Chapter 9. D. C. Elfving, S. M. Welch, G. R. Kroh. 1983. Apple tree modeling and IPM. Pages 271-307. In: B. A. Croft, S. C. Hoyt (editors). Integrated Management of Insect Pests of Pome and Stone Fruits. New York: John Wiley-Interscience, 454 pages.

Keywords: modeling in integrated fruit-pest management, crop models for IPM research, subcomponents of tree models, comparison of predicted versus actual bloom dates, whole-tree models, apple tree modeling in the NSF/EPA project, apple tree system, apple tree model, physiological submodels, shoot submodel, stem, root and reserves submodels, canopy leaf distribution, daily sequence of events, typical seasonal simulation run, hypothetical runs of the model,