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Complete report of Basic Biology experiment with title “Anatomy Of Vertebrate Animals”, that arranged by:
Name : HaslinarReg. Number :141 444 1009 Class : ICP A BiologyGroup :6 (six)
after checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.
Makassar, January 2nd
2015Assistant Coordinator Assistant
Djumarirmanto,S.Pd Muha mmad Nur Arsyad ID.091404158
Known by,Lecturer of Responsibility
Drs. H. Hamka L.MsID. 19621231 198702 1 005
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. BackgroundIn amphibians, has two breathing apparatus by using lungs while in the
land and using the skin on a wet state (when in water). Frog skin is permiabel to
water and gas, and rich supply of blood vessels. The existence of two breathing
apparatus is caused by environmental factors of his life.
To understand the structure and function of organs found in vertebrates in
this case is the frog, we conducted experiments to observe parts or organs that
exist in the frog's body. Observations frog anatomy needed surgery to facilitate
observing notch shape, and relation to other organs. That would be observed in
this experiment is the organ system in the body field frog (Rana cancarivora)
include the digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system (respiratory.
These observations may provide knowledge to the students about the shape,
color and location of the body's organs in vertebrates. Over time, the curiosity is
high, scientists finally managed to further examine the anatomy of living things,
how the structure and function of each. Humans made up of trillions of cells that
constitute the smallest part. These cells are then interconnected to form a tissue .
Tissue later form organs, and organs to form organ systems. Living things
consist of several organ systems that function in any activity.
Animal body consists of several organs. Organs work together to perform
the function of a higher form organ systems. Animals were divided into two
groups, namely vertebrates and invertebrate animals. One of the fields of
vertebrate animals are frogs (Rana cancarivora). By looking at the composition
of the body anatomy of frogs, may be given an overview of the major organs in
the frog. Frogs into the class Amhhibia. Amphibia comes from the word which
means duplicate amphibians and bios which means life. Frogs live in the form of
two lives, first in fresh water and then proceed to the ground. Amphibians in this
case is the frog has a simple structure was observed both for morphology and
structure of the interior.
In this experiments to observe the system organ class of vertebrate
animals are amphibians that Rana cancarivora. Class amphibious characteristics
that can live in water and on land. In the frog in the pulmonary to live on land,
slimy skin and webbed feet to facilitate swimming in the water, 2 nasal cavity
directly related to the oris used for breathing when frogs and toads in the water.
In the experiments conducted to observe the anatomy of vertebrates Rana
cancarivora in order to determine how the shape, color and also the organ
relationships with each other organs.
B. Purpose The purpose of this observation, apprentice can know about a shape,
color, organ position, and it relation with other organ in the organ system. C. Benefit
Based on this observation the benefit of this observation apprentice will
know about a shape, color, organ position, and it relation with other organ in t he
organ system.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
During the Devonian period, amphibians (class Amphibia) arose from an
ancestor they shared with lungfishes. In this lineage, stubby, jointed fins evolved into
walking legs. The basic design of these legs has remained largely unchanged
throughout the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates (Purves, 2008: 666).
About 4,500 species of amphibians live on Earth today, many fewer than the
number known only from fossils. Living amphibians belong to three orders: the
wormlike, limbless, tropical, burrowing caecilians (order Gymnophiona), the frogs
and toads (order Anura, which means “tailless”), and the salamanders (order Urodela,
which means “tailed”). Most species of frogs and toads live in tropical and warm
temperate regions, although a few are found at very high latitudes and altitudes. Some
toads have tough skins that enable them to live for long periods of time in dry places.
Amphibians are the focus of much attention today because populations of many
species are declining rapidly (Purves, 2008: 667).
Animal body consists of various organs. The organs that work together to
perform the function of a higher form organ systems. In this experiment will be
observed anatomical arrangement paddy frogs (Rana cancarivora). Frog anatomy can
provided an overview of the major organs in vertebrate animal. Anatomy of an
animal observations needed surgery to facilitate observing the shape, position nd
relationship with other organ. That would be observed in this experiment is the
digestive system, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive (Lecture Team,
2014).
According to Jasin, 1992 Amphibians are food for a wide range of other
Vertebrate. Special characteristics possessed amphibian:
1. Leather is always wet and has gland
2. Has two pairs of legs for walking or swimming, fingered 4-5, not finned.
3. There are two nares are connecting with cavum oris.
4. Skeleton mostly hard bone, the skull has two condyl.
5. Breathing with gills, lungs, skin or mouth fissure (rima oris).
6. The brain has 10 pairs of cranial nervi
7. Body temperature depends on the environment (poikilothermis)
8. Fertilization occurs inside or outside the body.
Amphibians are tetrapods or the low terrestrial vertebrates. Amphibian no
doubt derived from a common ancestor with fish, maybe it happened during the
Devonian Period. At the beginning of all larval salamanders Amphibians instance can
retain gills throughout life. After metamorphosis on salamander, bullfrog, and frogs
have some archus aorticus, but a pair of archus aorticus as the reptiles. Simple skull
with a piece of bone is less when compared to the fish, but the meat on the leg
muscles more complex when compared with the pina lateralis muscle meat
(Jasin,1992).
Respiration and circulation As larvae, most amphibians exchange gases
through their skin and gills. As adults, most breathe through lungs, their thin, moist
skin, and the lining of the mouth cavities. Frogs can breathe through their skin either
in or out of water. This ability enables them to spend the winter protected from the
cold in the mud at the bottom of a pond (McGraw, 2008: 836).
The circulatory system of amphibians is consists of a double loop instead of
the single loop you learned about in fishes. The first loop moves oxygen-poor blood
from the heart to pick up oxygen in the lungs and skin, and then moves the oxygen-
filled blood back to the heart. During circulation in the second loop, blood filled with
oxygen moves from the heart through vessels to the body, where the oxygen diffuses
into cells. Amphibians have three-chambered hearts. The atrium is completely
separated into two atria by tissue. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The
ventricle of amphibians remains undivided (McGraw, 2008: 836).
Amphibian (derived from amphibious, meaning ~both ways of life") refers to
the life stages of many frog species that live first in water and then on land. The larval
stage of a frog, called a tad pole, is usually an aquatic herbivore with gills, a lateral
line system resembling that of aquatic vertebrates, and a long, finned tail. The tadpole
initially lacks legs; it swims by undulating its tail. During the metamorphosis that
leads to the "second life;' the tadpole develops legs, lungs, a pair of external
eardrums, and a digestive system adapted to a carnivorous diet. At the same time, the
gills disappear; the lateral line system also disappears in most species. The young
frog crawls onto shore and becomes a terrestrial hunter. In spite of their name,
however, many amphibians do not live a dual-aquatic and terrestrial-life. There are
some strictly aquatic or strictly terrestrial frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.
Moreover, salamander and caecilian larvae look much like the adults, and typically
both the larvae and the adults are carnivorous. Many amphibians exhibit complex and
diverse social behaviors, especially during their breeding seasons (Campbell, 2008).
Frogs are usually quiet, but the males of many species vocalize to defend their
breeding territory or to attract females. In some species, migrations to specific
breeding sites may involve vocal communication, celestial navigation, or chemical
signaling. Adult frogs use their powerful hind legs to hop along the terrain. A frog
nabs insects and other prey by flicking out its long, sticky tongue, which is attached
to the front of the mouth. Frogs display a great variety of adaptations that help them
avoid being eaten by larger predators. Their skin glands secrete distasteful or even
poisonous mucus. Many poisonous species have bright coloration, which predators
apparently associate with danger. Other frogs have color patterns that camouflage
them (Campbell, 2008).
According to Jasin, 1992 On frog skin color assortment with different
patterns. The colors were caused by pigments contained in the pigment cells in the
dermis. Pigment cells are:
1. Melanophora, contains melanin which is black or brown
2. Lipophora, contains lipochrom the red or yellow, is located just below the
epidermis.
Changes in skin color is the result of the influence of external conditions and
conditions in the body. Low temperature produces a dark color while high
temperatures and dry conditions or increased light produces bright colors. The color
change is induced through the eye. This was evident when the eyes are blinded frog,
the ability to change the color to disappear. Pigments are controlled by hormones
produced by the pituitary gland and is closely related to the nervous system (Jasin,
1992).
CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Place and DateDay / date : Wednesday, December 31st 2014 Time : 04.00-06.00 pmPlace : floor 3 biology department of faculty mathematic
and natural scienceB. Tools and material
1. Tools
a. Murderer Bottle
b. Surgery board
c. Surgery tools
1) Scissors
2) Straw
3) Tweezers
4) Needle
5) Scalpel
2. Materials
a. Frog (Rana cancarivora)
b. Catton
c. Chloroform/ether (anesthesiologist)
C. Work procedure
1. Morphology observation
a. Anesthetized frog
Took a clump of cotton, and made it wet which chloroform/ether. Then
pun in into the murderer bottle. Put the frog into the bottle too, and
closed it tightly. Let it until the frog collapsed.
b. Took out the frog which was inaction and put it on the surgery board.
Let the cotton in the bottle.
c. Observed the morphology of frog
1) Eyes, eyelids, and sleep membrane
2) Outer nostril
3) Tympanum, hearing membrane
4) Cleft of mouth
5) Front Leg
a) Upper arm (branchium)
b) Lower arm (ante branchium)
c) Palm (manus)
d) Fingers
6) Back Leg
a) Thigh (femur)
b) Calf (crus)
c) Meld palm (pes)
d) Swim filmy fingers
e) Cloacae (found the site)
f) Touched the skin surface and observed its color.
d. Drew from the back bearing and gave name of each part above.
2. Surgery
a. Put the frog with its back on surgery board. Nailed its four legs with
needles on base wax, so it’s not easy to shaken.
b. By used tweezers, pinched the skin near tight, cut the skin so there were
cleft in stomach skin.
c. From the cleft, put inside scissors, cut skin to head direction, Then back
to the cleft again and cut to one direction.
d. Cut skin to left and right direction, so the stomach skin could disclose.
Cheeked the affixing of skin in muscle tissue. There were only certain
places the skin stick to muscle, so shaped a kind of pouch (saccus).
e. Noticed also in center part of stomach tendon. There was a white line
stretch out along of stomach tendon (called linea alba)
f. Pinched the stomach tendon beside of linea alba and cut stretch until
cleft shaped. Put inside the scissors into cleft and cut to heat direction
until lower of jaw. Continue cut until collided.
g. Opened muscle tissue to left and right side so stomach cavity opened
and bowels shown.
3. Disgestion system
a. Opened the mouth cleft with scalpel and tweezers, so the mouth cavity
opened. Observed the shape of teeth, touched by fingers teeth on upper
jaw bone and former teeth on palate.
b. By used tweezers pulled its tongue out, observed the shape and its
adhering (noted).
c. Continue the stomach cavity that contained of bowels.
Observed the shape and color;
1) Lifer on right side, how many lobus, seek for gall pouch, how its
color.
2) Gastric on left side of liver, raised it and there will seem the
duodenum and pancreas.
3) Directly tracked the smooth intestines until thick intestines, watched
its gartering.
4) Recnum that turn to cloacae.
4. Blood circulation system’s observation
a. Head direction from liver, seem heart inside of membrane
b. Stabbed the membrane that warp heart with needle or capel point until it
break, observed the shape and the part :
1) Ventricle
2) Antrium, left anf right
3) Prime artery (truncus arteriousus) that leave form ventricle then
branch out to be two aorta (left ang right)
4) Drew the part of heart and gave name for the part.
5. Respiration systen observation
a. Concerned the right side of liver and left side of gastric, appeared the
parts of lung
b. By used straw that its point put inside the throat sourece, blew its source
slowly, so the lung puff up. Observed the shape and color of lung blood
vassel in lung.
c. Let off the heart by scissors, so seem the throat sources (trachea)
d. Made a picture of respiration system of this frog.
6. Excretion and urogenitalia system’s observation
a. Let of the digestion organs, start form gastric until recnum and
masentrium (connective tissue) that hold it.
b. Seemed a pair of kidney that stick to behind of stomach cavity. Then
observed.
1) Kidney with adrenal gland 9 (white line)
2) Fat (corpus adiposum) yellowness overhang
3) Kidney gutter (ureter) from kidney to urine pouch
c. In male frog, ureter is also called ductus urospermaticus. Testicle
located baside of kidney, round and smaller connected with kidney fas
efferensia.
d. In female frog, there was a pair of ovarium on the left and right. Raised
ovarium, there will seemed oviduct in form of white curved gutter,
estuary in cloacae while its end point in form odf spout (ostium) in near
heart.
e. Made a picture of urogenetalia of frog. Gave name of each part
CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
1. observation morphology of frog (dorsal)
Explanation:
2. morphology of mouth (cavum oris)
Explanation:
3. observation of heart room
Explanation:
4. frog digestive system
Explanation:
5. respiratory system of frog
Explanation:
6. urogenitalia system of male frog
Explanation:
B. Discussion1. Morphology observation
a. Dorsal
Based on dorsal view, we found that frog compose of hind limb,
webbed foot, we, digiti, forelimb, lower eyelid, mouth, nostril, snout,
eyeball, tympanum, upper eyelid, and trunk.
Hind lim is long powerfull articulated member attached to the terminal
and of the trunk; it has five webbed toes used for walking, jumping and
swimming. Webbed foot is each of the digiti of the foot. Connected by
membranes; when spread, they make swimming easier. Fine membrane of
skin connecting the digits of the foot called web; it stretches when the frog
swims. Terminal end of the limbs formed of various articulated bones called
digit; it has neither nails nur claws. Forelimb is short articulated member
located behind the head; it has four digits and used for walking. Thin
muscular membrane that is translucent and movable is called lower eyelid; it
rises from the lower edge of the eye to protect and cleanse it. Anterior cavity
of the digestive tract located on the ventral surface that allows food to be
ingested is mouth. Nostril is external orifice of the nasal cavity located above
the mouth and having olfactory and respiratory functions. Anterior round
protruding portion of the head the forms the mouth and the nostrils is called
snout. The eyeball is protruding organ os sight contained in the bony cavity
at the top of the head used o perceive light intensity, motion and shapes
tympanum is thin strong elastic membrane connected to the inner ear to
capture acoustic vibrations. Upper eyelid is a thick fixed membrane. Trunk is
bony portion of the body to which the head and limbs are attached. Dorsal
color seem dark because it needs camouflage. The dorsal of the frog absorbs
heat energy.
2. Mouth
Based on our observation, we could see that there is a border around a
frog mouth, but it isn’t plump red lips like ours. It opens so wide because
there are no cheeks and inside is very different to ours too. Starting at the top
there are nostrils inside the mouth as well as outside. These are to help the
frog breathe. Frog use their lungs when they are out of the water, but they
can also dissolve oxygen in a thin layer of water on their skin and absorb it
straight into their blood. There are two types of teeth in the top jaw-there are
small teeth around the edge and two larger teeth called the vomerine teeth
just inside the nostrils. But there are no teeth on the bottom jaw. This means
frogs can’t chew their food, the tiny teeth are only use for holding it before
they swallow. Moving are down are two big round things that are actually
the bottom of the eyes the top of your mouth has a layer of bone, but frog
just have skin an there large eyes are right on top of their mouth. In fact,
frogs use their eyes to swallow their food. They pus their eyes down and it
pushes their food back into their throat. Right at the back are the openings of
the Eustachian tubes, these drain the ears and ours go into our noses. In the
middle is the throat. Then on either side are the openings of the vocal sac,
which is how male frogs sing.
3. Digestive system
The digestive organ or frog are :
a. Fat Bodies
Spaghetti shaped structures that have a bright orange or yellow
color, if you have particularly fat frog called fat bodies, these fat bodies
may need to be removed to see the other structures. Usually they are
located just on the inside of the abdominal wall.
b. Mesentery (peritoneum)
Mesentery is spider web like membrane that covers many of the organs.
c. Liver
Liver is he largest structure of the body cavity. This brown colored
organ is composed of three parts, or lobes. The right lobe, the left anterior
lobe, and the left posterior lobe. The liver is not primarily an organ of
digestion, it does secreate a digestive juice called bile. Nile is needed for
the proper digestion of fats.
d. Gall bladder
Lift the lobes of the liver, there will be a small green sac under the
liver. This is the gall bladder, which sores bile.
e. Stomach
Curving from underneath the liver is the stomach. The stomach is
the first majors site of chemical digestion. Frogs swallow their meals
whole. Follow the stomach to where it turns into the small intestine. The
pyloric sphincter valve regulates the exit of digested food from the
stomach to the small intestine.
f. Small Intenstine
Small intenstine is leading from the stomach. The first straight
portion of the small intenstine is called the duodenum, the curled portion
is the ileum. The ileum is held together by a membrane called the
mesentery. Note the blood vessels running through the mesentery, they
will carry absorbed nutrients away from the intestine. Absorption of
digested nutrient s occurs in the small intestine.
g. Large intenstine
As we follow the small intenstine down, it will widen into the large
intenstine. The large intenstine is also known as the cloaca in the frog.
The cloaca is the last stop before wastes, sperm, or urine exit the frog’s
body. (the world “cloaca” means sewer).
h. Esophagus
Return to the stomach and follow it upward, where it gets smaller is
the e esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that lead from the frog mouth
to the stomach. Open the frogs mouth and find the esophagus , poke your
probe into it and see where it leads.
The whole process of digestion, food is captured by the bilobed
tongue. Digestion of food take place by the action of HCl and gastric
juices secreted from the walls of the stomach. Partially digested food
called chime is passed from stomach to the first part of the intenstine, the
duodenum. The duodenum receive bile from gall bladder and pancreatic
juice from the pancreas through a common bile duct. Bile emulsifies fat
and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins. Final digestion
takes place in the intensitine. Digested food is absoerved by the numerous
finger-like folds in the inner wall of intenstine, the water is reabsorbed
and wastes are routed to the cloaca. All wastes exit the body through the
cloaca and the cloaca vent. The undigested solid waste moves into the
rectum and passes out through cloaca.
4. Respiratory system
Frog can do respiration using mouth, skin and lung.
a. Cutaneous Respiration-skin
The gaseous exchange between the skin of the frog and the external
environment-water and air. The skin of the frog is supplied with blood
caplillaries. The skin contains glands called the cutaneous glands, which
secrete mucous. This keeps the skin always moist and retains a thin film
of water underneath the surface of the skin. This condition enables the
exchange of air between the blood vessels and the outside environment.
They also resort to cutaneous respiration when they undergo either
hibernation or aestivation.
b. Buccal Respiration-mouth
When the frog floats on the surface of water or while resting on
land they respire through the bucaleavity. Atmospheric air is sucked in
through the nasal openings when the floorof buccal cavity is lowered. In
the same manner the air is send out when the cavity rises. The alternate
lowering and rising of the bucal cavity, bucal respiration is bought about.
The buccal respiratory system of the frog accounts for 5% of the oxygen
intake.
c. Pulmonary respiration-lungs
This type of respiration comprises of: the nasala cavity, buccal
cavity, larynx, trachea, a pair of lungs ana the alveoli inside them. The
adult frog has very simple, pinkish, sac like organs called lungs. They are
not well developed and are placed in the anterior of the frog’s body. The
numerous sac like structures inside the lung called the alveloli are richly
supplied with blood capillaries. Pulmonary respiration accounts for 65%
of total oxygen intake.
5. Circulatory system
The circulatory system consist of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The heart two receiving chambers, or atria, and one sending chmber, or
ventricle. Blood is carried to the heart in vessels called veins. Veins from
different parts of the body enter the right and left atria. Blood from both atria
goes into ventricle and then is purmped into the arteries, which are blood
vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The heart is contained in a
protective sac called the pericardium.
The heart is made of cardiac muscle, and the arteries, the efferent
vessels, contain smooth muscle, but the veins, the efferent vessel with less
muscle, have internal valves. Capillaries are thin-walled tubes that form a
large tissue connecting arteries and veins blood circulates in this closed
system, returning to the heart. Lympahatic fluid, collected by a set pf
lymphatic vessels with “one-way” flow form the spaces between cells, enters
into the subclavian veins through lymph ducts.
The heart is the circulatory pump that maintains the flow of blood by
maintaining blood pressure in the arteries. The veins to the kungs carry
deoxygenated blood for absorbing oxygen, and the pulmonary arteries return
oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart for entry into the left
ventricle. This muscle pushes the blood into aorta for distribution through
the arteries to the capillaries in the head and other body regions. The
pumping action of the heart and the muscles of the arteries, keep a pressure
in the circulation that couses blood to flow forward. The capillary vessels ,
where the flow is slow, are the site of gas and nutrients exchange with the
tissues. Because there a little blood pressure in the veins, backflow is
prevented by valves. Because the blood vessels leak fluid to the cells an the
loose connective tissues around them, the lymphatic system collects fluids to
maintains the proper balance of fluids, and nutrients incluiding digested
proteins and fats.
6. Urogenitalia system (Reproductive system and excretory system)
a. Reproductive system
The male’s reproductive system consist of three organs. The are
testes (where sperm is produced), the urine ducts (the carry urine and
sperm to the cloaca), and the cloaca (where sperm and urine sexist the
body). The female’s reproductive system has teo organs. They are the
ovaries (where the eggs are produced and the storied) and the oviducts ( a
tube through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus or the
outside).
The way the frogs reproduce, or in the words mate, is in a process
called amplexus. This position is when the male collapes on top of the
female and wraps it arms around the female’s abdomen. The male lets the
sperm out. Also at the same time the female lets the aggs out as well. This
process takes place in these areas: under water, on trees and maybe a dry
land. Once, the eggs are the female frog leaves, but the males stays to
make more eggs with females.
Once the tadpole’s parents leave, it takes about six to nine days for
it hatch. During birth the newborn tadpole is very week and tired, with
very tiny gills. Seven to ten it starts to get stronger and batter gills are
starting to come along. After six to nine weeks it will start to grow front
and rear legs. At this point the tadpole starts to eat dead insect and plants.
In twelve weeks (a month) it will turn into a forget, eith al little tail and is
now to walk on dry land. By twelve to sixteen mounts is now a full grown
frog.
Sometimes when the mating season just is starting (early spring)
there is almost all the time a small supply of female frogs. This can now
turn into a dangerous fight between two male frogs over over the
females. When get carried away the female the female might drown
under all the man frogs. Once they see it is dead they move on to mate
others. It is a dangerous love life. When the eggs are laid there is a really
vague chance that the father will look after the eggs until they are ready to
hatch and are ready to take care of themselves. On type of frog, while
mating does not give all the sperm ay once. It has provide sperm everyday
for the young. One other species has a pouch on his own back so that he
could carry the eggs around with. The frogs reproductive system tires out
because when it is close to mating season, the frog might travel hundred
thousand miles to go to its birthplace to mate with other females that were
born there. Also frogs might mate with the is own siblings because there
is only a small percentile of female frogs.
Another interesting fact about the frog’s reproductive system is it
causes physical changes. For example, the female frogs gets fatter and
fatter because egg re stored in her abdomen area. also it becomes very wet
and slippery during mating. Luckily, the male develop bumps on its
thumb, se when he gets into the amplexus position it is easier grasp the
female better. Those are the physical change that happen because of its
reproductive system that is information on the frog’s reproductive system
and its accomplishment. You may not think that this is important, but It
keeps our food chain well and fit. That is dangerous, beauty of the
reproductive.
b. Excretory system
The main organ of excretion is a pair of kidneys. These are
compact. Dark red and bean like structure situated little posteriorly in the
body cavityon both sides vertebral column. The frog excretes urea thus, is
aureaotelic animal. It is carried by blood into the kidney where it
separated and excerated.
Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units
called uriniferous tubules or nephrons. Ureter emerges from the kidney
urinogenital duct in the male. A common ureter opens into the cloaca. A
thin walled urinary bladder in present ventral rectum, which also opend
into the cloaca.A thin walled urinary bladder in present ventral to rectum,
which also open in the clocoa.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on observations on the anatomy vertebrate animals can be
concluded that Rana cancarivora has a surface morphology drip and slimy skin.
In Rana cancarivora there are two pairs of extremities tools (tool movement) the
front legs are shorter than the back legs. In addition, the rear legs are lining the
sections digiti pool. Rana cancarivora anatomical parts found esophagus, a pair
of lungs, and the heart that bears three (two porches and one ventricle).
On the anatomy of the digestive tract are composed of the esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and empties into the cloaca. While the respiratory system
consists of Nares recognize shapes, colors, and layout of the organ and its
relationship with other organs in an organ system.
B. Suggestion
expected for the next practice more careful when doing surgery. and
should use gloves when doing surgery
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, Neil.A., Recee, Jane B., & Mitchell, Lewrencee G. 2000 .Biology. Jakarta: Erlangga
Jasin, Maskoeri. 1992. Zoologi Vertebrata. Surabaya : Sinar Wijaya.
Lecture Team, 2014. Penuntun praktikum biologi umum. Makassar: Biology Departement Faculty Of Mathematic and Science State University Of Makassar.
McGraw, Glencoe. 2008. Biology. United State Amerika : National Geographic.
Purves, at all. 2008. Life-the science of biology
ENCLOSURE
1. Why are frogs classified into class amphibious?
Frog was classified into class amphibious because frog can life in two habitat,
in land and in water. The word “amphibian” from latin that mean two life.
2. Why color frog volatile? What factors usually change it?
The color of frog is volateli because it’s influenced by temperature from the
environment, because the skin color also formed to adapt to the around. The
factor that can change it is pigment of the skin.
3. Where frog attached to the base of the tongue? What are the benefits to the
frogs whit embedding tongue like that?
The base of frogs tongue adhere to the anterior near of the under jaw. And it
can made it easy to catch the prey.
4. Liver and pancreas no digestive tarct, but in the digestive system. Why is that?
Liver and pancreas were not the digestive tract because they are the digestive
of food, food did not through by liver and pancreas. They only include of the
digestive system because both of them can produce enzyme that can help the
digestive process.
5. Why frogs can not to do abdominal breathing? How to attract frogs and
exhale?
Frog can not do belly respiratory because frog has not hollow in body and
skeleton:
a. Inspiration phase: the entering process of free air through the nostril to the
hollow of mouth go to the lungs.
b. Expiration phase: muscle of the under jaw slack and it will be followed by
sterno hioideus and the billar muscle.
6. Explain why it is said the blood clean and dirty blood mixed in the heart of the
frog when it leaves the heart?
The clean blood and dirty blood of frog was mixed when it leaved the heart,
because in heart of frog is not located clep or patition in auricle and heart only
has one chamber.
7. In frog internal or external fertilization? Explain why this is so!
In frog is happen fertilization external, it is because the fertilization done from
the outer of body. Where the female of frog out the ovum in water, then the
male frog will fertilized it and will be happen process of fertilization in water.