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Java Programming Lab

The Shirpur Education Society’sR. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that Mr. / Miss. ________________________________of Third Year Computer Engineering, Roll No. ______has performed practical work satisfactorily in the subject Java Programming Lab, in the Department of Computer Engineering during the academic year 20__ -20__.

Date: / / 20 Subject In-chargePlace: Shirpur

Principal Head of Department

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Laboratory ReportExperiment No - 01

Batch -

Date of Experiment:__________ Date of Submission:__________

Title: ___________________________________________________________Evaluation 1) Attendance [2] ----------------2) Lab Performance [2] ----------------3) Oral [1] ----------------

Overall Marks [5] ----------------

Subject In-chargeR. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Experiment No: - 01TITLE:Write a program that demonstrates string operations.PREREQUISITE:C,C++.HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:

Sr. No Hardware Configuration1 Processor 1.5GHz or more2 RAM 512 MB Minimum3 HDD

Minimum 10 Gb free Space

4 Standard I/O devices

SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:Sr. No Software Configuration1 Operating System Windows 72 Editor Eclipse3 Software JDK

Theory: - Java String Examples

The String class implements immutable character strings, which are read-only once the string object has been created and initialized. All string literals in Java programs are implemented as instances of String class. The easiest way to create a Java String object is using a string literal:

String str1 = "I can't be changed once created!";

A Java string literal is a reference to a String object. Since a String literal is a reference, it can be manipulated like any other String reference. i.e. it can be used to invoke methods of String class. For example,



intmyLenght = "Hello world".length();

The Java language provides special support for the string concatenation operator (+), which has been overloaded for Java Strings objects. String concatenation is implemented through the StringBuffer class and its appending method.For example,String finalString = "Hello" + "World";

Would be executed as

String finalString = new StringBuffer().append("Hello").append("World").toString();

The Java compiler optimizes handling of string literals. Only one String object is shared by all strings having same character sequence. Such strings are said to be interned, meaning that they share a unique String object. The Java String class maintains a private pool where such strings are interned. For exampleString str1="Hello";String str2="Hello";If(str1 == str2)System.out.println("Equal");

Would print Equal when executed.

Since the Java String objects are immutable, any operation performed on one String reference will never have any effect on other references denoting the same object.

String ConstructorsString class provides various types of constructors to create String objects. Some of them are,String()Creates a new String object whose content is empty i.e. " ".String(String s)Creates a new String object whose content is same as the String object passed as an argument.

Note: Invoking String constructor creates a new string object, means it



does not intern the String. Interned String object reference can be obtained by using intern() method of the String class.String also provides constructors that take byte and char array as an argument and returns String object.String equality - Compare Java String

String class overrides the equals() method of the Object class. It compares the content of the two string object and returns the Boolean value accordingly.For example,String str1="Hello";String str2="Hello";String str3=new String("Hello") //Using constructor.If(str1 == str2)System.out.println("Equal 1");ElseSystem.out.println("Not Equal 1"); If(str1 == str3)System.out.println("Equal 2");ElseSystem.out.println("I am constructed using constructor, hence not interned");If( str1.equals(str3) )System.out.println("Equal 3");ElseSystem.out.println("Not Equal 3");

The output would be,Equal 1Not Equal 2Equal 3Note that == compares the references not the actual contents of the String object; Where as equals method compares actual contents of two String objects.

String class also provides another method equalsIgnoreCase() which ignores the case of contents while comparing. Apart from these methods String class also provides compareTo methods.intcompareTo(String str2)This method compares two Strings and returns an int value. It returns

- value 0, if this string is equal to the string argument- a value less than 0, if this string is less than the string argument- a value greater than 0, if this string is greater than the string

argumentR. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


intcompareTo(Object object)This method behaves exactly like the first method if the argument object is actually a String object; otherwise, it throws a ClassCastException.

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:Eclipse IDE, ULK Control Panel

PROCEDURE:Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java program.

1. Click on the Start button -> All Programs ->JCreator2. Select a Basic Java Application (a regular Java program).3. Type program code in the space provided.4. Compile the program.5. Run the program.




Batch -Date of Experiment:__________ Date of Submission:__________




Overall Marks [5] ----------------Subject In-charge

Experiment No: - 02TITLE: -Write a program that demonstrates package creation use in java program.PREREQUISITE:-C++.PREREQUISITE:: -C,C++.HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:





THEORY: - Packages are used in Java in order to prevent naming conflicts, to control access, to make searching/locating and usage of classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations easier, etc.

A Package can be defined as a grouping of related types(classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations ) providing access protection and name space management.Some of the existing packages in Java are::

java.lang - bundles the fundamental classes java.io - classes for input , output functions are bundled in this package

Programmers can define their own packages to bundle group of classes/interfaces, etc. It is a good practice to group related classes



implemented by you so that a programmer can easily determine that the classes, interfaces, enumerations, annotations are related.

Since the package creates a new namespace there won't be any name conflicts with names in other packages. Using packages, it is easier to provide access control and it is also easier to locate the related classes.Creating a package:

When creating a package, you should choose a name for the package and put a package statement with that name at the top of every source file that contains the classes, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation types that you want to include in the package.

The package statement should be the first line in the source file. There can be only one package statement in each source file, and it applies to all types in the file.If a package statement is not used then the class, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation types will be put into an unnamed package.Example:Let us look at an example that creates a package called animals. It is common practice to use lowercased names of packages to avoid any conflicts with the names of classes, interfaces.Put an interface in the package animals:/* File name : Animal.java */package animals;

interface Animal {public void eat();public void travel();}Now, put an implementation in the same package animals:package animals;

/* File name : MammalInt.java */public class MammalInt implements Animal{

public void eat(){System.out.println("Mammal eats"); }

public void travel(){R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


System.out.println("Mammal travels"); }

publicintnoOfLegs(){

return 0; }

public static void main(String args[]){MammalInt m = new MammalInt();m.eat();m.travel(); }} Now, you compile these two files and put them in a sub-directory called animals and try to run as follows:$ mkdir animals$ cpAnimal.classMammalInt.class animals$ java animals/MammalIntMammal eatsMammal travelsThe import Keyword:If a class wants to use another class in the same package, the package name does not need to be used. Classes in the same package find each other without any special syntax.Example:Here, a class named Boss is added to the payroll package that already contains Employee. The Boss can then refer to the Employee class without using the payroll prefix, as demonstrated by the following Boss class.package payroll;

public class Boss{public void payEmployee(Employee e) {e.mailCheck(); }}What happens if Boss is not in the payroll package? The Boss class must then R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


use one of the following techniques for referring to a class in a different package.

The fully qualified name of the class can be used. For example:payroll.Employee

The package can be imported using the import keyword and the wild card (*). For example:import payroll.*;

The class itself can be imported using the import keyword. For example:importpayroll.Employee;

Note: A class file can contain any number of import statements. The import statements must appear after the package statement and before the class declaration.

The Directory Structure of Packages:Two major results occur when a class is placed in a package:

The name of the package becomes a part of the name of the class, as we just discussed in the previous section.

The name of the package must match the directory structure where the corresponding bytecode resides.

Here is simple way of managing your files in Java:Put the source code for a class, interface, enumeration, or annotation type in a text file whose name is the simple name of the type and whose extension is .java. For example:// File Name : Car.java

package vehicle;

public class Car { // Class implementation. }Now, put the source file in a directory whose name reflects the name of the package to which the class belongs:....\vehicle\Car.javaNow, the qualified class name and pathname would be as below:

Class name ->vehicle.Car Path name -> vehicle\Car.java (in windows)

In general, a company uses its reversed Internet domain name for its package names. Example: A company's Internet domain name is apple.com, then all its R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


package names would start with com.apple. Each component of the package name corresponds to a subdirectory.Example: The company had a com.apple.computers package that contained a Dell.java

source file, it would be contained in a series of subdirectories like this:....\com\apple\computers\Dell.java

At the time of compilation, the compiler creates a different output file for each class, interface and enumeration defined in it. The base name of the output file is the name of the type, and its extension is .classFor example:// File Name: Dell.java

packagecom.apple.computers;public class Dell{

}class Ups{

}Now, compile this file as follows using -d option:$javac -d . Dell.javaThis would put compiled files as follows:.\com\apple\computers\Dell.class.\com\apple\computers\Ups.classYou can import all the classes or interfaces defined in \com\apple\computers\ as follows:importcom.apple.computers.*;

Like the .java source files, the compiled .class files should be in a series of directories that reflect the package name. However, the path to the .class files does not have to be the same as the path to the .java source files. You can arrange your source and class directories separately, as:<path-one>\sources\com\apple\computers\Dell.java

<path-two>\classes\com\apple\computers\Dell.class

By doing this, it is possible to give the classes directory to other programmers without revealing your sources. You also need to manage source and class files R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


in this manner so that the compiler and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) can find all the types your program uses.

The full path to the classes directory, <path-two>\classes, is called the class path, and is set with the CLASSPATH system variable. Both the compiler and the JVM construct the path to your .class files by adding the package name to the class path.

Say <path-two>\classes is the class path, and the package name is com.apple.computers, then the compiler and JVM will look for .class files in <path-two>\classes\com\apple\compters.

A class path may include several paths. Multiple paths should be separated by a semicolon (Windows) or colon (Unix). By default, the compiler and the JVM search the current directory and the JAR file containing the Java platform classes so that these directories are automatically in the class path.

Set CLASSPATH System Variable:To display the current CLASSPATH variable, use the following commands in Windows and UNIX (Bourne shell):

• In Windows ->C:\> set CLASSPATH• In UNIX -> % echo $CLASSPATH

To delete the current contents of the CLASSPATH variable, use :• In Windows ->C:\> set CLASSPATH=• In UNIX -> % unset CLASSPATH; export CLASSPATH

To set the CLASSPATH variable:• In Windows -> set CLASSPATH=C:\users\jack\java\classes• In UNIX -> % CLASSPATH=/home/jack/java/classes; export CLASSPATH

PROCEDURE: Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java program.





Batch -



Overall Marks [5] ----------------Subject Incharge

Experiment No: - 03TITLE: -Create a Java package, interface and implement in Java program.PREREQUISITE:-c++.PREREQUISITE:: -C,C++.HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:

Sr. No Hardware Configuration1 Processor 1.5GHz or more2 RAM 512 MB Minimum3 HDD Minimum 10 Gb free



Space4 Standard I/O devices


Theory: - An interface is a reference type in Java. It is similar to class. It is a collection of abstract methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the interface.Along with abstract methods, an interface may also contain constants, default methods, static methods, and nested types. Method bodies exist only for default methods and static methods.Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes and behaviors of an object. And an interface contains behaviors that a class implements.

Unless the class that implements the interface is abstract, all the methods of the interface need to be defined in the class.An interface is similar to a class in the following ways –

An interface can contain any number of methods. An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name

of the interface matching the name of the file. The byte code of an interface appears in a .class file.

Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding bytecode file must be in a directory structure that matches the package name.

However, an interface is different from a class in several ways, including −

You cannot instantiate an interface.

An interface does not contain any constructors.

All of the methods in an interface are abstract.R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an interface must be declared both static and final.

An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class.

An interface can extend multiple interfaces.

Declaring InterfacesThe interface keyword is used to declare an interface. Here is a simple example to declare an interface −

ExampleFollowing is an example of an interface −

/* File name : NameOfInterface.java */importjava.lang.*;// Any number of import statements

public interface NameOfInterface { // Any number of final, static fields // Any number of abstract method declarations\}Interfaces have the following properties −

An interface is implicitly abstract. You do not need to use the abstract keyword while declaring an interface.

Each method in an interface is also implicitly abstract, so the abstract keyword is not needed.

Methods in an interface are implicitly public.

Example/* File name : Animal.java */interface Animal {public void eat();public void travel();R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


}

Implementing InterfacesWhen a class implements an interface, you can think of the class as signing a contract, agreeing to perform the specific behaviors of the interface. If a class does not perform all the behaviors of the interface, the class must declare itself as abstract.

A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface. The implements keyword appears in the class declaration following the extends portion of the declaration.

Example/* File name : MammalInt.java */public class MammalInt implements Animal {

public void eat() {System.out.println("Mammal eats"); }

public void travel() {System.out.println("Mammal travels"); }

publicintnoOfLegs() {return 0; }

public static void main(String args[]) {MammalInt m = new MammalInt();m.eat();m.travel(); }} This will produce the following result −OutputMammal eatsMammal travels



When overriding methods defined in interfaces, there are several rules to be followed −

Checked exceptions should not be declared on implementation methods other than the ones declared by the interface method or subclasses of those declared by the interface method.

The signature of the interface method and the same return type or subtype should be maintained when overriding the methods.

Implementation class itself can be abstract and if so, interface methods need not be implemented.When implementation interfaces, there are several rules −

A class can implement more than one interface at a time. A class can extend only one class, but implement many interfaces. An interface can extend another interface, in a similar way as a class can

extend another class.

ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART: Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java programmes.

1. Click on the Start button -> All Programs ->JCreator2. Select a Basic Java Application (a regular Java program).3. Type programme code in the space provided.4. Compile the programme.5. Run the programme.




Batch -



Overall Marks [5] ----------------

Subject In-charge



Experiment No: - 04

TITLE: -Write a program to demonstrate the abstract class and abstract method.PREREQUISITE: C++.

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:Sr. No Hardware Configuration1 Processor 1.5GHz or more2 RAM 512 MB Minimum3 HDD




THEORY: - Abstract Methods and ClassesAn abstract class is a class that is declared abstract—it may or may not include abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be subclassed.

An abstract method is a method that is declared without an implementation (without braces, and followed by a semicolon), like this:abstract void moveTo(double deltaX, double deltaY);

If a class includes abstract methods, then the class itself must be declared abstract, as in:public abstract class GraphicObject { // declare fields // declare nonabstract methodsabstract void draw();}

When an abstract class is subclassed, the subclass usually provides implementations for all of the abstract methods in its parent class. However, if



it does not, then the subclass must also be declared abstract.

An Abstract Class ExampleIn an object-oriented drawing application, you can draw circles, rectangles, lines, Bezier curves, and many other graphic objects. These objects all have certain states (for example: position, orientation, line color, fill color) and behaviors (for example: moveTo, rotate, resize, draw) in common. Some of these states and behaviors are the same for all graphic objects (for example: position, fill color, and moveTo). Others require different implementations (for example, resize or draw). All GraphicObjects must be able to draw or resize themselves; they just differ in how they do it. This is a perfect situation for an abstract superclass. You can take advantage of the similarities and declare all the graphic objects to inherit from the same abstract parent object (for example, GraphicObject) as shown in the following figure.

Classes Rectangle, Line, Bezier, and Circle Inherit from GraphicObjectFirst, you declare an abstract class, GraphicObject, to provide member

variables and methods that are wholly shared by all subclasses, such as the current position and themoveTo method. GraphicObject also declares abstract methods for methods, such as draw or resize, that need to be implemented by all subclasses but must be implemented in different ways. The GraphicObject class can look something like this:

abstract class GraphicObject {int x, y; ...voidmoveTo(intnewX, intnewY) { ... }abstract void draw();abstract void resize();}

Each nonabstract subclass of GraphicObject, such as Circle and Rectangle, must provide implementations for the draw and resize methods:R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


class Circle extends GraphicObject {void draw() { ... }void resize() { ... }}class Rectangle extends GraphicObject {void draw() { ... }void resize() { ... }}

When an Abstract Class Implements an InterfaceIn the section on Interfaces, it was noted that a class that implements an interface must implement all of the interface's methods. It is possible, however, to define a class that does not implement all of the interface's methods, provided that the class is declared to be abstract. For example,abstract class X implements Y { // implements all but one method of Y}class XX extends X { // implements the remaining method in Y}

In this case, class X must be abstract because it does not fully implement Y, but class XX does, in fact, implement Y.Class Members

An abstract class may have static fields and static methods. You can use these static members with a class reference (for example, AbstractClass.staticMethod()) as you would with any other class.

ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART:



Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java program. 1. Click on the Start button -> All Programs ->JCreator2. Select a Basic Java Application (a regular Java program).3. Type program code in the space provided.4. Compile the program.5. Run the program.




Batch -



Overall Marks [5] ----------------

Subject Incharge

Experiment No: - 05TITLE -Write a Java program that illustrates the concepts of Java class that includes

(a) constructor with and without parameters.(b) Overloading methods.(c) Overriding methods

PREREQUISITE: C++







THEORY: - Constructor in java: is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object.Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is known as constructor.

Rules for creating java constructor

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.1. Constructor name must be same as its class name2. Constructor must have no explicit return type

Types of java constructors

There are two types of constructors:1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)2. Parameterized constructor

Java Default ConstructorA constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.Syntax of default constructor:<class_name>(){}



Example of default constructorIn this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at the time of object creation.

class Bike1{ Bike1(){System.out.println("Bike is created");} public static void main(String args[]){ Bike1 b=new Bike1(); } }

Java parameterized constructorA constructor that have parameters is known as parameterized constructor.Why use parameterized constructor?Parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to the distinct objects.Example of parameterized constructorIn this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. We can have any number of parameters in the constructor.

class Student4{ int id; String name; Student4(int i,String n){ id = i; name = n; } void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);} public static void main(String args[]){ Student4 s1 = new Student4(111,"Karan"); Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan"); s1.display(); s2.display(); } }



Polymorphism in Java – Method Overloading and OverridingMethod Definition:A method is a set of code which is referred to by name and can be called (invoked) at any point in a program simply by utilizing the method’s name.1)Method Overloading:In Java, it is possible to define two or more methods of same name in a class, provided that there argument list or parameters are different. This concept is known as Method Overloading.1) Method Overloading

1. To call an overloaded method in Java, it is must to use the type and/or number of arguments to determine which version of the overloaded method to actually call.

2. Overloaded methods may have different return types; the return type alone is insufficient to distinguish two versions of a method. .

3. When Java encounters a call to an overloaded method, it simply executes the version of the method whose parameters match the arguments used in the call.

4. It allows the user to achieve compile time polymorphism.5. An overloaded method can throw different exceptions.6. It can have different access modifiers.

Rules for Method Overloading1. Overloading can take place in the same class or in its sub-class.2. Constructor in Java can be overloaded3. Overloaded methods must have a different argument list.4. Overloaded method (can also take place in sub class), with same name

but different parameters.5. The parameters may differ in their type or number, or in both.6. They may have the same or different return types.7. It is also known as compile time polymorphism.

2) Method OverridingChild class has the same method as of base class. In such cases child class overrides the parent class method without even touching the source code of the base class.

Rules for Method Overriding:1. applies only to inherited methods2. object type (NOT reference variable type) determines which overridden

method will be used at runtimeR. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


3. Overriding method can have different return type 4. Overriding method must not have more restrictive access modifier5. Abstract methods must be overridden6. Static and final methods cannot be overridden7. Constructors cannot be overridden8. It is also known as Runtime polymorphism.






Batch -



Overall Marks [5] ----------------

Subject In-charge

Experiment No: - 06R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


TITLE: -Write a program using Applet- to display a message in the Applet.- For configuring Applets by passing parameters.

PREREQUISITE: C++.HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:





THEORY: - An applet is a Java program that runs in a Web browser. An applet can be a fully functional Java application because it has the entire Java API at its disposal.There are some important differences between an applet and a standalone Java application, including the following:

An applet is a Java class that extends the java.applet.Applet class. A main() method is not invoked on an applet, and an applet class will not

define main(). Applets are designed to be embedded within an HTML page. When a user views an HTML page that contains an applet, the code for

the applet is downloaded to the user's machine. A JVM is required to view an applet. The JVM can be either a plug-in of the

Web browser or a separate runtime environment. The JVM on the user's machine creates an instance of the applet class and

invokes various methods during the applet's lifetime. Applets have strict security rules that are enforced by the Web browser.

The security of an applet is often referred to as sandbox security,



comparing the applet to a child playing in a sandbox with various rules that must be followed.

Other classes that the applet needs can be downloaded in a single Java Archive (JAR) file.

Life Cycle of an Applet:Four methods in the Applet class give you the framework on which you build any serious applet:

init: This method is intended for whatever initialization is needed for your applet. It is called after the param tags inside the applet tag have been processed.

start: This method is automatically called after the browser calls the init method. It is also called whenever the user returns to the page containing the applet after having gone off to other pages.

stop: This method is automatically called when the user moves off the page on which the applet sits. It can, therefore, be called repeatedly in the same applet.

destroy: This method is only called when the browser shuts down normally. Because applets are meant to live on an HTML page, you should not normally leave resources behind after a user leaves the page that contains the applet.

paint: Invoked immediately after the start() method, and also any time the applet needs to repaint itself in the browser. The paint() method is actually inherited from the java.awt.

A "Hello, World" Applet:

The following is a simple applet named HelloWorldApplet.java:

importjava.applet.*;importjava.awt.*;

public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet{public void paint (Graphics g) {g.drawString ("Hello World", 25, 50); }}R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


These import statements bring the classes into the scope of our applet class: java.applet.Applet. java.awt.Graphics.

Without those import statements, the Java compiler would not recognize the classes Applet and Graphics, which the applet class refers to.

The Applet CLASS:

Every applet is an extension of the java.applet.Applet class. The base Applet class provides methods that a derived Applet class may call to obtain information and services from the browser context.

These include methods that do the following: Get applet parameters Get the network location of the HTML file that contains the applet Get the network location of the applet class directory Print a status message in the browser Fetch an image Fetch an audio clip Play an audio clip Resize the applet

Additionally, the Applet class provides an interface by which the viewer or browser obtains information about the applet and controls the applet's execution. The viewer may:

request information about the author, version and copyright of the applet request a description of the parameters the applet recognizes initialize the applet destroy the applet start the applet's execution stop the applet's execution

The Applet class provides default implementations of each of these methods. Those implementations may be overridden as necessary.The "Hello, World" applet is complete as it stands. The only method overridden is the paint method.



Invoking an Applet:

An applet may be invoked by embedding directives in an HTML file and viewing the file through an applet viewer or Java-enabled browser.The <applet> tag is the basis for embedding an applet in an HTML file. Below is an example that invokes the "Hello, World" applet:<html><title>The Hello, World Applet</title><hr><applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width="320" height="120">If your browser was Java-enabled, a "Hello, World"message would appear here.</applet><hr></html>

The code attribute of the <applet> tag is required. It specifies the Applet class to run. Width and height are also required to specify the initial size of the panel in which an applet runs. The applet directive must be closed with a </applet> tag.

If an applet takes parameters, values may be passed for the parameters by adding <param> tags between <applet> and </applet>. The browser ignores text and other tags between the applet tags.

Non-Java-enabled browsers do not process <applet> and </applet>. Therefore, anything that appears between the tags, not related to the applet, is visible in non-Java-enabled browsers.

The viewer or browser looks for the compiled Java code at the location of the document. To specify otherwise, use the codebase attribute of the <applet> tag as shown:<applet codebase="http://amrood.com/applets"code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width="320" height="120">

If an applet resides in a package other than the default, the holding package must be specified in the code attribute using the period character (.) to separate package/class components. For example:<applet code="mypackage.subpackage.TestApplet.class" width="320" height="120">



Getting Applet Parameters:The following example demonstrates how to make an applet respond to setup parameters specified in the document. This applet displays a checkerboard pattern of black and a second color.

The second color and the size of each square may be specified as parameters to the applet within the document.

CheckerApplet gets its parameters in the init() method. It may also get its parameters in the paint() method. However, getting the values and saving the settings once at the start of the applet, instead of at every refresh, is convenient and efficient.The applet viewer or browser calls the init() method of each applet it runs. The viewer calls init() once, immediately after loading the applet. (Applet.init() is implemented to do nothing.) Override the default implementation to insert custom initialization code.

The Applet.getParameter() method fetches a parameter given the parameter's name (the value of a parameter is always a string). If the value is numeric or other non-character data, the string must be parsed.

The following is a skeleton of CheckerApplet.java:

importjava.applet.*;importjava.awt.*;public class CheckerApplet extends Applet{intsquareSize = 50;// initialized to default sizepublic void init () {}private void parseSquareSize (String param) {}private Color parseColor (String param) {}public void paint (Graphics g) {}}Here are CheckerApplet'sinit() and private parseSquareSize() methods:public void init (){ String squareSizeParam = getParameter ("squareSize");parseSquareSize (squareSizeParam); String colorParam = getParameter ("color");R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Color fg = parseColor (colorParam);setBackground (Color.black);setForeground (fg);}private void parseSquareSize (String param){if (param == null) return;try {squareSize = Integer.parseInt (param); }catch (Exception e) { // Let default value remain }}

The applet calls parseSquareSize() to parse the squareSize parameter. parseSquareSize() calls the library method Integer.parseInt(), which parses a string and returns an integer. Integer.parseInt() throws an exception whenever its argument is invalid.Therefore, parseSquareSize() catches exceptions, rather than allowing the applet to fail on bad input.

The applet calls parseColor() to parse the color parameter into a Color value. parseColor() does a series of string comparisons to match the parameter value to the name of a predefined color. You need to implement these methods to make this applet works.

Specifying Applet Parameters:The following is an example of an HTML file with a CheckerApplet embedded in it. The HTML file specifies both parameters to the applet by means of the <param> tag.<html><title>Checkerboard Applet</title><hr><applet code="CheckerApplet.class" width="480" height="320"><param name="color" value="blue"><param name="squaresize" value="30"></applet><hr></html>R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Note: Parameter names are not case sensitive.Application Conversion to Applets:It is easy to convert a graphical Java application (that is, an application that uses the AWT and that you can start with the java program launcher) into an applet that you can embed in a web page.

Here are the specific steps for converting an application to an applet. Make an HTML page with the appropriate tag to load the applet code. Supply a subclass of the JApplet class. Make this class public. Otherwise,

the applet cannot be loaded. Eliminate the main method in the application. Do not construct a frame

window for the application. Your application will be displayed inside the browser.

Move any initialization code from the frame window constructor to the init method of the applet. You don't need to explicitly construct the applet object.the browser instantiates it for you and calls the init method.

Remove the call to setSize; for applets, sizing is done with the width and height parameters in the HTML file.

Remove the call to setDefaultCloseOperation. An applet cannot be closed; it terminates when the browser exits.

If the application calls setTitle, eliminate the call to the method. Applets cannot have title bars. (You can, of course, title the web page itself, using the HTML title tag.)

Don't call setVisible(true). The applet is displayed automatically.





Laboratory ReportR. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Experiment No - 07Batch -




Experiment No: - 07TITLE: -Write programs for using Graphics class

- to display basic shapes and fill them.- draw different items using basic shapes Pre Lab: - C++.

PREREQUISITE: C++




SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Sr. No Software Configuration1 Operating System Windows 72 Editor Eclipse3 Software JDK

THEORY: - The Graphics class is the abstract super class for all graphics contexts which allow an application to draw onto components that can be realized on various devices, or onto off-screen images as well.

A Graphics object encapsulates all state information required for the basic rendering operations that Java supports. State information includes the following properties.

The Component object on which to draw. A translation origin for rendering and clipping coordinates. The current clip. The current color. The current font. The current logical pixel operation function. The current XOR alternation color

Class declaration

Following is the declaration for java.awt.Graphics class:

public abstract class Graphics extends Object Class constructors

S.N.

Constructor & Description

1 Graphics() ()Constructs a new Graphics object.

Table 1: Class methods

S.N.

Method & Description



1 abstract void clearRect(int x, int y, int width, int height)Clears the specified rectangle by filling it with the background color of the current drawing surface.

2 abstract void clipRect(int x, int y, int width, int height)Intersects the current clip with the specified rectangle.

3 abstract void copyArea(int x, int y, int width, int height, int dx, intdy)Copies an area of the component by a distance specified by dx and dy.

4 abstract Graphics create()Creates a new Graphics object that is a copy of this Graphics object.

5 Graphics create(int x, int y, int width, int height)Creates a new Graphics object based on this Graphics object, but with a new translation and clip area.

6 abstract void dispose()Disposes of this graphics context and releases any system resources that it is using.

7 void draw3DRect(int x, int y, int width, int height, boolean raised)Draws a 3-D highlighted outline of the specified rectangle.

8 abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, intstartAngle, intarcAngle)Draws the outline of a circular or elliptical arc covering the specified rectangle.

9 void drawBytes(byte[] data, int offset, int length, int x, int y)Draws the text given by the specified byte array, using this graphics context's current font and color.

10 void drawChars(char[] data, int offset, int length, int x, int y)Draws the text given by the specified character array, using this graphics context's current font and color.



11 abstract booleandrawImage(Image img, int x, int y, Color bgcolor, ImageObserver observer)Draws as much of the specified image as is currently available.

12 abstract booleandrawImage(Image img, int x, int y, ImageObserver observer)Draws as much of the specified image as is currently available.

13 abstract booleandrawImage(Image img, int x, int y, int width, int height, Color bgcolor, ImageObserver observer)Draws as much of the specified image as has already been scaled to fit inside the specified rectangle.

14 abstract booleandrawImage(Image img, int x, int y, int width, int height, ImageObserver observer)Draws as much of the specified image as has already been scaled to fit inside the specified rectangle.

15 abstract booleandrawImage(Image img, int dx1, int dy1, int dx2, int dy2, int sx1, int sy1, int sx2, int sy2, Color bgcolor, ImageObserver observer)Draws as much of the specified area of the specified image as is currently available, scaling it on the fly to fit inside the specified area of the destination drawable surface.

16 abstract booleandrawImage(Image img, int dx1, int dy1, int dx2, int dy2, int sx1, int sy1, int sx2, int sy2, ImageObserver observer)Draws as much of the specified area of the specified image as is currently available, scaling it on the fly to fit inside the specified area of the destination drawable surface.

17 abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)Draws a line, using the current color, between the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in this graphics context's coordinate system.

18 abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height)Draws the outline of an oval.

19 abstract void drawPolygon(int[] xPoints, int[] yPoints, intnPoints)Draws a closed polygon defined by arrays of x and y coordinates.



20 void drawPolygon(Polygon p)Draws the outline of a polygon defined by the specified Polygon object.

21 abstract void drawPolyline(int[] xPoints, int[] yPoints, intnPoints)Draws a sequence of connected lines defined by arrays of x and y coordinates.

22 void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height)Draws the outline of the specified rectangle.

23 abstract void drawRoundRect(int x, int y, int width, int height, intarcWidth, intarcHeight)Draws an outlined round-cornered rectangle using this graphics context's current color.

24 abstract void drawString(AttributedCharacterIterator iterator, int x, int y)Renders the text of the specified iterator applying its attributes in accordance with the specification of the TextAttribute class.

25 abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y)Draws the text given by the specified string, using this graphics context's current font and color.

26 void fill3DRect(int x, int y, int width, int height, boolean raised)Paints a 3-D highlighted rectangle filled with the current color.

27 abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, intstartAngle, intarcAngle)Fills a circular or elliptical arc covering the specified rectangle.

28 abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height)Fills an oval bounded by the specified rectangle with the current color.

29 abstract void fillPolygon(int[] xPoints, int[] yPoints, intnPoints)Fills a closed polygon defined by arrays of x and y coordinates.

30 void fillPolygon(Polygon p)



Fills the polygon defined by the specified Polygon object with the graphics context's current color.

31 abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height)Fills the specified rectangle.

32 abstract void fillRoundRect(int x, int y, int width, int height, intarcWidth, intarcHeight)Fills the specified rounded corner rectangle with the current color.

33 void finalize()Disposes of this graphics context once it is no longer referenced.

34 abstract Shape getClip()Gets the current clipping area.

35 abstract Rectangle getClipBounds()Returns the bounding rectangle of the current clipping area.

36 Rectangle getClipBounds(Rectangle r)Returns the bounding rectangle of the current clipping area.

37 Rectangle getClipRect()Deprecated. As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by getClipBounds().

38 abstract Color getColor()Gets this graphics context's current color.

39 abstract Font getFont()Gets the current font.

40 FontMetricsgetFontMetrics()Gets the font metrics of the current font.

41 abstract FontMetricsgetFontMetrics(Font f)Gets the font metrics for the specified font.

42 booleanhitClip(int x, int y, int width, int height)Returns true if the specified rectangular area might intersect the current clipping area.



43 abstract void setClip(int x, int y, int width, int height)Sets the current clip to the rectangle specified by the given coordinates.

44 abstract void setClip(Shape clip)Sets the current clipping area to an arbitrary clip shape.

45 abstract void setColor(Color c)Sets this graphics context's current color to the specified color.

46 abstract void setFont(Font font)Sets this graphics context's font to the specified font.

47 abstract void setPaintMode()Sets the paint mode of this graphics context to overwrite the destination with this graphics context's current color.

48 abstract void setXORMode(Color c1)Sets the paint mode of this graphics context to alternate between this graphics context's current color and the new specified color.

49 String toString()Returns a String object representing this Graphics object's value.

50 abstract void translate(int x, int y)Translates the origin of the graphics context to the point (x, y) in the current coordinate system.

Methods inheritedThis class inherits methods from the following classes:

java.lang.Object

Graphics Example

importjava.awt.*;importjava.awt.event.*;importjava.awt.geom.*;

public class AWTGraphicsDemo extends Frame {



publicAWTGraphicsDemo(){super("Java AWT Examples");prepareGUI(); }

public static void main(String[] args){AWTGraphicsDemoawtGraphicsDemo = new AWTGraphicsDemo(); awtGraphicsDemo.setVisible(true); }

private void prepareGUI(){setSize(400,400);addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {public void windowClosing(WindowEventwindowEvent){System.exit(0); } }); }

@Overridepublic void paint(Graphics g) {g.setColor(Color.GRAY); Font font = new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, 24);g.setFont(font);g.drawString("Welcome to TutorialsPoint", 50, 150); }}ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART:





Batch -


Title: ___________________________________________________________



Evaluation 1) Attendance [2] ----------------2) Lab Performance [2] ----------------3) Oral [1] ----------------


Experiment No: - 08TITLE: -Write a program in Java that demonstrates JDBCPREREQUISITE: C++





THEORY: - What is JDBC?JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases.The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks mentioned below that are commonly associated with database usage.



Making a connection to a database. Creating SQL or MySQL statements. Executing SQL or MySQL queries in the database. Viewing & Modifying the resulting records.

Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that allows for portable access to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different types of executables, such as −

Java Applications Java Applets Java Servlets Java ServerPages (JSPs) Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs).

All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database, and take advantage of the stored data.

JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain database-independent code.Pre-RequisiteJDBC ArchitectureThe JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access but in general, JDBC Architecture consists of two layers −

JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection. JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent connectivity to heterogeneous databases.

The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source. The driver manager is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous databases.

Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager with respect to the JDBC drivers and the Java application −



Figure 1: Common JDBC Components

The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes − DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches

connection requests from the java application with the proper database driver using communication sub protocol. The first driver that recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a database Connection.

Driver: This interface handles the communications with the database server. You will interact directly with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this type. It also abstracts the details associated with working with Driver objects.

Connection: This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The connection object represents communication context, i.e., all communication with database is through connection object only.

Statement: You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to the database. Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored procedures.

ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL query using Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.

SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.

The JDBC 4.0 Packages



The java.sql and javax.sql are the primary packages for JDBC 4.0. This is the latest JDBC version at the time of writing this tutorial. It offers the main classes for interacting with your data sources.The new features in these packages include changes in the following areas −

Automatic database driver loading. Exception handling improvements. Enhanced BLOB/CLOB functionality. Connection and statement interface enhancements. National character set support. SQL ROWID access. SQL 2003 XML data type support. Annotations.


Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java programmes. 1. Click on the Start button -> All Programs ->JCreator2. Select a Basic Java Application (a regular Java program).3. Type programme code in the space provided.4. Compile the programme.5. Run the programme.




Batch -





Overall Marks [5] ----------------

Subject In-chargeExperiment No: - 09

TITLE: - Write a Java program to demonstrate inheritance by creating Suitable classes.

PREREQUISITE: C++





THEORY: - Inheritance can be defined as the process where one object acquires the properties of another. With the use of inheritance the information is made manageable in a hierarchical order. When we talk about inheritance, the most commonly used keyword would be extends andimplements. These words would determine whether one object IS-A type of another. By using these keywords we can make one object acquire the properties of another object.

IS-A Relationship:IS-A is a way of saying: This object is a type of that object. Let us see how the extends keyword is used to achieve inheritance.



Eg.public class Animal{}public class Mammal extends Animal{}public class Reptile extends Animal{}public class Dog extends Mammal{}

Now, based on the above example, In Object Oriented terms, the following are true:

• Animal is the superclass of Mammal class.• Animal is the superclass of Reptile class.• Mammal and Reptile are subclasses of Animal class.• Dog is the subclass of both Mammal and Animal classes.

Now, if we consider the IS-A relationship, we can say:• Mammal IS-A Animal• Reptile IS-A Animal• Dog IS-A Mammal• Hence: Dog IS-A Animal as well

With use of the extends keyword the subclasses will be able to inherit all the properties of the superclass except for the private properties of the superclass.We can assure that Mammal is actually an Animal with the use of the instance operator.HAS-A relationship:These relationships are mainly based on the usage. This determines whether a certain classHAS-A certain thing. This relationship helps to reduce duplication of



code as well as bugs.Lets us look into an example:public class Vehicle{}public class Speed{}public class Van extends Vehicle{

private Speed sp;} This shows that class Van HAS-A Speed. By having a separate class for Speed, we do not have to put the entire code that belongs to speed inside the Van class., which makes it possible to reuse the Speed class in multiple applications.

In Object-Oriented feature, the users do not need to bother about which object is doing the real work. To achieve this, the Van class hides the implementation details from the users of the Van class. So basically what happens is the users would ask the Van class to do a certain action and the Van class will either do the work by itself or ask another class to perform the action.

A very important fact to remember is that Java only supports only single inheritance. This means that a class cannot extend more than one class. Therefore following is illegal:

public class extends Animal, Mammal{}

However, a class can implement one or more interfaces. This has made Java get rid of the impossibility of multiple inheritance.






Batch -





Overall Marks [5] ----------------

Subject In-charge

Experiment No: - 10TITLE: -Write a Java program to demonstrate - Use of implementing interfaces. - Use of extending interfaces.PREREQUISITE: C++





THEORY: - An interface is a reference type in Java. It is similar to class. It is a collection of abstract methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the interface.

Along with abstract methods, an interface may also contain constants, default methods, static methods, and nested types. Method bodies exist only for default methods and static methods.

Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes and behaviors of an object. And an interface contains behaviors that a class implements. Unless the class that implements the interface is abstract, all the methods of the interface need to be defined in the class. An interface is R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


similar to a class in the following ways − An interface can contain any number of methods. An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name of

the interface matching the name of the file. The byte code of an interface appears in a .class file.

Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding byte code file must be in a directory structure that matches the package name.

However, an interface is different from a class in several ways, including − You cannot instantiate an interface. An interface does not contain any constructors. All of the methods in an interface are abstract. An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can

appear in an interface must be declared both static and final. An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class. An interface can extend multiple interfaces.

Declaring InterfacesThe interface keyword is used to declare an interface. Here is a simple example to declare an interface −ExampleFollowing is an example of an interface −/* File name : NameOfInterface.java */importjava.lang.*;// Any number of import statementspublic interface NameOfInterface { // Any number of final, static fields // Any number of abstract method declarations\}Interfaces have the following properties −An interface is implicitly abstract. You do not need to use the abstract keyword while declaring an interface.Each method in an interface is also implicitly abstract, so the abstract keyword is not needed.

Methods in an interface are implicitly public.

Example/* File name : Animal.java */R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


interface Animal {public void eat();public void travel();}ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART:





Batch -Date of Experiment:__________ Date of Submission:__________

Title___________________________________________________________Evaluation 1) Attendance [2] ----------------2) Lab Performance [2] ----------------3) Oral [1] ----------------

Overall Marks [5] ----------------


TITLE: -Write a program to implement the concept of threading.

PREREQUISITE: C++

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:







THEORY: - Java is a multi-threaded programming language which means we can develop multi-threaded program using Java. A multi-threaded program contains two or more parts that can run concurrently and each part can handle a different task at the same time making optimal use of the available resources especially when your computer has multiple CPUs.

By definition, multitasking is when multiple processes share common processing resources such as a CPU. Multi-threading extends the idea of multitasking into applications where you can subdivide specific operations within a single application into individual threads. Each of the threads can run in parallel. The OS divides processing time not only among different applications, but also among each thread within an application.Multi-threading enables you to write in a way where multiple activities can proceed concurrently in the same program.Life Cycle of a ThreadA thread goes through various stages in its life cycle. For example, a thread is born, started, runs, and then dies. The following diagram shows the complete life cycle of a thread.

Java ThreadFollowing are the stages of the life cycle −New − A new thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains in this state until the program starts the thread. It is also referred to as a born thread.

Runnable −After a newly born thread is started, the thread becomes runnable. R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


A thread in this state is considered to be executing its task.

Waiting − Sometimes, a thread transitions to the waiting state while the thread waits for another thread to perform a task. A thread transitions back to the runnable state only when another thread signals the waiting thread to continue executing.

Timed Waiting − A runnable thread can enter the timed waiting state for a specified interval of time. A thread in this state transitions back to the runnable state when that time interval expires or when the event it is waiting for occurs.

Terminated (Dead) − A runnable thread enters the terminated state when it completes its task or otherwise terminates.

ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART:Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java program.





Batch -



Overall Marks [5] ----------------


TITLE: -Write a program to demonstrate the predefined and User defined exception handling.

PREREQUISITE: C++

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION / KIT:Sr. Hardware Configuration



No1 Processor 1.5GHz or more2 RAM 512 MB Minimum3 HDD




THEORY: - An exception (or exceptional event) is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. When an Exception occurs the normal flow of the program is disrupted and the program/Application terminates abnormally, which is not recommended, therefore, these exceptions are to be handled.An exception can occur for many different reasons. Following are some scenarios where an exception occurs.

A user has entered an invalid data. A file that needs to be opened cannot be found. A network connection has been lost in the middle of communications or

the JVM has run out of memory. Some of these exceptions are caused by user error, others by

programmer error, and others by physical resources that have failed in some manner.

Based on these, we have three categories of Exceptions. You need to understand them to know how exception handling works in Java.Checked exceptions − A checked exception is an exception that occurs at the compile time, these are also called as compile time exceptions. These exceptions cannot simply be ignored at the time of compilation, the programmer should take care of (handle) these exceptions.

For example, if you use FileReader class in your program to read data from a file, if the file specified in its constructor doesn't exist, then a FileNotFoundException occurs, and the compiler prompts the programmer to handle the exception.



ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART:Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java programmes.

1. Click on the Start button -> All Programs ->JCreator2. Select a Basic Java Application (a regular Java program).3. Type programme code in the space provided.4. Compile the programme.5. Run the programme.




Batch -



Overall Marks [5] ----------------Subject Incharge



Experiment No: - 13TITLE: - Write a program that demonstrates JDBC on applet/application.

PREREQUISITE: C++





THEORY: - What is JDBC?JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases.The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks mentioned below that are commonly associated with database usage.

Making a connection to a database. Creating SQL or MySQL statements. Executing SQL or MySQL queries in the database. Viewing & Modifying the resulting records.

Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that allows for portable access to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different types of executables, such as −

Java Applications Java Applets Java Servlets Java ServerPages (JSPs)



Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs).

All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database, and take advantage of the stored data.JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain database-independent code.Pre-RequisiteJDBC ArchitectureThe JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access but in general, JDBC Architecture consists of two layers −

JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection. JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent connectivity to heterogeneous databases.The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source. The driver manager is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous databases.Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager with respect to the JDBC drivers and the Java application −

Figure 1:Common JDBC Components

The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes − DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches

connection requests from the java application with the proper database



driver using communication sub protocol. The first driver that recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a database Connection.

Driver: This interface handles the communications with the database server. You will interact directly with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this type. It also abstracts the details associated with working with Driver objects.

Connection: This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The connection object represents communication context, i.e., all communication with database is through connection object only.

Statement: You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to the database. Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored procedures.

ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL query using Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.

SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.

The JDBC 4.0 Packages

The java.sql and javax.sql are the primary packages for JDBC 4.0. This is the latest JDBC version at the time of writing this tutorial. It offers the main classes for interacting with your data sources.The new features in these packages include changes in the following areas −

Automatic database driver loading. Exception handling improvements. Enhanced BLOB/CLOB functionality. Connection and statement interface enhancements. National character set support. SQL ROWID access. SQL 2003 XML data type support. Annotations.

ALGORITHM / PROCEDURE / FLOWCHART:1. Start JCreator or any IDE used to compile & run the java programmes. 2. Click on the Start button -> All Programs ->JCreator3. Select a Basic Java Application (a regular Java program).



4. Type programme code in the space provided.5. Compile the programme.6. Run the programme.




Batch -


Title: ___________________________________________________________Evaluation 1) Attendance [2] ----------------2) Lab Performance [2] ----------------3) Oral [1] ----------------Overall Marks [5] ----------------


TITLE: - Write a program that demonstrates anagrams.

PREREQUISITE: C++




SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur


Sr. No Software Configuration1 Operating System Windows 72 Editor Eclipse3 Software JDK

THEORY: -

Given an English text print out the list of words and their anagrams in their order of occurrence. Word A is an anagram of word B if it can be derived from word B by merely shuffling the letters in word B.

The output should contain the word (in its order of occurrence in the text) and its set of anagrams in the text (again in their order of occurrence), separated by blanks

1. Each new list of words and anagrams should begin on a new line

2. All words in the output should be printed in lower case characters


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