into ________________________

3. Free _______________ allowed in the states of Eastern Europe

4. Russia’s promise to join the war against ___________________

· No agreement was reached on Poland.

Cold War Characteristics

· _______________, _______________ and _______________ struggle between the US and the USSR that spread throughout the _______________

· Struggle that contained everything _______________ of war

· Competing _______________ and _______________ ideologies

Key Concept: How did the Cold War affect the domestic and foreign policies of the United States?

Actors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist.

Domestic Policies:

1. _______________

2. __________ (House Un-American Activities

Committee)

3. ________ oaths

4.______________

5. ______ shelters

Foreign Policies:

1. _______________ War

2. _______________ Race

3. _______________ Doctrine

4._______________ Doctrine

Key Concept: What were the six major strategies of the Cold War?

1. _______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________

6. _______________

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US

· Promote open _______________ for US goods to prevent another _______________

· Promote _______________ throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa

· Stop the spread of _______________

· “_______________ Effect”

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR

· Create greater _______________ for itself

· lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s _______________

· feared a strong _______________

· Establish _______________ borders

· Encourage ________ governments on its borders

· Spread __________________ around the world

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain Speech.”

Truman Doctrine

· 1947: British help _______________ government fight communist _______________

· They appealed to America for ___________, and the response was the Truman Doctrine.

· America promised it would support _______ countries to help fight _______________

· Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies and by 1949 had defeated the ____________

· The Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that America, the most powerful democratic country, was prepared to _______________ the _______________ of communism throughout the world

Marshall Plan

· In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan

· This was a massive _______________ aid plan for Europe to help it _______________ from the damage caused by the war.

· There were two motives for this:

· Helping Europe to recover _______________ would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American _________

· A _______________ Europe would be better able to resist the spread of _______________. This was probably the main motive

Eisenhower Doctrine

· The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced in a speech to Congress on January 5, 1957

· It required Congress to yield its _________________ power to the president so that the president could take _______________ military action

· It created a US commitment to defend the ________________ against attack by any _______________ country

· The doctrine was made in response to the possibility of war, threatened as a result of the USSR’s attempt to use the ____________________ as a pretext to enter Egypt.

· The British and French withdrawals from their former colonies created a power ___________ that communists were trying to fill

The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949

· 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany _______________; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan

· West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt _____________ _______________.

· June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of _______________ Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector

· Cuts _______________, _______________ and _______________ links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission

· West responded by _____________ supplies to allow West Berlin to survive

· May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted _________

Secretary of State George Marshall.

Map of Germany divided into zones after WWII Map of Berlin divided into zones after WWII

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

· In 1949 the _______________ nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to _______________ their defense against _______________

· It _______________ consisted of:

· America

· Belgium

· Britain

· Canada

· Denmark

· France

· Holland

· Italy

· Luxembourg

· Norway

· Portugal

· Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, some former Soviet republics have applied for membership to NATO

Warsaw Pact

· Warsaw Pact: organization of __________ states in __________ and ____________ Europe.

· Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland

· USSR established in in _______________ to _______________ treaty

· Founding members:

· Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split)

· Bulgaria

· Czechoslovakia

· Hungary

· Poland

· Romania

· USSR

· East Germany (1956)

Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957)

· McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, did the most to whip up ________ -_______________ during the ‘50s.

· On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming to have a list of 205 Communists in the _______________ _______________.

· No one in the _______________ actually saw the names on the list.

· McCarthy continued to repeat his _______________ charges, changing the number from speech to speech.

· During this time, one state required pro _______________ to take a _______________ oath before stepping into the ring.

· In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted ___________________ (and its vaguely socialistic message that the book's hero had a right to rob from the rich and give to the poor) and forced librarians to pull the book from the shelves.

· Baseball's Cincinnati _______________ renamed themselves the "Redlegs."

McCarthy’s Downfall

· In the spring of 1954, the tables _______________ on McCarthy when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist accused of being a Communist

· For the first time, a television broadcast allowed the public to see the Senator as a _______________ ____________ and his investigations as little more than a _____________

· In December 1954, the Senate voted to _______________ him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges

· McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.

· The term "___________________ " lives on to describe anti-Communist _______________, reckless _______________, and guilt by _________________________

Arms Race

· Cold War tensions increased in the US when the USSR exploded its first _______________ bomb in _______________

· Similarly, Cold War tensions increased in the USSR when the US exploded its first _______________ bomb in _________. It was ___________ times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb

Space Race

· Cold War tensions increased in the US when the USSR launched _______________, the first artificial _______________ into geocentric orbit on October 4, 1957

· The race to _______________ space was on

· April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became first _______________ in space and first to orbit Earth

· US felt a loss of ___________ and increased funding for _____________ programs and science education

· On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a speech challenging America to land a _____ on the moon and return him safely by the end of the decade

· ____________ landed on the moon on July 16, 1969

The U-2 Incident

· USSR was aware of American U-2 ______ missions but lacked technology to launch _______________________ until 1960.

· May 1, 1960: CIA agent Francis Gary Powers’ U-2, was shot down by Soviet _______________.

· Powers was unable to activate plane's _______________ mechanism before he parachuted to the ground, right into the hands of the _______________

· When US learned of Powers' disappearance over USSR, it issued a cover statement claiming that a "____________ plane" crashed after its pilot had "difficulties with his oxygen equipment." US officials did not realize:

· Plane crashed _______________,

· Soviets recovered its _______________ equipment

· Captured Powers, whom they __________________ extensively for months before he made a "_______________ __________________ " and public apology for his part in US espionage

The Bay of Pigs Invasion

· The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an _________________ attempt by US-backed Cuban _______________ to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel _______________

· Increasing friction between the US and Castro's _______________ regime led President Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961.

· Even before that, however, the _______ had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible ___________ of the island

· The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. ___________

Berlin Wall

· In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low, barbed-wire barrier rose between East and West Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete blocks into a low wall, dividing _______________ and _______________, _______________ and __________, the _______________ from the __________________

· The USSR called the wall a _______________ to Western _______________, but it also was meant to keep its people going to the West where the standard of living was much _______________ and _______________ greater.

· The West Germans called it Schandmaur, the "Wall of _______________." Over the years, it was rebuilt _____ times. Each version of the wall was _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. Towers and guards with machine guns and dogs stood watch over a barren no man's land. Forbidden zones, miles wide, were created behind the wall. No one was allowed to enter the zones. Anyone trying to escape was ____________ on sight.

Cuban Missile Crisis

· This was the _______________ the world ever came to nuclear _____! The US armed forces were at their highest state of _______________ ever, and Soviets in Cuba were prepared to _______________ nuclear weapons to defend the island if it were ____________.

· In 1962, the USSR _______________ far behind the US in the arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against _______________ but US missiles were capable of striking the entire _____________

· In April 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev _____________ missiles in Cuba to provide a ___________________ to a potential US attack against the USSR.

· Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to _______________ his island nation from an attack by the _____. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack was _______________. Consequently, he approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the USSR _______________ installed the missiles.

· The crisis began on October 15, 1962 when ______________________ revealed Soviet missiles under construction in Cuba.

· After seven days of intense _______________ within the White House, Kennedy imposed a _________________ around Cuba to stop the arrival of more Soviet missiles.

· On October 22, Kennedy _______________ the discovery of the missiles and his decision to blockade Cuba and that any attack launched from ______ would be regarded as an attack on the _____ by the _________ and demanded that the Soviets _______________ all of their offensive weapons from Cuba.

· October 27 was the worst day of the crisis. A U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba.

· Tensions finally began to ease on October 28 when Khrushchev announced that he would _______________ the installations and _______________ the missiles, expressing his trust that the US would not invade Cuba.

· Further _______________ were held to implement the October 28 agreement, including a US demand that Soviet bombers be removed from Cuba, and specifying the exact form and conditions of US assurances not to _______________ Cuba.

The Slow Thaw

· End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold War = central foreign policy concern

· Most film/TV _______________ were Soviets or communists; Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in the 1950s, pays homage to the use of Soviets as villains.

· Better relations between communist countries and the US began with one of the most ___________anti-communist presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go to China” trip, Nixon was the first US president to __________ that communist country

· In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the ____________________

__________________________________________________

· SALT I __________ the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of submarine-launched ballistic missile (________) launchers only after the same number of intercontinental ballistic missile (_______) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled.

· It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop _______________ nuclear weapons

· SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought to reduce _______________ of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear _______________ seeking real ______________ in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Interrupts Thaw

· In 1978, the ______ invaded ___________________ and tried to set up a friendly government

· It became the USSR’s _______________, a long war with no clear victory possible and many casualties and high costs

· The US supported the Afghani rebels known as the _______________________

· In 1989 the Soviets finally _______________. Islamic _______________ used the opportunity to take over the country

· The defeat ___________________ the Soviet’s economy and morale

Reagan’s Star Wars Interrupts Thaw

· The Strategic Defense Initiative (____) was a proposal by President Reagan on in 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. It focused on strategic _______________ rather than doctrine of mutual assured destruction (______)

· It was quickly nicknamed “___________________”

· Criticism of SDI:

· It would require the US to change, withdraw from, or break earlier ___________

· The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which requires "States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner" and would forbid the US from pre-positioning in Earth orbit any devices powered by nuclear weapons and any devices capable of "mass destruction“

· The program proposed to use unproven _______________

· The program would cost many _________ of dollars

· It would start a new __________________ with the Soviets

Cold War Thaw Continues

· _______________ becomes Soviet premier and understands that the Soviet economy cannot _______________ with the West, partly because of Afghanistan and partly because of the costs of keeping up _______________.

· Gorbachev recognizes there is increasing _______________ in the country.

· He tries to reform the USSR with ___________ (= openness: think “glass” because you can see through it) and _______________ (=restructuring: think “structure/stroika”).

· Gorbachev is further pressured to reform the USSR when _______ gives his speech in Germany challenging Gorbachev to “________________________________________________________.”

The Wall Falls, 1989

· A wave of _______________ against Soviet influence occurs throughout its _______________ allies

· _______________ Solidarity movement breaks the Soviet hold on that country

· _______________ removed its border restrictions with _______________

· _______________ and _______________ break out in _______________ Germany.

· East Germans _______________ the wall. Confused and outnumbered, border guards do not fight back.

· The wall is _______________

· Eventually East and West Germany are _______________ in 1990.

The USSR Dissolves

· On December 21, 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords declaring the USSR _______________ and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.

· On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev yielded as the president of the USSR, declaring the office _______________. He turned the powers that until then were vested in him over to Boris Yeltsin, _______________ of Russia.

· The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body of the Soviet Union, recognized the _______________ of the Soviet Union and dissolved itself.

· This is generally recognized as the official, final dissolution of the Soviet Union as a functioning state.