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OASB Science DepartmentPhysics Paper 1 Revision Pack (Triple – HT)Contents Lesson PageMastery Matrix Physics Paper 1Knowledge 1Energy, Heat Loss and Efficiency, Work and Power, Specific Heat Capacity Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 2Energy Equations & Static Electricity Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 3Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 4Radioactivity Uses and Hazards & Nuclear Fission and Fusion Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 5Electricity Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 6Mains Electricity, the National Grid & Energy Resources Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 7Density, Changes in State and Particles Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge 8Gas pressure Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsPhysics Paper 1 Required Practicals Knowledge 9Physics Paper 1 Required Practicals Summary PagePhysics Paper 1 Required Practicals Exam Questions

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Topic Tier Page Learning statementEnergy Types F P28 Describe ways in which energy can be transferred within a systemEnergy Types F P26 Describe ways to store energyEnergy Types F P26 Describe the law of conservation of energyEnergy Types F P26 Describe concepts of open and closed systemsEnergy Types F P28 Describe ways to reduce unwanted energy transfersEnergy Types F P28 Link energy loss to insulation and thermal conductivityEnergy Types F P28 RP Thermal Insulation: Investigate the effectiveness of different materials as thermal insulators

and the factors that may affect the thermal insulation properties of a material. (triple only)Energy Types F P29 Define renewable and non-renewable energy resourcesEnergy Types F P29 Compare & contrast energy resources in terms of reliability, cost and political, environmental &

social factorsWork, power and efficiency

F P10 Define and calculate work done using E=Pt and E=fd

Work, power and efficiency

F P59 Define and calculate power using P=VI and E = Pt


F P59 Describe examples of applications of power in everyday life


F P61 Use and rearrange both equations for calculating efficiency


HT P61 Describe ways to increase the efficiency of an energy transfer (HT only)

Elastic Objects & potential energy

F P10 Describe elastic and inelastic deformation


F P10 Explain the effect of forces on elastic objects


F P10 Describe Hooke’s Law qualitatively and using the equation F = ke


F P10 Explain ‘word done’ when applied to stretching or compressing a spring


F P10 Explain the difference between a linear and a non-linear relationship


F P10 Interpret data from a force extension investigation


F P11 RP Force and Extension: Investigate the relationship between force and extension for spring (Hooke’s Law)


F P26 Use the elastic potential energy equation (Ee=1/2ke2)


F P26 Use and rearrange the equation for kinetic energy (Ek=1/2mv2)


F P26 Use and rearrange the equation for gravitational potential energy (Eg=mgh)

Static Electricity F P11 Explain how levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of levers and gears (triple only)Static Electricity F P64 Explain how insulating materials can become electrically charged (triple only)Static Electricity F P64 Explain why electrically charged objects attract or repel (triple only)Static Electricity F P65 Describe and explain the effect of electric fields (triple only)Static Electricity F P65 Draw an electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere (triple only)Static Electricity F P64 Link the concept of electric fields to electrostatic phenomena (triple only)Nuclear Physics F P86 Describe the structure and size of an atomNuclear Physics F P86 Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atomNuclear Physics F P86 Describe how electrons can change energy levelNuclear Physics F P86 Describe isotopesNuclear Physics F P86 Describe what an ion isNuclear Physics F P87 Describe the development of the model of the atom (Plum-pudding, Rutherford, Neils Bohr and

Chadwick).Radioactive decay and Radiation

F P88 Describe what radioactive decay is

Radioactive decay and Radiation

F P88 Recall the definition and units for activity and count rate


F P89 Describe what makes up alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation


F P88 Describe the properties of each type of radiation

2


F P93 Use nuclear equations to represent radioactive decay


F P90 Define half-life


F P90 Complete half-life calculations from graphs or other data


HT P90 Use ratios to describe radioactive decay (HT only)


F P89 Describe the impact and precautions for radioactive contamination


F P89 Analyse data about the effects of radiation on people

Background radiation and contamination

F P92 Describe sources of background radiation (triple only)


F P91 Define dose and recall it’s units (triple only)


F P91 Link stability to half-life and the hazard level (triple only


F P91 Describe how radiation is used in medicine (triple only)


F P91 Evaluate the risks associated with using radiation in medicine (triple only)

Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

F P92 Explain the process nuclear fission (triple only)


F P92 Explain chain reactions and how they are caused (triple only)


F P93 Explain the process of nuclear fusion (triple only)


F P93 Explain the conditions required for fusion (triple only)

Electricity Introduction F P54 Identify the key circuit symbols.Electricity Introduction F P54 Define current, charge and potential difference.Electricity Introduction F P54 Use and rearrange equations for calculating current.Electricity Introduction F P54 Predict the current at given points within a series and parallel circuit.Electricity Introduction F P55 Predict the potential difference (voltage) at given points within a series and parallel circuit.Electricity Introduction F P55 Describe the relationship between current, potential difference and resistance.Electricity Introduction F P55 Use and rearrange equations for calculating current, potential difference and resistance.Electricity Introduction F P55 Recall units for current, potential difference and resistance.Series and Parallel Circuits

F P58 Compare and contrast series and parallel circuits in terms of current and potential difference.

Series and Parallel Circuits

F P58 Calculate resistance in series circuits and describe resistance in parallel circuits.

Series and Parallel Circuits

F P55 RP Resistance: Use circuit diagrams to set up circuits to investigate the factors affecting resistance (length of a wire at constant temperature and combinations of resistors in series and parallel.)

Ohmic/Non-ohmic and types of resistors

F P57 Describe the relationship between current and potential difference in ohmic conductors.


F P57 Explain how resistances change in thermistors and LDRs.


F P57 List the applications of thermistors and LDRs.


F P57 Interpret graphs to determine whether relationships are linear or non-linear.


F P56 RP I-V Characteristics: Investigate V-I characteristics using circuits.

Mains electricity F P60 Describe the properties of mains electricity in the UK (A.C., Frequency and Voltage)Mains electricity F P60 Explain the difference between direct and alternating potential differenceMains electricity F P60 Describe the three core cables and the wires that they are made up of and the dangers of theseEnergy and Power of Electricity

F P59 Use and rearrange the P=IV equation (electrical power)

Energy and Power of Electricity

F P59 Use and rearrange the P=I2R equation (electrical power)

Energy and Power of F P62 Describe energy transfers in electrical appliances

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ElectricityEnergy and Power of Electricity

F P61 Use and rearrange E=Pt


F P62 Use and rearrange E=QV


F P59 Explain how the power of a circuit is related to potential difference, current and energy

The National Grid F P63 Describe the components of the national gridThe National Grid F P63 Explain the role of step up and step down transformers in the national grid and use this to

explain why it is an efficient system for transferring energyThe National Grid F P71 Describe the structure of a transformer (triple only)The National Grid F P71 Use and rearrange the transformer equation (Vs × Is = Vp × Ip) (triple only)The National Grid F P71 Apply this equation to describe the efficiency of transformers and the purpose of step up and

step down transformers (triple only)The National Grid F P71 Use the coil equation and relate this to power input and output (Vp/Vs = Np/Ns) (triple only)The National Grid F P71 Apply transformer equations to explain the advantages of transmitting energy at a high

potential difference. (triple only)Density F P84 Use and rearrange ρ =m/vDensity F P84 Draw simple diagrams to model the difference between solids, liquids and gasesDensity F P84 Link the arrangement of atoms and molecules to different densities of the statesDensity F P84 RP Density: Determine the densities of regular and irregular solid objects and liquidsChanges of state and latent heat

F P84 Describe how mass is conserved during changes of state

Changes of state and latent heat

F P84 Explain why changes of state are physical changes


F P26 Define internal energy


F P27 Explain the effect of heating on the energy within a system and calculate energy change during a state change.


F P85 Describe ‘latent heat’ of a material including specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation


F P85 Explain and calculate ‘specific latent heat’ using the E=mL


F P85 Interpret heating and cooling graphs that include changes of state

Specific Heat Capacity F P85 Explain the differences between ‘heat’ and ‘temperature’ Specific Heat Capacity F P27 Define and calculate specific heat capacity Specific Heat Capacity F P27 Use and rearrange equations for calculating specific heat capacity Specific Heat Capacity F P27 RP Specific Heat Capacity: Investigate the specific heat capacity of materialsSpecific Heat Capacity F P27+P85 Distinguish between specific heat capacity and specific latent heatGas Pressure and Fluid Pressure

F P84 Describe the motion of particles in a gas and relate this to pressure, kinetic energy and temperature

Gas Pressure and Fluid Pressure

F P84 Explain the relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas at constant volume


F P85 Define ‘fluid’ and describe the direction of force caused by fluid pressure (triple only)


F P85 Explain how ‘doing work’ (transferring energy) on a gas effect the internal energy and temperature e.g. using a bicycle pump (triple only)


F P85 Use the particle model to explain the effect of change in pressure or volume on a gas (at a fixed temperature) (triple only)


F P85 Use and rearrange pV=constant (triple only)

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Lesson 1 - Energy, Heat Loss and Efficiency, Work and Power, Specific Heat Capacity

Topic: Energy Types (P.1)1 What type of energy store is exemplified by

moving objects?Kinetic energy

2 The law of conservation of energy states what three things that can happen to energy

Transferred usefully, stored or dissipated

3 Which word means 'wasted into the surroundings'?

Dissipated

4 When energy is wasted, it is usually which energy stores?

Thermal and sound

5 The law of conservation of energy states that which two things cannot happen to energy?

Created or destroyed

6 What can be done to moving parts in a system to reduce heat loss by friction?

Lubrication (adding oil/grease)

7 What name is given to a material which does not conduct thermal energy well?

Thermal insulator

8 What name is given to a material which allows thermal energy to pass through it easily?

Thermal conductor

9 What is the unit for energy? Joules (J)10

What type of heat transfer occurs in solids? Conduction

11

What type of heat transfer happens only in fluids (gas and liquids)?

Convection

12

Which is the only type of thermal energy transfer can occur in a vacuum?

Radiation

13

Which dissipates less thermal energy? Thin walls or thick walls?

Thick

14

Which dissipates less thermal energy? Walls with large or small area

Small

15

Which dissipates less thermal energy? Large or small temperature difference

Small

Topic: Work power and efficiency (P.2)1 What is the equation for work done? Work done =Force x distance2 What are the units for work done? Joules (J)3 What is work done? Energy transferred.4 What are the units for power? Watts (W)5 What is the equation for power? Power = Energy transferred/time6 What are the units for time? seconds (s)7 Define power. Rate at which energy is transferred.8 One watt is the same as… 1 joule per second.9 What is the equation for efficiency in terms

of energy?efficiency = useful output energy transfer/total input energy transfer

10

What is the equation for efficiency in terms of power?

efficiency = useful output power/total input power

11

Units for efficiency No units

12

Units for force Newtons (N)

5

13

One Joule is the same as… one Newton-metre

14

What is the minimum value of efficiency? 0

15

What is the maximum value of efficiency? 1

Topic: Specific heat capacity (P.26)3 Define "internal energy" Energy stored inside a system by the particles4 How do we calculate internal energy? Sum of kinetic and potential energy of all

particles5 How does heating affect the internal energy

of a system?It increases it

6 State the equation for change in thermal energy

∆ E = m c ∆ θChange in energy (J) = mass (kg) x specific heat capacity (J/Kg°C) x change in temperature (°C)

7 State the units for specific heat capacity Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius, J/kg °C8 Define "specific heat capacity" Amount of energy required to raise the

temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.

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7

Notes

Physics Revision: Energy Loss and Efficiency

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Key Knowledge

Ways to reduce unwanted energy transfers:- ___________________________- ___________________________

Definitions:Thermal conductivity is __________________________________________

Efficiency is ________________________________________________________________________________

The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the _______ the rate ofenergy transfer by conduction.

Two factors that affect how quickly a building cools down- ____________________________- ____________________________

Equations:Efficiency =

How to change from a decimal to a percentage: __________a percentage to a decimal: __________

Name Symbol UnitsWatts (W)Joules (J)

Mastery Matrix Points Describe ways to reduce unwanted energy transfersLink energy loss to insulation and thermal conductivityUse and rearrange both equations for calculating efficiencyDescribe ways to increase the efficiency of an energy transfer

Understanding and Explaining

1. Explain how the design of a takeaway cup could be changed so that it reduces the unwanted transfer of heat to the surroundings. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain how changes that could be made to a bike to reduce the unwanted transfer of heat through friction. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Show how to rearrange the efficiency equation for useful energy output. ____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Show how to rearrange the efficiency equation for total energy input. ____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Show how to rearrange the efficiency equation for total power input.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Show how to rearrange the efficiency equation for useful power output.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe how you could increase the efficiency of an electric kettle (reduce the wasted heat and sound energy that goes into the surroundings). ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Physics Revision: Work, Power and Specific Heat Energy

9

Key Knowledge

DefinitionsSpecific Heat Capacity is ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Work done_________________________________________________________________________________________

Power_________________________________________________________________________________________

EquationsSpecific Heat Capacity =

Work done =

Power =

Mastery Matrix Points Define and calculate specific heat capacityUse and rearrange equations for calculating specific heat capacity (Required Practical) Describe the practical used to investigate the specific heat capacity of a given object.Define and calculate work doneDefine and calculate powerDescribe examples of applications of power in everyday life


1. Rearrange the specific heat capacity equation for i) m ii) c iii) ∆T____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain how to calculate the specific heat capacity of a material using an experiment. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Rearrange the work done equation for i) d ii) F________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Rearrange the power equation for i) E ii) t. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain why a 10W motor could move a toy car further than a 5W motor in the same time. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Guided Exam QuestionQ1.

A student investigated how much energy from the Sun was incident on the Earth’s surface at her location.She put an insulated pan of water in direct sunlight and measured the time it took for the temperature of the water to increase by 0.6 °C.The apparatus she used is shown in the figure below.

(a) Choose the most appropriate resolution for the thermometer used by the student.

Tick one box.

0.1 °C

0.5 °C

1.0 °C

(1)(b) The energy transferred to the water was 1050 J.

The time taken for the water temperature to increase by 0.6 °C was 5 minutes.The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / kg °C.Write down the equation which links energy transferred, power and time.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(c) Calculate the mean power supplied by the Sun to the water in the pan.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Average power = _______________________ W(2)

(d) Calculate the mass of water the student used in her investigation.Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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Mass = _______________________ kg(3)

(e) The student’s results can only be used as an estimate of the mean power at her location.Give one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 8 marks)

Independent Exam QuestionQ2.

A new design for a kettle is made from two layers of plastic separated by a vacuum.After the water in the kettle has boiled, the water stays hot for at least 2 hours.The new kettle is shown below.

(a) The energy transferred from the water in the kettle to the surroundings in 2 hours is

46 200 J.The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg °C.The initial temperature of the water is 100 °C.Calculate the temperature of the water in the kettle after 2 hours.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Temperature after 2 hours = ___________ °C(3)

(b) Calculate the average power output from the water in the kettle to the surroundings in 2 hours.

____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Average power output = ______________ W (2)

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(Total 5 marks)

Q3.Under the same conditions, different materials heat up and cool down at different rates.

(a) What is meant by specific heat capacity?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(b) ‘Quenching’ is a process used to change the properties of steel by cooling it rapidly.

The steel is heated to a very high temperature and then placed in a container of cold water.

(i) A metalworker quenches a steel rod by heating it to a temperature of 900 °C before placing it in cold water. The mass of the steel rod is 20 kg.

The final temperature of the rod and water is 50 °C.

Calculate the energy transferred from the steel rod to the water.

Specific heat capacity of steel = 420 J/kg °C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ____________________ J(3)

(ii) The temperature of the steel rod eventually returns to room temperature.

Compare the movement and energies of the particles in the steel rod and in the air at room temperature.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (3)

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Q4.A ‘can-chiller’ is used to make a can of drink colder.The image below shows a can-chiller.

(a) The initial temperature of the liquid in the can was 25.0 °C.The can-chiller decreased the temperature of the liquid to 20.0 °C.The amount of energy transferred from the liquid was 6930 J.The mass of liquid in the can was 0.330 kg.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Specific heat capacity = _____________________ unit ________________(4)

(b) Energy is transferred through the metal walls of the can of drink by conduction.Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(4)

(c) The energy from the can of drink is transferred to the air around the can-chiller.A convection current is set up around the can-chiller. Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

13

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (3)

(d) The can-chiller has metal cooling fins that are designed to transfer energy quickly to the surroundings.

Give two features that would help the metal cooling fins to transfer energy quickly to the surroundings.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 13 marks)

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Lesson 2 – Energy Equations & Static Electricity

Topic: Elastic objects and potential Energy (P.3)1 What is the equation for elastic potential energy? Ee=1/2ke2

Elastic potential energy (J) = 1/2 x spring constant (N/m) x extension2 (m)2 What is the equation for kinetic energy? Ek = 1/2 mv2

Kinetic energy (J) = 1/2 x mass (Kg) x velocity2 (m/s)3 What is the equation for gravitational potential

energy?Eg=mghGravitational potential energy (J) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)

4 Which equation describes Hooke's Law? F = keForce (N) = spring constant (N/m) x extension (m)

5 What type of energy is stored in a stretched elastic band?

Elastic potential energy

6 What type of energy is stored in a squashed up tennis ball?

Elastic potential energy

7 What needs to be applied for an object to change shape?

A force

8 Define the term for an object returning to its original shape after being stretched

Elastic deformation

9 Define the term for an object not returning to its original shape after being stretched

Inelastic deformation

10 Identify the Law: "The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied to it."

Hooke's Law

11 What sort of energy is stored in a bungee cord? Elastic potential energy12 What do you call the point at which Hooke's Law

no longer applies?The limit of proportionality

13 In a graph of Hooke's Law, what happens at the limit of proportionality?

Line no longer straight, it will curve

14 What is the equation for "gravitational potential energy"?

Eg = mgh

15 What is the equation for Kinetic Energy? Ek=1/2mv2

Topic: Static electricity (triple only) (P.20)1 Which force generates static electricity? Friction2 Which particles are transferred between surfaces? Electrons3 What charge will an object have if it gains

electrons?Negative

4 What charge will an object have if it loses electrons?

Positive

5 In which group of materials does static electricity occur?

Insulators

6 State the wire that disperses the static charge safely

Earthing wire

7 How do objects become positively charged? By losing electrons8 How do objects become negatively charged? By gaining electrons9 What will happen if two objects with similar

charges are brought together?Repel

10 What will happen if two objects with different charges are brought together?

Attract

11 How can you tell if an object is charged? Repels another object12 What happens when negative charge build up in an

insulator?A spark

13 State one use for static electricity Photocopiers and spray painting cars14 How do you draw the electric field pattern for an

isolated charged sphere with a positive charge?Arrows facing out

15 How do you draw the electric field pattern for an Arrows facing in

15

isolated charged sphere with a negative charge?

16

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Notes

Physics Revision: Energy Equations

18

Key Knowledge

Law of conservation of energy: ___________________________________________________________________

Closed systems (choose correct one): - All energy transferred

usefully/ some wasted- Real life/simplified

Open systems: - All energy transferred

usefully/ some waste- Real life/simplified

Equations:Elastic potential energy

Kinetic energy

Gravitational energy

Name Symbol UnitsEkEgEemvghke

Mastery Matrix PointsDescribe the law of conservation of energy in open and closed systems. Describe ways in which energy can be transferred within a systemDescribe ways to store energyUse and rearrange equations for elastic potential energyUse and rearrange equations for kinetic energyUse and rearrange equations for gravitational potential energyRecall the units and symbols for the quantities in these equations


1. Explain the energy transfers when i) a ball is projected upwards ii) a moving car hits an obstacle iii) an car is accelerated by a constant force iv) a vehicle slows down v) water boils in an electric kettle.

i)________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii)________________________________________________________________________________________________

iii)________________________________________________________________________________________________

iv)________________________________________________________________________________________________

v)________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Show how to rearrange the elastic potential energy equation for k and then e.

k =

e =

3. Show how to rearrange the kinetic energy equation for m and then v.

m=

v=

4. Show how to rearrange the gravitational potential energy equation for m, g and then h.

m=

g=

h=

5. Explain what the kinetic energy of a falling object will be when it hits the ground.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Physics Revision: Static Electricity

19

Key Knowledge

Static electricity happens on conductors/insulators

Attraction and repulsion are contact/non-contact forces

Charge on electrons is:____________

Charge if something loses electrons is:_____________________________

Charge if something gains electrons is:_____________________________

Charges Attract or repel or no effect?

Positive & positiveNeutral & positiveNegative & negativeNeutral & neutralNeutral & negativePositive & negative

Strength of an electric field depends on two factors: 1) ___________________________2) __________________________

Mastery Matrix Points TRIPLE ONLY Explain how insulating materials can become electrically charged (triple only)Explain why electrically charged objects attract or repel (triple only)Describe and explain the effect of electric fields (triple only)Draw an electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere (triple only)Link the concept of electric fields to electrostatic phenomena (triple only)


1. Explain how insulating materials become electrically charged.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why hair stands on end when you touch a Van de Graaff generator.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain why you get an electric shock if you touch a door handle after walking on thick carpet.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Draw the electric field pattern for an isolated positively charged sphere.

5. Draw the electric field pattern for an isolated negatively charged sphere.

6. Explain why charge A moves away more quickly than charge B.

Fixed charge

+ A + B+


Figure 1 shows a Van de Graaff generator that is used to investigate static electricity.Before it is switched on, the metal dome has no net charge.After it is switched on, the metal dome becomes positively charged.

Figure 1

© Michael Priest

(a) Explain how an uncharged object may become positively charged.___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (3)

(b) Figure 2 shows a plan view of the positively charged metal dome of a Van de Graaff generator.Draw the electric field pattern around the metal dome when it is isolated from its surroundings.Use arrows to show the direction of the electric field.

Figure 2

(2)

(c) Another positively charged object is placed in the electric field.Look at Figure 3.

Figure 3

20

In which position would the object experience the greatest force?

Tick one box.

P

Q

R

S

(1)(Total 6 marks)


The figure below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.The bungee cord has an unstretched length of 20.0 m.

The mass of the student is 50.0 kg.The gravitational field strength is 9.8 N / kg.(a) Write down the equation which links gravitational field strength, gravitational potential

energy, height and mass.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy from the position where the student jumps to the point 20.0 m below.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Change in gravitational potential energy = _____________ J

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(2)(c) 80% of this change in gravitational potential energy has been transferred to the

student’s kinetic energy store.How much has the student’s kinetic energy store increased after falling 20.0 m?

Kinetic energy gained = ________________________ J(1)

(d) Calculate the speed of the student after falling 20.0 m.

Give your answer to two significant figures. ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Speed = __________________________ m / s(4)

(e) At the lowest point in the jump, the energy stored by the stretched bungee cord is 24.5 kJ.

The bungee cord behaves like a spring.

Calculate the spring constant of the bungee cord.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Spring constant = ________________________ N / m(3)

(Total 11 marks)

Q7.Figure 1 shows an exercise device called a chest expander. The three springs are identical.

Figure 1

A person pulls outwards on the handles and does work to stretch the springs.

(a) Complete the following sentence.

When the springs are stretched ___________ ___________ energy is stored in the springs.

(1)

22

(b) Figure 2 shows how the extension of a single spring from the chest expander depends on the force acting on the spring.

Figure 2

(i) How can you tell, from Figure 2, that the limit of proportionality of the spring has not been exceeded?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Use data from Figure 2 to calculate the spring constant of the spring.Give the unit.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Spring constant = ___________ Unit ___________(3)

(iii) Three identical resistors joined in parallel in an electrical circuit share the total current in the circuit.

In a similar way, the three springs in the chest expander share the total force exerted.

By considering this similarity, use Figure 2 to determine the total force exerted on the chest expander when each spring is stretched by 0.25 m.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________23

Total force = ___________ N(2)

(c) The student in Figure 3 is doing an exercise called a chin-up.

Figure 3

Each time the student does one chin-up he lifts his body 0.40 m vertically upwards.The mass of the student is 65 kg.The student is able to do 12 chin-ups in 60 seconds.

Calculate the power developed by the student.

Gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Power = ___________ W(3)

(Total 10 marks)

24

Lesson 3 – Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity

Topic: Nuclear physics (P.21)

1 What is the size of the atom? 1 x 10-10m

2 Which two sub atomic particles are found in the nucleus?

Protons and neutrons

3 What is the radius of nucleus compared to radius of atom.

1/10,000 of the size (one ten thousandth of the size)

4 Electrons go up an energy level when… (HT only)

They absorb electromagnetic radiation.

5 Electrons move down an energy level when… (HT only)

They emit electromagnetic radiation.

6 Are atoms positive, negative or neutral? Neutral

7 What is the atomic number? Number of protons

8 What is the mass number? Number of protons AND neutrons.

9 What is an "ion"? A charged atom (lost or gained electrons)

10 What are isotopes? Atoms of the same element with the SAME number of protons but a DIFFERENT number of neutrons.

11 Describe the plum pudding model The atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

12 What is the name of the current model of the atom?

Nuclear model

13 State two conclusions from the alpha scattering experiment

1) mass of an atom is concentrated in a nucleus in the centre2) nucleus is positive

14 State the conclusion provided by Niels Bohr

Electrons orbit the nucleus

15 State the conclusion provided by James Chadwick

Discovered neutrons

Topic: Radioactive decay and radiation (P.22)

1 What two words can we use to describe the process of radioactive decay?

Random and unpredictable

2 What is the word to describe the rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays?

Activity

3 What is the word to describe the number of decays recorded each second by a detector?

Count rate

4 What is the equipment for measuring radiation?

Geiger-Muller tube

5 Name the four types of nuclear radiation alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray, neutron

6 Describe the structure of an alpha particle 2 neutrons & 2 protons (helium nucleus)

7 What is a beta particle? A negative electron

8 What is a gamma ray? An electromagnetic wave

9 Three main types of radiation in order of high to low ionising power.

alpha, beta, gamma

10 Three main types of radiation in order of high to low penetrating power.

gamma, beta, alpha

11 Which materials are able to stop each type of radiation?

Alpha = paperBeta = aluminiumGamma = nothing, thick lead absorbs some of it

12 Distances alpha, beta and gamma can go in air.

Alpha: 3-5cm, Beta: 15cm, Gamma: several metres.

13 Define "irradiation" Exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive.

14 Define "half life" The time it takes for the number of unstable nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve

15 Define "radioactive contamination" The unwanted presence of radioactive atoms on other materials

25

26

Notes

Physics Revision: Nuclear Physics

27

Key Knowledge

Radius of an atom = ____________________

Radius of a nucleus is __________ times smaller than the atomic radius.

Label the parts of an atom:

Add to your labels the order of which each part of the atom was discovered.

Using the periodic table:To find the number of protons you ____________________________________________

To find the number of electron you ___________________________________________

To find the number of neutron you ____________________________________________

Definitions:Isotope ______________________________________________________________Ion _________________________________________________________________Plum pudding model _______________________________________________________Nuclear model ____________________________________________________________

Mastery Matrix PointsDescribe the structure and size of an atomCalculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atomDescribe how electrons can change energy levelDescribe isotopesDescribe what an ion isDescribe the development of the model of the atom (Plum-pudding, Rutherford, Neils Bohr and Chadwick).


1. Explain what would make an electron jump to a higher energy level.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain what would make an electron fall to a lower energy level.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why might scientists make changes to an existing theory?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the alpha scattering experiment, its results and why the results led to a change in the theory of the atom.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain the role of Niels Bohr in atomic theory.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Describe the contribution of James Chadwick to atomic theory.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Physics Revision: Radioactivity

28

Key KnowledgeRadioactivity______________________________________________________________________________Activity__________________________________________________________Count rate__________________________________________________________Half life__________________________________________________________Irradiation__________________________________________________________Contamination__________________________________________________________What are these made of?Alpha – ____________________Beta – ____________________Gamma – ____________________Neutron - ____________________Symbols Alpha –____________________Beta – ____________________Gamma - ____________________PropertiesAlpha –________________________________________Beta – ________________________________________Gamma - ________________________________________What equipment is used to measure radioactive decay?___________________________________________________

Mastery Matrix Points Describe what radioactive decay isRecall the definition and units for activity and count rateDescribe what makes up alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiationDescribe the properties of each type of radiationUse nuclear equations to represent radioactive decayDefine half-lifeComplete half-life calculations from graphs or other dataUse ratios to describe radioactive decay (higher/triple)Describe the impact and precautions for radioactive contaminationAnalyse data about the effects of radiation on people


1. Explain why some atoms are radioactive.

________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Compare and contrast the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, include penetration through

materials, theirrange in air and ionising power.

Penetrating power:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Range in air:__________________________________________________________________________________

Ionising power______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe how to show these types of decay using nuclear equations. Give an example for each. i) alpha decay ii) beta decay

Alpha:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Beta:__________________________________________________________________________________

Gamma:______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain how to calculate half-life from a graph of radioactive activity vs time.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain how to calculate how much of a radioactive material would be left if you are given the time, half-life and initial activity.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What proportion of a radioactive substance would be left after i) one half life has passed ii) two half-lives have passed iii) three half-lives have passed?

i)_____________________ii)____________________________iii)_______________________________________________

7. Describe 2 risks and suggest some precautions that should be followed if using radioactive materials.

i)______________________________________________ii)__________________________________________________

8. Explain why it is important that findings of studies into the effects of radiation on humans should be published.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Guided Exam Question

Q8.In the early part of the 20th century, scientists used the ‘plum pudding’ model to explain the structure of the atom.

Following work by Rutherford and Marsden, a new model of the atom, called the ‘nuclear’ model, was suggested.

Describe the differences between the two models of the atom.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________(Total 4 marks)

Q9.In the early 20th century, scientists developed an alpha particle scattering experiment using gold foil.The diagram shows the paths of some of the alpha particles in the alpha particle scattering experiment.

29

(a) Explain how the paths of the alpha particles were used to develop the nuclear model of the atom.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(b) Niels Bohr adapted the nuclear model by suggesting electrons orbited the nucleus at specific distances.

Explain how the distance at which an electron orbits the nucleus may be changed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (3)

(Total 7 marks)

Q10.A student models the random nature of radioactive decay using 100 dice.

He rolls the dice and removes any that land with the number 6 facing upwards.He rolls the remaining dice again.

The student repeats this process a number of times.The table below shows his results.

Roll number Number of dice remaining

0 100

30

1 84

2 70

3 59

4 46

5 40

6 32

7 27

8 23

(a) Give two reasons why this is a good model for the random nature of radioactive decay.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________ (2)

(b) The student’s results are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Use Figure 1 to determine the half-life for these dice using this model.

Show on Figure 1 how you work out your answer.

Half-life = ________________________ rolls(2)

(c) A teacher uses a protactinium (Pa) generator to produce a sample of radioactive material that has a half-life of 70 seconds.

31

In the first stage in the protactinium generator, uranium (U) decays into thorium (Th) and alpha (α) radiation is emitted.

The decay can be represented by the equation shown in Figure 2.

Determine the atomic number of thorium (Th) 234.

Atomic number = ______________________(1)

(d) When protactinium decays, a new element is formed and radiation is emitted.

The decay can be represented by the equation shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

When protactinium decays, a new element, X, is formed.

Use information from Figure 2 and Figure 3 to determine the name of element X.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(e) Determine the type of radiation emitted as protactinium decays into a new element.

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(f) The teacher wears polythene gloves as a safety precaution when handling radioactive materials.

The polythene gloves do not stop the teacher’s hands from being irradiated.

Explain why the teacher wears polythene gloves.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 10 marks)

32

Q11.A teacher used the equipment shown in the diagram to measure the count rate at different distances from a radioactive source.

Metre rule

(a) Her results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Distance in metres Count rate in countsper minute

Corrected count rate incounts per minute

0.4 143 125

0.6 74 56

0.8 49 31

1.0 38 20

1.2 32 14

1.4 28 10

1.6 18 0

1.8 18 0

2.0 18 0

The background count rate has been used to calculate the corrected count rate.

(i) What is the value of the background count rate?

Background count rate = _______________ counts per minute(1)

(ii) What information does the corrected count rate give?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) The radioactive source used in the demonstration emits only one type of radiation.

33

The radioactive source is not an alpha emitter.

How can you tell from the data in the table?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iv) Plot a graph of corrected count rate against distance for distances between 0.4 m and 1.4 m.

Draw a line of best fit to complete the graph.

Distance in metres(3)

(v) The ‘half-distance’ is the distance a detector has to be moved away from a 34

radioactive source for the corrected count rate to halve.

A student has the hypothesis:A radioactive source has a constant ‘half-distance’.

Table 1 has been repeated for your information.

Table 1

Distance in metres Count rate in countsper minute

Corrected count rate incounts per minute

0.4 143 125

0.6 74 56

0.8 49 31

1.0 38 20

1.2 32 14

1.4 28 10

1.6 18 0

1.8 18 0

2.0 18 0

Use Table 1 to determine if the hypothesis is correct for this radioactive source.

You should use calculations in your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (3)

(b) A teacher places a beta source and a detector in a magnetic field.

The arrangement of the magnetic field is shown.

35

The teacher repeated the experiment with the magnetic field in a different direction.

A set of results is shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Distance between

source and detector in

metres

Count rate in counts per

minute without

magnetic field

Count rate in counts per minute in

Experiment 1

Count rate in counts per minute in

Experiment 2

0.8 48 48 32

(i) Describe and explain the effect of the magnetic field on the count rate detected by the detector.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) The experiment is repeated with a different distance between the source and the detector.

Table 3 shows the repeated results.

Table 3

Distance between

source anddetector

Count ratein counts per

minute without


minute inExperiment 1


minute inExperiment 2

36

in metres magnetic field

1.8 19 18 20

Explain these results.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (2)

Lesson 4 - Radioactivity Uses and Hazards & Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Topic: Background decay and radiation (P.23)1 State two natural sources of background radiation Rocks and cosmic rays2 State two man made sources of background

radiationFallout from nuclear weapons testing, nuclear accidents

3 Define 'background radiation' Radiation around us all the time. 4 Define 'radiation dose' The amount of radiation that is absorbed by a person (Sv)5 Would a long or short half-life radioactive material

be more dangerous in the long term?Long half-life material.

6 State 2 medical uses of nuclear radiation Exploring internal organs, control/destruction of unwanted tissue.

7 Why is using nuclear radiation to treat a tumour a risk?

The radiation might cause a tumour

8 Give an example of an internal organ that would be explored with radiation

Intestines - to look for blockages.

9 Would you use a short or long half-life material for using a tracer in the intestine?

Short - an hour or so - you don't want to leave the hospital if you are still give out high levels of radiation.

10 What kind of radiation is used to look at internal organs?

Beta

11 Why can't alpha be used to look at internal organs? Stopped by skin12 What kind of radiation is used to destroy tumours? Gamma rays (sometimes beta)13 Why is gamma used to destroy tumours? Ionising & can penetrate the skin and bones 14 Why is a long half-life material high risk? It will still be giving out radiation in years to come15 State 2 factors that affect the amount of

background radiation people are exposed to Occupation (job) & location

Topic: Nuclear fission and fusion (P.24)1 Define 'Nuclear fission' Splitting a large & unstable nucleus. 2 State 2 examples of elements that undergo fission. Uranium & plutonium3 Spontaneous fission is rare. What usually causes

fission?An unstable nucleus absorbs a neutron

4 State the 3 products of nuclear fission 2 smaller nuclei, 2 or 3 neutrons, gamma rays5 In what form is energy released in a fission

reaction?Gamma rays

6 How do the sizes of the two nuclei produced in a fission reaction compare?

Roughly the same size.

7 The nuclei and neutrons produced after a fission reaction have lots of _____________?

Kinetic energy

8 What is a chain reaction? Neutrons from a fission reaction are absorbed by another

37

nucleus & start another fission reaction9 How is a fission reaction in a nuclear power station

controlled?Control rods absorb neutrons (slow down the chain reaction)

10 In a nuclear weapon, is the chain reaction controlled or uncontrolled?

Uncontrolled.

11 Define 'nuclear fusion' The joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus with some mass converted to energy.

12 Where does nuclear fusion happen? In stars e.g. the sun. 13 Why does nuclear fusion happen in the sun? High temperature & pressure14 Why does fusion need a high temperature and

pressure?To overcome the repulsion force between the 2 positive nuclei

15 State two elements that undergo nuclear fusion Hydrogen and helium

38

39

Notes

Physics Revision: RadioactivityUses and Hazards

40

Key Knowledge

Suggest some sources of:Man made background radiation--Natural background radiation. --Definitions:Dose ________________________________________________________

Half Life Initial risk level (high med or low?)

Risk level after a long time

Short

Long

Two medical uses of radiation:-

-

Mastery Matrix Points TRIPLE ONLYDescribe sources of background radiation (triple)Define dose and recall it’s units (triple)Stability to half-life and the hazard level (triple)Describe how radiation is used in medicine (triple)Evaluate the risks associated with using radiation in medicine (triple)


1. Explain some factors that might affect the dosage of radiation someone receives.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe how radioactive materials are used to explore internal organs.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe how radioactive materials are used to control or destroy tumours.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Evaluate the risks with using radioactive materials in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Physics Revision: Nuclear Fissionand Nuclear Fusion

41

Key Knowledge

Definition for nuclear fission: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Definition for nuclear fusion:

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Nuclear fissionStart with: _____________________

The products are:---

Two uses:--

Nuclear fusionStart with: _____________________

The products are:--Where does this happen? __________

Mastery Matrix Points TRIPLE ONLYExplain the process nuclear fission (triple)Explain chain reactions and how they are caused (triple)Explain the process of nuclear fusion (triple)Explain the conditions required for fusion (triple)


1. Describe the process of nuclear fission in detail including the products and type of energy made.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Spontaneous fission is rare. Explain what is needed to start of a fission reaction.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain how the products of a fission reaction can go on to cause chain reactions.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain in sentences what is happening the fission reaction below.

5. Describe the process of nuclear fusion. Explain what is produced and where the energy comes from.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Describe and explain the conditions needed for nuclear fusion to occur.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________


Q12.(a) Nuclear power stations generate about 14% of the world’s electricity.

(i) Uranium-235 is used as a fuel in some nuclear reactors.

Name one other substance used as a fuel in some nuclear reactors.

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Energy is released from nuclear fuels by the process of nuclear fission.

This energy is used to generate electricity.

Describe how this energy is used to generate electricity.

Do not explain the nuclear fission process.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(3)

(b) The diagram shows the nuclear fission process for an atom of uranium-235.

Complete the diagram to show how the fission process starts a chain reaction.

(2)

42

Key Knowledge

Definition for nuclear fission: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Definition for nuclear fusion:

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Nuclear fissionStart with: _____________________

The products are:---

Two uses:--

Nuclear fusionStart with: _____________________

The products are:--Where does this happen? __________

(c) The diagram shows the cross-section through a nuclear reactor.

The control rods, made from boron, are used to control the chain reaction. Boron atoms absorb neutrons without undergoing nuclear fission.

Why does lowering the control rods reduce the amount of energy released each second from the nuclear fuel?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Q13.The diagram shows a badge used to monitor radiation. It measures the amount of radiation a worker has been exposed to in one month.

(i) What is used inside the badge to detect radiation?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

43

(ii) What would indicate that the worker has been exposed to a high level of radiation as opposed to a low level of radiation?

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(iii) Why is it important to monitor the amount of radiation the worker has been exposed to?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 3 marks)

Independent Exam Question

Q14.Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are two processes that release energy.

(a) The following nuclear equation represents the fission of uranium-235 (U-235).

Chemical symbols:

• Ba = barium

• Kr = krypton

• = neutron

Describe the process of nuclear fission.

Use the information in the equation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(4)

(b) Explain what happens in the process of nuclear fusion.

44

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(3)

(c) Fission reactors are used in nuclear power stations.

Engineers are developing fusion reactors for use in power stations.

Fusion uses isotopes of hydrogen called deuterium and tritium.

• Deuterium is naturally occurring and can be easily extracted from seawater.

• Tritium can be produced from lithium. Lithium is also found in seawater.

The table shows the energy released from 1 kg of fusion fuel and from 1 kg of fission fuel.

Type of fuel Energy released from 1 kg of fuel in joules

Fusion 3.4 × 1014

Fission 8.8 × 1013

Suggest two advantages of the fuel used in a fusion reactor compared with the fuel used in a fission reactor.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 9 marks)

45

Lesson 5 - Electricity

Topic: Electricity introduction (P.29)1 What does LED stand for? Light emitting diode.2 What does LDR stand for? Light dependent resistor.3 State the equation for charge flow Q=It

Charge flow © = current (A) x time (S)4 State the units for charge flow Coulombs (C )5 Define 'electrical current' Flow of electrical charge6 What do the symbols I, t and Q represent? I - current, t - time, Q - charge flow. 7 State the units for resistance Ohms (Ω)8 How does resistance affect current? The higher the resistance, the lower the current

(inversely proportional)9 What is an ohmic conductor? Electrical component where current and voltage are

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL10 What is a non-ohmic conductor? Electrical component where current and voltage are

NOT directly proportional11 Write Ohm's law as an equation V=IR12 Units for potential difference. Volts (V)13 State the units for current. Amperes (A)14 Which piece of equipment is used to measure

current in a circuit?Ammeter

15 Which piece of equipment is used to measure voltage in a circuit?

Voltmeter

Topic: Series and parallel circuits (P.30)1 Do series circuits have one loop or multiple loops? 1 loop2 Do parallel circuits have one loop or multiple

loops?Multiple loops

3 Describe the distribution of current in a series circuit

It is the same everywhere

4 Describe the distribution of potential difference in a series circuit

Split between components

5 Describe the distribution of current in a parallel circuit

Split up in the different loops

6 Describe the distribution of potential difference in a parallel circuit

The same in each loop

7 Name the component used to measure current Ammeter8 Name the component used to measure voltage Voltmeter9 Are voltmeters connected in series or parallel? in parallel10 Are ammeters connected in series or parallel? In series11 State the equation for calculating resistance in a Rtotal = R1 +R2

46

series circuit12 How do you calculate total resistance in a series

circuit?Sum the resistance of each component

13 What affect does adding resistors have in a series circuit on the resistance?

Increases the total resistance

14 What affect does adding resistors have in a parallel circuit on the resistance?

Decreases the total resistance

15 Equation for resistance in a parallel circuit: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2

Topic: Ohmic/non-ohmic types of resistors (P.31)1 In ohmic components, which two variables are

directly proportional?Current and potential difference

2 If current and potential difference are directly proportional, what does this tell us about the resistance?

It is constant (gradient on IV graph).

3 Sketch an IV graph for an ohmic conductor

4 Sketch a graph an IV for a filament bulb.

5 Sketch a graph an IV graph for a diode.

6 Name 4 non-ohmic conductors Filament bulb, diodes, thermistors, LDRs7 Why are filament light bulbs non-ohmic? Current ↑, temperature ↑, resistance ↑8 Describe the relationship between current and

potential difference for a diode. Current only flows in one direction (has a very high resistance in the other direction)

9 Describe the relationship between temperature and resistance in a thermistor.

Temperature ↑, resistance ↓

10 State one use of a thermistor Thermostat11 Describe the relationship between light intensity

and resistance in an LDRLight intensity ↑, resistance ↓

12 State a use of an LDR Switching lights on when it gets dark e.g. street lamps. 13 Draw the symbol of a resistor.

14 Symbol of a variable resistor.

15 Symbol of LDR

47

48

Notes

Physics Revision: Circuits

49

Key Knowledge1. switch 7. bulb

2. cell 8. fuse3. battery 9. LED

4. diode 10. ammeter

5. resistor 11. voltmeter6. variable resistor

12. thermistor

13. LDR

Current:_______________________________________________Charge: ______________________________________________Potential Difference: ____________________________________Equations:Charge flow = __________________________________________Potential difference - _____________________________________

Units:Quantity Symb

olUnits

CurrentChargePotential differenceTimeResistance

Mastery Matrix PointsIdentify the key circuit symbolsDefine current, charge and potential differenceUse and rearrange equations for calculating currentPredict the current at given points within a series and parallel circuitPredict the potential difference (voltage) at given points within a series and parallel circuitDescribe the relationship between current, potential difference and resistance.Use and rearrange equations for calculating current, potential difference and resistance.Recall units for current, potential difference and resistance.

Understanding and Explaining1. Show how to rearrange the equations V= IR and Q=It.

I = I=R= t=

2. Explain how to work out the current in series and parallel circuits, then complete the missing currents.

In series circuits…______________________________________________________________________________________________In parallel circuits…__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain how to work out the potential difference in in series and parallel circuits.

In series circuits…______________________________________________________________________________________________In parallel circuits…___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Complete the missing numbers on these circuits.

3A3A 4A

2A0.5A

Physics Revision: Series and Parallel

50

Key KnowledgeResistance definition:____________________________________________________________

Series circuits have…____________________________________________________________

Circuit diagram of a series circuit:

Parallel circuits have…____________________________________________________________

Circuit diagram of a parallel circuit:

In a series circuit:Rtotal=

In a parallel circuit, the total resistance of two resistors is ____than the resistance of thesmallest individual resistor.

Mastery Matrix PointsCompare and contrast series and parallel circuitsCalculate resistance in series and parallel circuitsExplain patterns in resistance using words


1. Explain how to calculate the total resistance of a series circuit.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Calculate the total resistance of these components.

a) b)

c)

3. Explain what the resistance will be less than in each of these circuits.

a) b) c)

4. Explain qualitatively why adding resistors in series increases the total resistance whilst adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Physics Revision: Advanced Circuits

51

Key KnowledgeSketch graphs of I-V (current-potential difference) relationships for different components:

Fixed resistor

Filament bulb

Light emitting diode

As temperature increases, the resistance of a thermistor……………….Applications of thermistors:---As light intensity increases, the resistance of an LDR……………….Applications of LDRs:--Ohm’s Law (in a sentence and equation) _________________________________________________________________________Equation: ____________________

Mastery Matrix Points (Required practical) use circuits to investigate resistanceDescribe the relationship between current and potential difference in ohmic conductors Describe how resistances changes in thermistors and LDRsList the applications of thermistors and LDRsInterpret graphs to determine whether relationships are linear or non-linear (Required practical) Investigate V-I characteristics using circuits


1. Name the variables in an experiment about how the resistance of a wire changes with length of the wire.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. State if these graphs show linear (ohmic) or non-linear (non-ohmic) relationships.

Resistor = _________________ Bulb = _________________ LED = _____________________

3. Explain the I-V relationship for each of the graphs above.

Resistor

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Bulb

____________________________________________________________________________________________

LED

____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Draw a circuit diagram to show how you could investigate the I-V relationship for a component.


Q15.The diagram shows a temperature sensing circuit used to control a heating system in a house.

(a) What quantity does the ammeter measure?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) The current in the circuit is 3.5 mA when the potential difference across the thermistor is 4.2 V

Calculate the resistance of the thermistor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Resistance = ____________________ Ω(3)

(c) Calculate the charge that flows through the thermistor in 5 minutes when the current is 3.5 mA.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Charge = ____________________ C(3)

(d) Explain why the potential difference across the thermistor changes as the temperature in the house decreases.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

52

(2)

(e) The circuit shown in the diagram can be modified to turn lights on and off by replacing the thermistor with a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).

Draw the circuit symbol for an LDR in the space below.

(1)(Total 10 marks)

Q16.The current in a circuit depends on the potential difference (p.d.) provided by the cells and the total resistance of the circuit.

(a) Using the correct circuit symbols, draw a diagram to show how you would connect 1.5 V cells together to give a p.d. of 6 V.

(2)

(b) Figure 1 shows a circuit containing an 18 V battery.

Two resistors, X and Y, are connected in series.

• X has a resistance of 3 Ω.

• There is a current of 2 A in X.

(i) Calculate the p.d. across X.

______________________________________________________________

P.d. across X = ______________________ V(2)

(ii) Calculate the p.d. across Y.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

53

P.d. across Y = ______________________ V(2)

(iii) Calculate the total resistance of X and Y.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Total resistance of X and Y = ______________________ Ω(2)

(c) Figure 2 shows a transformer.

Figure 2

(i) An 18 V battery could not be used as the input of a transformer.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) The transformer is 100% efficient.

Calculate the output current for the transformer shown in Figure 2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Output current = ______________________ A(2)

(Total 12 marks)

54


(a) A student set up the circuit shown in the diagram. The student uses the circuit to obtain the data needed to plot a current - potential difference graph for a diode.

(i) Draw, in the boxes, the circuit symbol for a diode and the circuit symbol for a variable resistor.

Diode Variable resistor

(2)

(ii) The student made two mistakes when setting up the circuit.

What two mistakes did the student make?

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(b) After correcting the circuit, the student obtained a set of data and plotted the graph below.

Potential difference in volts

(i) At what potential difference did the diode start to conduct an electric current?

___________________________________ V(1)

55

(ii) Use data from the graph to calculate the resistance of the diode when the potential difference across the diode is 0.3 V.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Resistance = _____________ ohms(3)

(c) The diagram shows the trace produced by an alternating current (a.c.) supply on an oscilloscope.

Each horizontal division on the oscilloscope screen represents a time of 0.01s.

(i) Calculate the frequency of the a.c. supply.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Frequency = _______________________ hertz(2)

(ii) A diode is now connected in series with the a.c. power supply.

Why does the diode cause the trace on the oscilloscope screen to change?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

56

(Total 12 marks)

Q18.The graph shows how the electric current through a 12 V filament bulb varies with the potential difference across the bulb.

(a) What is the meaning of the following terms?

electric current

___________________________________________________________________

potential difference

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(b) The resistance of the metal filament inside the bulb increases as the potential difference across the bulb increases.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (3)

(c) Use data from the graph to calculate the rate at which the filament bulb transfers energy, when the potential difference across the bulb is 6 V.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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Rate of energy transfer = __________________ W(2)

Lesson 6 - Mains Electricity, the National Grid & Energy Resources

Topic: Mains electricity (P.32)1 Is mains electricity AC or DC? AC2 What do AC and DC mean? Alternating current

Direct current. 3 State the frequency of UK mains supply 50Hz4 State the potential difference of UK mains supply 230V5 What are the names of the three wires in a three

core cableLive, neutral, earth.

6 State the colour of a)earth wire, b)live wire, c) neutral wire

a)Green and yellow stripes, b)brown, c)blue

7 State the function of the live wire. Carries alternating potential difference from the supply8 State the function of the neutral wire. Completes the circuit9 Function of the earth wire. Safety wire to remove excess potential difference (to stop the

appliance becoming live)10 State the potential difference between the live wire

and earth wire. 230V

11 State the potential difference of the neutral wire. At or close to 0V12 State the potential difference of the earth wire. 0V unless there is a fault. 13 State the equation for electrical power (that uses

potential difference)P= IV

14 State two things that affect the amount of energy an appliance transfers

Power and time(E=Pt)

15 State the equation we use to calculate the energy transferred by a device that uses charge flow

E = QV

Topic: Energy and power of electricity and the National Grid (P.33)1 State the equation that links current, potential

difference and powerP = IVpower (W) = current (I) x potential difference (V)

2 State the equation that links current, power and resistance

P = I2RPower (W) = current2 (A) x resistance (Ω)

3 State the two most commonly wasted forms of energy

Thermal and sound

4 When energy is wasted, what happens to it? It is dissipated into the environment5 State the equation that links time, energy and power E=Pt

energy (J) = power (W) x time (s)6 State the equation that links energy, potential

difference and charge flowE = QVenergy (J) = charge flow (C) x potential difference (V)

7 What is the national grid composed of? Cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers. 8 What is the national grid used for? Supplying electrify to houses9 State the effect of step up transformers on potential

differenceIncreases p.d.

10 State the effect of step down transformers on potential difference

Decreases p.d.

11 State the effect of step up transformers on current. Decreases current. 12 State the effect of step down transformers on

current.Increases current.

13 Why are step up transformers used? To reduce energy loss from cables (thermal)14 Why are step down transformers used? To reduce the potential difference to make it safe for domestic

use. 15 Why is the national grid efficient? Transformers reduces heat loss from wires when electricity

travels long distances

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Topic: Transformers (Triple only) (P.34)

1 What makes up a transformer? (triple only) Primary coil, secondary coil and iron core.

2 Why is iron used in a transformer? (triple only)

Iron is easily magnetised.

3 Recall the transformer equation (triple only) Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

4 If Vs > Vp, is this a step up or step down transformer?

Step up transformer.

5 If Vs < Vp, is this a step up or step down transformer?

Step down transformer.

6 Recall the equation relating current and potential difference in each coil.

VsIs = VpIp

7 What does Vs stand for? Potential difference in secondary coil

8 What does Is stand for? Current in secondary coil

9 What does Vs stand for? Potential difference in primary coil

10 What does Is stand for? Current in primary coil

11 State the effect of step up transformers on current and potential difference

↑ p.d., ↓ current

12 State the effect of step down transformers on current and potential difference

↓ p.d., ↑current

13 Why are step up transformers used? To reduce energy loss from cables (thermal)

14 Why are step down transformers used? To reduce the potential difference to make it safe for domestic use.

15 Why is the national grid efficient? Transformers reduces heat loss from wires when electricity travels long distances

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Notes

Physics Revision: Mains Electricityand the National Grid

Physics Revision: Energy Transfers and Resources

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Key KnowledgeMains electricity– ac or dc? ________________– Frequency: _______________– Potential difference:________

Three wires in mains plug:Wire Colour

Potential difference between live wire and earth wire = V

Potential difference of neutral wire = V

Potential difference of earth wire = V, unless…_______________________________________

National grid definition: ___________________________________

Step up transformers: _____________________________________

Step down transformers: _________________________________

Mastery Matrix PointsDescribe the properties of mains electricity in the UK (A.C., Frequency and Voltage)Explain the difference between direct and alternating potential differenceDescribe the three core cables and the wires that they are made up of and the dangers of theseDescribe the components of the national gridExplain the role of step up and step down transformers in the national grid and use this to explain why it is an efficient system for transferring energy


1. Explain the difference between direct current and alternating current.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the roles of the live wire, neutral wire and earth wire in a 3 pin UK plug.

Live:_________________________________________________________________________________________

Neutral:_________________________________________________________________________________________

Earth:_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the dangers of i) the live wire, even if the device is off ii) the live wire and earth wire touching.

i)____________________________________________________________________________________________

ii)____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain how step up transformers increase the efficiency at which electricity is transmitted from the national grid.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe and explain the role of step down transformers in the national grid.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________Key KnowledgeDefinitions:Energy resources______________________________

Renewable: _____________________

Mastery Matrix PointsDescribe the main energy resources on EarthDefine renewable and non-renewable resourcesDescribe how energy resources are usedCompare and contrast energy resources in terms of reliability, cost, political, social and environmental factorsExplain patterns and trends in the use of energy resources

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Key KnowledgeDefinitions:Energy resources______________________________

Renewable: _____________________

Q19.(a) Describe the difference between an alternating current (a.c.) and a direct current (d.c.).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(b) The diagram shows how the electric supply cable is connected to an electric kettle.The earth wire is connected to the metal case of the kettle.

If a fault makes the metal case live, the earth wire and the fuse inside the plug protect anyone using the kettle from an electric shock.

Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 4 marks)

Q20.Use of renewable sources of energy is expected to increase. The table shows the comparative costs of producing 1 kWh of electricity from different energy sources.

Types of energy sources used in the UK

Cost of producing 1 kWh of electrical energy

Fossil fuels(non-renewable) Coal 1.0 p

Gas 1.4 p

Oil 1.5 p

Nuclearfuels (non-renewable) Nuclear 0.9 p

Renewable Hydroelectric 0.2 p

Wind 0.9 p

Installation and decommissioning costs are notincluded

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At present about 2% of electricity generated in the UK uses renewable energy sources. Consider the three types of energy sources in the table and give one advantage and one disadvantage for each (other than installation and decommissioning costs).

Advantage Disadvantage

Using fossil fuels

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Using fossil fuels

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Using nuclear fuels

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Using nuclear fuels

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Using renewable sources

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Using renewable sources

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

(Total 6 marks)

Independent

Q21.The image shows a battery-powered drone.

(a) The battery in the drone can store 97.5 kJ of energy.

When the drone is hovering, the power output of the battery is 65.0 W

Calculate the time for which the drone can hover.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

Time = ____________________ seconds(3)

(b) The battery powers 4 motors in the drone.

Each motor has a resistance of 1.60 Ω when the power input to each motor is 19.6 W

The 4 motors are connected in parallel with the battery.

Calculate the current through the battery.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Current = ____________________ A(4)

(Total 7 marks)

Q22.About half of the UK’s electricity is generated in coal-burning power stations and nuclear power stations.

(a) Coal-burning power stations and nuclear power stations provide a reliable way of generating electricity.

What is meant by a reliable way of generating electricity?

___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(b) Over the next few years, most of the older nuclear power stations in the UK will be closed down, and the process of decommissioning will start.

What does it mean to decommission a nuclear power station?

___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(c) Climate change has been strongly linked to the emission of carbon dioxide. Many governments around the world are committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

Generating electricity can increase carbon dioxide emissions.

The companies generating electricity could reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Give two ways the companies could do this.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(d) Electricity is distributed from power stations to consumers along the National Grid.

The voltage across the overhead cables of the National Grid needs to be much higher than the output voltage from the power station generators.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(3)

(Total 7 marks)

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Lesson 7 – Density and Changes in State

Topic: Density (P.25)1 State the equation for density ρ =m/v

Density (kg/m3) = mass (kg) / volume (m3)2 State the units for density Kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m3)3 State the units for volume Meters cubed, (m3)4 How do you calculate the volume of a cube? V = lxlxl or l3

Volume (m3) = length (m) x length (m) x length (m)5 How do you calculate the volume of a cuboid? V = l x w x h

Volume (m3) = length (m) x width (m) x height (m)6 State two drawbacks of the particle model 1) assumes particles are all small solid spheres

2) doesn't show bonds between atoms7 Describe the particle model of solids Particles all touching (bonded) in rows with least

kinetic energy8 Describe the particle model of liquids Particles randomly placed, almost all particles touching.9 Describe the particle model of gases Particles placed randomly, none or very few touching

with the most kinetic energy 10 Name the five changes of state Sublimation, condensing, boiling, freezing and melting11 Describe the state change in sublimation Solid to gas12 How do the particles move in a solid? Vibrate in a fixed position13 How do you calculate the density of an irregular

shape?Submerge in water to calculate the volume, use a balance to measure the mass.

14 How do you calculate the density of a regular shape?

Calculate the volume using l x b x h, use a balance to measure the mass

15 How do the particles move in a gas? Randomly, in all directionsTopic: Changes of state, latent heat and specific heat

capacity (P.26)1 Define 'conservation of mass' Total mass is the same before and after a reaction2 Why does temperature not change during a state

change?Energy used to make/break bonds increasing the internal energy not temperature

3 Define "internal energy" Energy stored inside a system by the particles4 How do we calculate internal energy? Sum of kinetic and potential energy of all particles5 How does heating affect the internal energy of a

system?It increases it

6 State the equation for change in thermal energy ∆ E = m c ∆ θChange in energy (J) = mass (kg) x specific heat capacity (J/Kg°C) x change in temperature (°C)

7 State the units for specific heat capacity Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius, J/kg °C8 Define "specific heat capacity" Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of

one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.9 Define "latent heat" The energy needed for a substance to change state10 Define "specific latent heat of vaporisation" The amount of energy required to boil one kilogram of

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the substance with no change in temperature11 Define "specific latent heat of fusion" The amount of energy required to freeze one kilogram

of the substance with no change in temperature12 Equation for specific latent heat. E = m L

Energy (J) = mass (kg) x specific latent heat (J/kg)13 State the units for specific latent heat Joules per kilogram, J/kg14 Describe the key property of a substance with a

high specific heat capacity Will store a lot of energy per kilogram

15 What does a flat section on a heating and cooling graph represent?

Changes of state

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69

Notes

Physics: Density and Changes of State

70

Key Knowledge

Equation for density –

The particle model assumes all particles are ________, _______ spheres. It is used to explain _____ and _______ of matter.

What are the state changes?Melting:Freezing:Boiling:Evaporating:Condensing:Sublimating:

Internal Energy – ___________________________________________

Heat can either - OR-

Equation for specific heat capacity:

Equation for specific latent heat:

Mastery Matrix PointsUse and rearrange ρ =m/vDraw simple diagrams to model the difference between solids, liquids and gasesLink the arrangement of atoms and molecules to different densities of the statesRP Density: Determine the densities of regular and irregular solid objects and liquidsDescribe how mass is conserved during changes of stateExplain why changes of state are physical changesDefine internal energy Explain the effect of heating on the energy within a system and calculate energy change during a state change. Describe ‘latent heat’ of a material including specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisationExplain and calculate ‘specific latent heat’ using the E=mLInterpret heating and cooling graphs that include changes of stateExplain the differences between ‘heat’ and ‘temperature’ Define and calculate specific heat capacity Use and rearrange equations for calculating specific heat capacity Distinguish between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat


1. Explain how to calculate the density of a) a regular shape b) an irregular shape.

a)____________________________________________________________________________________________

b)____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Sketch and explain the shape of a heating curve and a cooling curve.

3. Define a) specific latent heat of vaporisation b) specific latent heat of fusion.

a)____________________________________________________________________________________________

b)____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Compare specific latent heat and specific heat capacity.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________


A student wants to calculate the density of the two objects shown in the figure below.

© Whitehoune/iStock/Thinkstock, © Marc Dietrich/Hemera/Thinkstock

Describe the methods that the student should use to calculate the densities of the two objects.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________(Total 6 marks)

Q24.A student investigated the cooling effect of evaporation.She used the equipment in Figure 1 to measure how the temperature of three different liquids changed as the liquids evaporated.

Figure 1

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(a) The temperature and volume of each liquid was the same at the start of the investigation.

State one further control variable in this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Give two advantages of using dataloggers and temperature probes compared to using the thermometer shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(c) The student’s results are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

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(i) Calculate the average rate of temperature decrease of liquid C between 0 and 100 seconds.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Average rate of temperature decrease = __________ °C / s(2)

(ii) Give one conclusion that can be made about the rate of temperature decrease of all three liquids from the results in Figure 3.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) Which liquid had the lowest rate of evaporation? Give a reason for your answer.

Liquid ________________________________________________________

Reason _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iv) A second student did the same investigation but using a smaller volume of liquid than the first student.

All other variables were kept the same.

What effect would this have on the results of the second student’s investigation?

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______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(d) Explain how the evaporation of a liquid causes the temperature of the remaining liquid to decrease.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(3)

(Total 11 marks)

Independent Exam QuestionsQ25.

According to kinetic theory, all matter is made up of small particles. The particles are constantly moving.

Diagram 1 shows how the particles may be arranged in a solid.

Diagram 1

(a) One kilogram of a gas has a much larger volume than one kilogram of a solid.

Use kinetic theory to explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(4)

(b) Diagram 2 shows the particles in a liquid. The liquid is evaporating.

Diagram 2

(i) How can you tell from Diagram 2 that the liquid is evaporating?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) The temperature of the liquid in the container decreases as the liquid evaporates.

Use kinetic theory to explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(3)

(Total 8 marks)

Q26.The diagram shows how the metal chimney from a log-burning stove passes through the inside of a house.

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(a) Explain how heat is transferred by the process of convection from the inside of the stove to the top of the chimney.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(b) Although the outside of the chimney becomes very hot, there is no insulating material around the chimney.

(i) Explain, in terms of the particles in a metal, how heat is transferred by conduction from the inside to the outside of the metal chimney.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) Suggest one advantage of having no insulation around the chimney.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 5 marks)

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Lesson 8 – Gas Pressure

Topic: Gas and fluid pressure (paper 1) (P.27)

1 Describe the motion of particles in a gas. Random movement

2 How do we determine the temperature of a gas? Average kinetic energy of the molecules

3 State two factors that will influence gas pressure 1) temperature, 2) volume

4 If a gas is held at a constant volume, describe the relationship between temperature and pressure

Directly proportional

5 Why does increasing temperature increase the pressure of a gas (if held at a constant volume)?

Particles collide with the side of the container: (a) more frequently and (b) with more energy

6 State the two effects that pressure changes can have two effects on a gas (triple only)

Gas is compressed or expands

7 Define "gas pressure" (triple only) The force per unit area that the gas exerts on the walls of its container.

8 Describe the relationship between volume and gas pressure (at a constant temperature) (triple

Inversely proportional

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only)9 Explain why an increase in volume causes a

decrease in gas pressure (triple only)(a) Fewer collisions with the wall (b) less energy in collisions

10 Write Boyle's law in words (triple only) Pressure x volume = constant

11 Write Boyle's law as an equation (triple only) p V = C or P1V1=P2V2

12 What is meant by this symbol "∝"? (triple only) Proportional

13 Gas pressure causes a force at ___degrees to the container wall.

90

14 State 2 factors that increase when work is done on a gas

Internal energy and temperature

15 State a situation where doing work on a gas increases the temperature

Bicycle pump

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79

Notes

Physics: Gas Pressure

80

Key Knowledge

Particles in a gas move ___________ in ____ directions. They move at a _________ of speeds.

The temperature of a gas is determined by the _____ ______ of the particles.

The motion of particles is determined by --

Pressure produces a force ___________ to the walls of the container/surface.

Equations for Boyle’s law (gas pressure):

Mastery Matrix PointsDescribe the motion of particles in a gas and relate this to pressure, kinetic energy and temperatureExplain the relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas at constant volumeDefine ‘fluid’ and describe the direction of force caused by fluid pressure (triple only)Explain how ‘doing work’ (transferring energy) on a gas effect the internal energy and temperature e.g. using a bicycle pump (triple only)Use the particle model to explain the effect of change in pressure or volume on a gas (at a fixed temperature) (triple only)Use and rearrange pV=constant (triple only)


1. Describe the relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas at a constant volume.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Sketch a graph to show the relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas at a constant volume.

3. Describe the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at a constant volume (Boyle’s law).

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Sketch a graph to show the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas a constant volume (Boyle’s law).

5. Explain what will happen to the temperature of the gas inside a bike tyre as the tyre is pumped up.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________


Q27.A student investigated how the pressure of a gas varied with the volume of the gas.

The mass and temperature of the gas were constant.

Figure 1 shows the equipment the student used.

Figure 1

(a) What is the resolution of the syringe?

____________________ cm3

(1)

The student compressed the gas in the syringe and read the pressure from the pressure gauge.

Figure 2 shows the student's results.

(b) What conclusion can the student make from the data in Figure 2?

Use data from Figure 2 in your answer.

Give the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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(3)

(c) Explain why the pressure in the gas increases as the gas is compressed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(Total 8 marks)

Q28.The figure below shows a balloon filled with helium gas.

(a) Describe the movement of the particles of helium gas inside the balloon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(b) What name is given to the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles of helium gas in the balloon?

Tick one box.

External energy

Internal energy

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Movement energy

(1)

(c) Write down the equation which links density, mass and volume.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(d) The helium in the balloon has a mass of 0.00254 kg.

The balloon has a volume of 0.0141 m3.

Calculate the density of helium. Choose the correct unit from the box.

m3 / kg kg / m3 kg m3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Density = __________________ Unit _________(3)

(Total 7 marks)

Q29.Figure 1 shows how atmospheric pressure varies with altitude.

(a) Explain why atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(3)

(b) When flying, the pressure inside the cabin of an aircraft is kept at 70 kPa.

The aircraft window has an area of 810 cm2.

Use data from Figure 1 to calculate the resultant force acting on an aircraft window when the aircraft is flying at an altitude of 12 km.

Give your answer to two significant figures

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Resultant force = ___________________ N(5)

(c) Figure 2 shows the cross-section of one type of aircraft window.

Figure 2

Explain why the window has been designed to have this shape.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 10 marks)

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Q30.Musicians sometimes perform on a moving platform.

The figure below shows the parts of the lifting machine used to move the platform up and down.

(a) What name is given to a system that uses liquids to transmit forces?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

electromagnetic hydraulic ionising(1)

(b) To move the platform upwards, the liquid must cause a force of 1800 N to act on the piston.

The cross-sectional area of the piston is 200 cm2.

Calculate the pressure in the liquid, in N / cm2, when the platform moves.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Pressure = _________________________ N / cm2

(2)

(c) A new development is to use oil from plants as the liquid in the machine.

Growing plants and extracting the oil requires less energy than producing the liquid usually used in the machine.

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Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

Using the oil from the plants gives

an environmental

an ethical

a social

advantage over the

liquid usually used.(1)

(Total 4 marks)

Required Practicals

Topic: RP: Specific heat capacity (P1) (P.41)1 Which piece of equipment is used to transfer thermal

energy into the metal block?Immersion heater

2 What supplies energy to the immersion heater? A power pack3 Which piece of equipment measures the potential

difference?Voltmeter

4 Which piece of equipment measures current? Ammeter5 Which piece of equipment measures the starting and final

temperature of the metal block?Thermometer

6 Which piece of equipment measures time? Stop clock7 Which piece of equipment measures the mass of the block? Balance8 Why is the block wrapped in insulation? To prevent loss of thermal energy9 How is energy input calculate? P = I x V and then E = P/t10 How could you improve the accuracy of your temperature

recording?Use a digital thermometer

11 Why might your calculation of "energy" be inaccurate? Potential difference and current unlikely to be constant throughout experiment

12 How can you check your results are repeatable? Repeat the experiment and check whether results are similar13 How can you check your result for SHC is accurate? Compare it to the true value (given in a text book)14 State 2 factors that were controlled during the experiment Time and thickness of insulation15 State one hazard and safety precaution Immersion heater and block get hot! Do not touch!

Topic: RP: Thermal insulation (P2) (triple only) (P.42)1 What piece of equipment is used to measure the water that

will go into the beaker?Measuring cylinder

2 Which piece of equipment measures the starting temperature of the water?

Thermometer

3 Which piece of equipment is used to measure the time? Stopwatch4 What is the purpose of the cardboard lid? Prevent heat loss through convection5 One experiment aimed to find out which type of insulation

was better at insulating the beaker. What was the IV?Type of material

6 One experiment aimed to find out which type of insulation was better at insulating the beaker. What was the DV?

Temperature change of water

7 One experiment aimed to find out the most effective thickness for the insulator. What was the IV?

Thickness of the insulator

8 One experiment aimed to find out the most effective thickness for the insulator. What was the DV?

Temperature change of the water

9 Is type of insulator a continuous or a categoric variable? Categoric 10 State 2 control variables in both experiments Volume of water & cooling time11 Which materials should be the best insulators? Those with air in them12 How will you know which is the best insulator? Lower temperature change13 How could you improve the accuracy of the temperature

measurement?Use a digital thermometer

14 How could you check your results were repeatable? Repeat the experiment and see if you got similar results15 How could you check your results were repeatable? Someone else does similar experiment, check they got similar

results

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Topic: RP: Resistance (P3) (P.43)1 This experiment aims to see the effect of wire length on

resistance. What is the IV?Wire length

2 This experiment aims to see the effect of wire length on resistance. What is the DV?

Resistance

3 This experiment aims to see the effect of wire length on resistance. What is a CV?

Thickness of the wire

4 Which piece of equipment provides the electrical energy into the circuit?

Powerpack

5 Which piece of equipment measures the current? Ammeter6 Which piece of equipment measures the potential

difference?Voltmeter

7 How should the ammeter be placed into the circuit? In series8 How should the voltmeter be placed into the circuit? In parallel9 How do you calculate resistance? V = IR10 Why is the powerpack turned off between readings? So that wire doesn’t get hot as this increases resistance11 What is the expected result for the relationship between

wire length and resistance?As wire length increases, resistance increases

12 What is the unit for resistance? Ohms13 How do you calculate the resistance of a resistor in a

circuit?Measure current & potential difference and calculate using V=IR

14 What is the expected relationship for resistance of resistors in a series circuit?

Total resistance = R1 + R2

15 What is the expected relationship for resistance of resistors in a parallel circuit?

Total resistance < resistance of smallest resistor

Topic: RP: Ohm's Law (P4) (P.44)1 This practical is investigating the impact of increasing the

potential difference on the current through a component. What would be the IV?

Potential difference

2 This practical is investigating the impact of increasing the potential difference on the current through a component. What would be the DV?

Current

3 Why is a variable power pack used? So that potential difference can be changed4 Why are the wires switched around after the first set of

readings are taken?To investigate the effect of using negative potential difference

5 What is the expected relationship between current and potential difference for a filament light bulb?

NOT directly proportional

6 What is the expected relationship between current and potential difference for a fixed resistor?

Directly proportional

7 What is the expected results for a diode when using negative potential difference?

No current

8 What is the expected results for a diode when using positive potential difference?

Not directly proportional

9 Why is a milliammeter used when testing the diode? Current is very small10 Why are current and potential different not directly

proportional in a filament bulb?It heats up and resistance increases

11 What does it mean if a component is described as ohmic? Current and potential difference are directly proportional12 Is a filament bulb ohmic? No13 Is a fixed resistor ohmic? Yes14 Is a diode ohmic? No15 Which symbol means directly proportional? ∝

Topic: RP: Density (P5) (P.45)1 How do you calculate the mass of a regular shaped object? Use top pan balance2 How do you calculate the volume of a regular shaped

object?length x base x height

3 How do you calculate density? density = mass / volume4 How do you calculate the mass of an irregular object? Top pan balance5 How do you calculate the volume of an irregular object? Lower into a displacement can (eureka can) and measure

volume of water displaced6 How do you measure the mass of a liquid? Weigh empty measuring cylinder, weigh with liquid, subtract

first reading from second7 How do you measure the volume of a liquid? Use a measuring cylinder

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8 What type of error do you get if you forget to reset the top pan balance to zero before starting your measurements?

Zero error

9 What type of error would you get if you repeatedly read the volume from the top of the miniscus (curve of water)?

Systematic

10 What is the unit for density? kg/m311 What is the density of water? 1000kg/m312 How can you tell if an object will float in water? Density less than 1000kg/m313 How can you check your measurement for density is

repeatable?You would get the same result multiple times

14 How can you check your measurement for density is reproducible?

Other people would get the same result as you

15 How could you check your mass readings were precise? They should be very similar to each other

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Physics RP Revision - P1 – Specific Heat Capacity

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Key KnowledgeAim: __________________________________________________________________________________________

IV in this experiment:_______________________________

DV in this experiment:_______________________________

CV in this experiment:1) __________________________

2) __________________________

3) __________________________

Risk and precaution:_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Equipment:


Method:

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Common error made in this practical:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Describe how you could improve the accuracy of the results:

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Describe how to find specific heat capacity_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Physics RP Revision – P2 – Thermal insulation (triple only)

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Key KnowledgeAim 1: __________________________________________________________________________________________IV 1:_______________________________DV 1:_______________________________CVs:

1) __________________________

2) __________________________

3) __________________________Aim 2: __________________________________________________________________________________________IV 2:_______________________________DV 2:_______________________________CVs:

1) __________________________

2) __________________________

3) __________________________Risk and precaution:_____________________________________________________________________________________________


Method and equipment 1:

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Physics RP Revision – P3 - Resistance

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Key KnowledgeAim 1: __________________________________________________________________________________________IV 1:_______________________________DV 1:_______________________________CVs:

1) __________________________

2) __________________________

3) __________________________

Aim 2: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Risk and precaution:_____________________________________________________________________________________________



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Describe the expected results:

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Describe the expected results:

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Physics RP Revision – P4 – IV characteristics & Ohms’ Law

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Key KnowledgeAim 1: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Equipment:

Sketch graphs to show the results:


Method (filament bulb/resistor)

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Method (diode)

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Physics RP Revision – P5 – Density

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Key KnowledgeAim : __________________________________________________________________________________________

Equipment (regular shape):

Equipment (irregular shape):

Equipment (liquid):


Method (regular shape)

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Method (irregular shape)

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Method (liquid)

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Q1. The current in a circuit depends on the potential difference provided by the cells and the total resistance of the circuit.

(a) Figure 1 shows the graph of current against potential difference for a component.

What is the name of the component?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

diode filament bulb thermistor

(1)

(b) Figure 2 shows a circuit containing a 6 V battery.

Two resistors, X and Y, are connected in parallel.

The current in some parts of the circuit is shown.

(i) What is the potential difference across X?

Potential difference across X = _______________ V(1)

(ii) Calculate the resistance of X.

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Resistance of X = _______________ Ω(2)

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(iii) What is the current in Y?

Current in Y = _______________ A(1)

(iv) Calculate the resistance of Y.

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Resistance of Y = _______________ Ω(1)

(v) When the temperature of resistor X increases, its resistance increases.

What would happen to the:• potential difference across X

• current in X

• total current in the circuit?

Tick ( ) three boxes.

Decrease Stay the same Increase

Potential difference across X

Current in X

Total current in the circuit

(3)(Total 9 marks)

Q2. A student investigated the properties of three types of insulation.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus the student used.

Figure 1

In the investigation different insulating materials were placed in contact with the hot metal plate.

Temperature probes measured the temperature on each side of the material.

The temperature probes were connected to a data logger.

Figure 2 shows how the temperature measured by temperature probe 2 changed over 10 95

minutes for each of the materials.

Figure 2

(a) What was the temperature of the hot metal plate?____________________ °C

(1)(b) Which material is the best insulator?

Tick one box.

A B C


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(c) Another student repeated the investigation but doubled the thickness for all three insulating materials.

Suggest how using thicker insulation would affect the results of the second student's investigation compared with the first student's results.

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(d) The students could have used a thermometer instead of temperature probes and a datalogger.

Figure 3 shows the datalogger screen and a thermometer.

Figure 3

Give two advantages of using the datalogger and temperature probes compared to a thermometer.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(e) The table gives information about four types of insulation that could be used for insulating the cavity walls of houses.

Type of insulation Thermal conductivity in W/m °C

Felt wool 0.070

Mineral wool 0.040

Polyurethane foam 0.030

Rock wool 0.045

Explain which one of the types of insulation in the table would be the best to use for cavity wall insulation.

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(Total 9 marks)

Q3.A student had read about a glacier that had been covered in insulating material. The idea was to slow down the rate at which the glacier melts in the summer.

She investigated this idea using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

(a) These are the steps taken by the student.

• Measure 30 cm3 of cold water into a boiling tube.

• Place the boiling tube 25 cm from an infra red lamp.

• Record the temperature of the water.

• Switch on the infra red lamp.

• Record the temperature of the water every minute for 5 minutes.

• Repeat with boiling tubes covered in different insulating materials.

(i) Why did she use an infra red lamp?

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(ii) Name one control variable in this investigation.

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(iii) Give one advantage of using a temperature sensor and data logger instead of a glass thermometer to measure temperature.

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(b) The results of the investigation are shown in the graph.

(i) Why did the student use a boiling tube with no insulation?

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(ii) From her results, what should she recommend is used to insulate the glacier?

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(iii) Explain why the insulation recommended by the student will reduce the heat transfer from the Sun to the glacier.

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(c) Explain, in terms of particles, how heat is transferred through the glass wall of a boiling tube.

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(Total 9 marks)

Q4.An electric immersion heater is used to heat the water in a domestic hot water tank.When the immersion heater is switched on the water at the bottom of the tank gets hot.

(a) Complete the following sentence.

The main way the energy is transferred through the copper wall of the water tank is

by the process of ________________________________________ .(1)

(b) The immersion heater has a thermostat to control the water temperature.

When the temperature of the water inside the tank reaches 58°C the thermostat switches the heater off. The thermostat switches the heater back on when the temperature of the water falls to 50°C.

Graph A shows how the temperature of the water inside a hot water tank changes with time. The tank is not insulated.

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Time in hours

(i) The temperature of the water falls at the fastest rate just after the heater switches off.

Explain why.

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(ii) To heat the water in the tank from 50°C to 58°C the immersion heater transfers 4032 kJ of energy to the water.

Calculate the mass of water in the tank.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C

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Mass = _______________________________ kg(3)

(iii) An insulating jacket is fitted to the hot water tank.

Graph B shows how the temperature of the water inside the insulated hot water tank changes with time.

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Time in hours

An insulating jacket only costs £12.

By comparing Graph A with Graph B, explain why fitting an insulating jacket to a hot water tank saves money.

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Q5. Figure 1 shows a spring before and during compression.

The arrow F represents one of the two forces involved in compressing the spring.

Figure 1

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(a) Draw another arrow on Figure 1 to represent the second force involved in compressing the spring.

(2)

A student investigated three different springs to compare the spring constants.

The results of the investigation are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(b) Which one of the springs has the smallest spring constant?

Tick one box.

A B C


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Figure 3 shows a child's toy. The toy hangs from a hook in the ceiling.

Figure 3

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A child pulls the toy downwards and then releases it.

The toy oscillates up and down with a frequency of 1.25 Hz

(c) How many times each second will the toy oscillate up and down?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(d) Calculate the period of the oscillating toy.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

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Period = ____________________ s(2)

(e) When the toy is stationary, its weight causes the length of the spring to increase from 0.05 m to 0.25 m

The spring constant = 7.0 N/m

Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

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Elastic potential energy stored = ____________________ J(3)

(Total 10 marks)

Q6. The specific heat capacity of aluminium can be determined by experiment.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram showing how the apparatus used to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium should be arranged.

(3)

(b) Describe how you could use the apparatus you drew in part (a) to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

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(c) Methods used to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium may give a value greater than the actual value.

Explain why.

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Q7. The current in a circuit depends on the potential difference (p.d.) provided by the cells and the total resistance of the circuit.

(a) Using the correct circuit symbols, draw a diagram to show how you would connect 1.5 V cells together to give a p.d. of 6 V.

(2)

(b) Figure 1 shows a circuit containing an 18 V battery.

Two resistors, X and Y, are connected in series.

• X has a resistance of 3 Ω.

• There is a current of 2 A in X.

Figure 1

(i) Calculate the p.d. across X.

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P.d. across X = ______________________ V

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(2)

(ii) Calculate the p.d. across Y.

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P.d. across Y = ______________________ V(2)

(iii) Calculate the total resistance of X and Y.

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Total resistance of X and Y = ______________________ Ω(2)

(c) Figure 2 shows a transformer.

Figure 2

(i) An 18 V battery could not be used as the input of a transformer.

Explain why.

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(ii) The transformer is 100% efficient.

Calculate the output current for the transformer shown in Figure 2.

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107

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Output current = ______________________ A(2)

Q8. (a) Figure 1 shows the apparatus used to obtain the data needed to calculate the resistance of a thermistor at different temperatures.

Figure 1Power supply

(i) In the box below, draw the circuit symbol for a thermistor.

(1)

(ii) Use the data given in Figure 1 to calculate the resistance of the thermistor at 20 °C.

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Resistance = _____________ ohms(2)

(iii) Figure 2 shows the axes for a sketch graph.

Complete Figure 2 to show how the resistance of the thermistor will change as the temperature of the thermistor increases from 20 °C to 100 °C.

Figure 2

108

Temperature in °C(1)

(iv) Which one of the following is most likely to include a thermistor?

Tick () one box.

An automatic circuit to switch a plant watering system on and off.

An automatic circuit to switch an outside light on when it gets dark.

An automatic circuit to switch a heating system on and off.

(1)

(b) The ammeter used in the circuit has a very low resistance.

Why is it important that ammeters have a very low resistance?

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___________________________________________________________________(1)

(c) The table below gives the temperature of boiling water using three different temperature scales.

Temperature Scale

100 Celsius (°C)

212 Fahrenheit (°F)

80 Réaumur (°Re)

Scientists in different countries use the same temperature scale to measure temperature.

Suggest one advantage of doing this.

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___________________________________________________________________(1)

(d) A student plans to investigate how the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) changes with light intensity.

The student starts with the apparatus shown in Figure 2 but makes three changes to the apparatus.

One of the changes the student makes is to replace the thermistor with an LDR.

Describe what other changes the student should make to the apparatus.

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___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 9 marks)

110

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