Muslim Genocide; case study of Burma

Research Paper

By Shakeel Ahmed Shah

Teacher: Dr. Qandil Abbas

Course module: contemporary Muslim World

SCHOOL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Quaid-i-Azam University

Islamabad

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iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMuslim genocide

Case study of Burma

Index

1. Introduction2. Definition of genocide3. Brief history of Muslim genocide4. Major causes of Muslim genocide in history

a) Ethnic and religious cleavagesb) Political storms

5. Contemporary age Muslim genocide; Burma genocidea) causesb) methods of genocidec) outer world responsed) Muslim world response

Reporting from MW Analysis within reports

6. Conclusion

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Introduction

Genocide is a historical phenomenon that evidences the human’s barbarian and aggressive instincts. The roots of genocide goes deep into the era when there were clans and groups and since the time when there were horticultural societies, where there was scarcity of food, or man was not much aware to produce more food thus there always remained a competition for acquiring food, in the competition for survival man started to kill members of other clans. This very fact can be called the beginning of the genocide. Later when societies evolved and people became civilized, the trend and aim of genocide too evolved. Now the killing is for other so called civilized reasons not for the food etc.

This research work is totally focusing on the genocide of Muslim communities living on the globe and later in concentrated on the killings of Muslim in Burma as a case study of Muslim genocide. It begins with the universal definition of the term Genocide. After defining the said term the research work then heads towards history of genocide of Muslims. Next to that the research put light over the causes of this historical genocide. Ahead the research comes to the point to which it is purposed that is the contemporary age Muslim genocide in Burma. Within the same chapter the research discuss the details of this case.

At the end comes conclusion. In this chapter the research gets concluded with general, at some places logical and imperative comments. This chapter contains most things that are existent in my mind regarding the genocide trend and responses to this chaos.

Other than defining the structure of the research paper it is imperative to mention here that it does not bear a specific question to which one would refer to as ‘research question’ rather the research has some objectives:

Bring into lime-light the history of Muslim massacre Exploring the causes of Burmese Muslim massacre or genocide Monitoring the response of world. Deliberating on the very specific response of Muslim world. As various countries of Muslim world respond to this issue in a variety of ways therefore

for each country’s response the research paper give a rationale.

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At some point in the beginning the reader can notice that research follows the ‘descriptive type’ research methodology where there is just description of the events and facts is evident and I have no control over the data as the data is a part of history. Another name for this type is ex post facto research.

Later on till the end of the research the paper runs on the tract of ‘analytical type’, where I have used existing information and have analyzed the facts on the parameters of least compatible logics.

At the end of this introductory page I hereby acknowledge many books and websites which helped me out in this paper. I have put references where required and have added a page of bibliography for acknowledging the sources.

Shakeel Ahmed Shah

IR-1st , QAU

Semester fall 2012

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Chapter 1

Definition of genocide

According to BBC English dictionary the word ‘genocide’ means the murder of whole community or race.1

The very precise and verbatim definition of genocide in international law is “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group”.2

The words mentioned under Article 2 of the 1948 UN Genocide Convention:

In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:

a) Killing members of the group;

b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.3

In the Article 6 of the Rome Statute, that could be obvious “elements” of the crime of genocide as defined in such as killings, abduction and disappearances, torture, rape and sexual violence; ‘ethnic cleansing’ or pogroms.4

Many of jurists and law experts are skeptical on the use of word ‘intention’ in this article. They argue whether how one can define intention being it a subtle term in literal meaning. Thus interpretation of this term is being done on the basis of some common reason that it is basically an aim which can be determined or judged by a series of events happening in a similar pattern and case details. A frame work published by OSAPG (Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide) clearly clarifies this question regarding the aim or intention in as; in a non-conflict situation, widespread and/or systematic discriminatory and targeted practices culminating in gross violations of human rights of protected groups, such as extrajudicial killings, torture and displacement5

1 BBC English dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. 1993 2 Text of Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948.3 Text of Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948.4 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Sited; http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf5 Point 7 sited on http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf

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Chapter 2

Brief history of Muslim GenocideMany books regarding history are being taught at school level and a little bit of general history are known to everybody. In fact the wars fought by Kufars (Infidels) against Muslims during the rise of Islam can be counted the first ever genocide of Muslims. But mature talks about history find the roots of Muslim genocide in the crusades. It was the time of eleventh century when wars were fought against Muslims only to holocaust them; was thought of Christian priests and rulers to save the Jesus’ cross.

Crusades

Eastern scholars define crusades as the holy wars of Christians fought in the name of religion against Muslims. The main story said by eastern scholars is that it was because of power-mad western pops of eleventh century who were fearful about the rapid expansion of Islam so the pronounced war against Muslims to support eastern Christian community and to liberate Jerusalem. 6

On the other hand there are the arguments of western scholars and chronicles that the crusades were proclaimed because the Christian communities in deed were vulnerable from the Muslim guns.7

What so ever the real history might have been, after study of different chronicles we come up with a common fact that the wars were announced by Christians against Muslims. Analyzing the fact regardless of being biased whether what were the intentions of the war parties, one can easily guess it was an aim to kill Muslims, because the first to proclaim war were the western Christian priests.

The crusades were a series of wars since 1095 to late sixteenth century, then the history was molding into the age of industrialization and world was facing new challenges other than religious fears and misconceptions.

Muslims were stronger enough to defend themselves against crusaders even the series of wars were played yet there was no considerable loss of Muslims noted in history.

6 The crusades and inquisitions by Rober C Jones, p. 127 Essay by Thomas F. Madden, associate professor and chair of the Department of History at Saint Louis

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Genghis khan’s massacre

The conquer of Mongols was another dark page of Muslim history when a huge number of Muslims were barbarously killed and massacred by the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and his successors. This historical Muslim genocide event is written wide spread on the sheets of history from 1190-1400.8

More about this massacre can be read in the book written by Ata malik Juwani a wazir of Genghis Khan who guided him in this conquest.9 Later the religious Murders of Iranian Muslims by Temur Lang who was a successor of Genghis khan is an addition to this historical chaos.

Entering into a new age

A new era emerged in seventeenth century; industrial era was facing economical and other commercial challenges. This was again a competition of survival.

Western Nation states started expanding right after this age and the world history steps into a new phase. And the concept of genocide too entered into a new phase. The reasons change, in some cases we cannot point out the events to be as actual Muslim genocide but I have enlisted some events were there was a vast massacre of Muslims.

British India

History of India during British rule witnesses a vast massacre of Muslims. There are a number of explicit examples of Muslim genocide in British India. I feel no need to explain this history in this research as it is evident to every person living around.

Genocide in Africa

In the period 1950-early 2000 many African countries on looked a vast devastation of Muslims. It was the verge of colonization. New political climate was taking masses under effect. The mass murder was for political reason so some writers called this phenomenon ‘politicide’ but here I am going to account all types of killings of Muslim as Muslim genocide as per definition of ‘Genocide’: intention to end a race (In general). By some or other way the external hands always have been in every destructive event. Even more precisely in the political turmoil of Africa,

8 ‘Essential histories’ by Stephen Turnbull9 History of world conqueror by Ata Malik Juwani, urdu version tarikh-e-jahan kusha

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those were Europeans who were manipulating the circumstances by the hand of Arabs or any internal part.10

Killings in Bosnia, Somalia, Cambodia and side by African countries can be discussed as tempered cases in this regard.

Genocide in Asia

The same kind of political circumstances were noted as reason for waste massacre in the Asian regions. It was the conquest of British Empire which was the basic cause of the vast massacre of Muslims along with the other nations. Even the genocide of Muslim communities has been the part of very recent history. Palestine genocide, Indonesia, Afghanistan, subcontinent has been some eminent cases of history where Muslims were brutally killed. The reasons again were diverse from case to case.

A static data would limelight the actual historical massacre being done in Muslim Parts of the globe in the name of politics, or any other manipulated reason, where the Muslims have been killed in larger number.

Following is a data table that shows the Country and date, nature of the episode and estimated number of victims, Source: The American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 57-73. In this table it can evidently be seen how many of Muslim parts of Africa and Asia, and rest of the globe have been under the clouds of this Massacre chaos. The Number of victims here in includes the total of even non-Muslim population but Majority has been Muslim Population other than in China Vietnam and some other countries.

10 History of world conqueror by Ata Malik Juwani, urdu version tarikh-e-jahan kusha

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This data table covers the historical episodes of entire Genocide-politicide that occurred in the world till 2003 (Publishing of this diary). Muslim countries can clearly be identified in this chart.

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Chapter 3

Causes of Historical genocideCauses of Muslim genocide have been varying in different cases; however study of history of these events gives an image of some basic and common reasons beyond these massacres. Like some of the theme causes I am going to mention here below;

a) Ethnic and religious cleavages:Under this category of causes we have examples of Crusades and Mongol killings. Mongols were intended to conquer the world and their attitude very much barbarous in this regard.11 With this intention they used to kill their opponents blindly whether they are children, women, and aged persons or be anyone. In the region of Syria, Baghdad, Egypt, and encompassing areas was a major population of Muslim as a big threat, being strong wealth wise and ethnically.12

However crusades were totally religious wars. The targets were Muslims. Main reason called for targeting Muslims was that Christian pops thought Muslims were a hazard for the cross and with the intention to protect Christ’s cross the war was to target Muslim personals everywhere.13

b) Political turmoil:The colonization era and decolonization time was totally a political haphazard which took many of the Muslim regions under its shadow. Thus many were killed in these patches of history while confronting to the political challenges of the prevailing time. It indeed these were directly concerned to the political system, were not a matter of religion or cast by the way but the victims were Muslims. May be the ingredient of religion have been there, because there were a number of people who were opposing the concept of Nation State as an opposite of Islamic concepts.

Chapter 411 Essential histories 1190-1400, by Stephen Turnbull12 Tarikh jahan kusha by Ata Malik Juweni13 A Short history of world, H. G. Wells

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Burma Genocide

It has been a hot topic on media in recent past: Muslim killing in Burma. Even in the present days it can be heard something about this issue. The human right abuse of Muslims in Burma have been a hot topic of social media too, where masses have been receiving a lot of content and news on social media like facebook or other social sites; the news sometimes were found un authentic with the purpose to exploit the emotions of Muslim masses but sometimes they were indeed based on facts.

Geo-political location of Muslims in Burma

Muslim majority areas in Burma are state of Arakan/ Rakhine in the west of Myanmar, where Islam is the principal & practiced religion of the 1 million Rohingya minorities, as well as some Indians and Bengalis. There are also a few BaMa (Burman) converts to Islam as well as Muslims of mixed Indian Burmese ethno-cultural heritage, known (these days critically) as Zerbadees.14

Muslim settlement history

Muslims of Burma come from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The report paper of Islamic human Rights Commision 2005 says ‘The first Muslims who settled in this region (Rohangya) were believed to be Arab mariners and traders that arrived on the Rakhine coast in the 8th and 9th centuries. Other Muslims who came to the area in later centuries include Persians, Moguls, Turks, Pathans and Bengalis. During the British colonial period from 1824-5 until 1948 there was also massive migration from Chittagong to what is now the Rakhine State.’ Onwards this report describes the settlement of a minor Muslim population on the periphery of Burma.

Outside the Rakhine state lives a population of 2,000 out of 9,000 population of town of Taungoo, in the Bago Division between Yangon and Mandalay.15

A historic over view of genocide in Burma

This Muslim genocide on the island of Burma is not a new story. Since 1962 to the late 80’s Burma had been under the military regime. Military’s former name was SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council) and now known State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) has been the toughest regime for the inhabitants of Burma, the direct victims of this tough rule were Muslims in deed.

Written in a report developed by Islamic Human rights commission in 2005, the history of human right abuse in Burma is believed to have been started in 1784 when Burma Budhist raided 14 Myanmar’s Muslims the oppressed of the oppressed, report by Islamic Human Rights 2005, chapter 115 International Religious Freedom Report 2003, US Dept of State

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on Ankara (Burma’s Muslim Majority area), although every ethnic caste living in minority had suffered in that invasion but Muslim’s burns were prominent.16

The table inserted in the chapter of brief history calls a number of massacres of Burmese Muslims in 1978. Later 1990’s elections and crack down by army against minor ethnic groups again put the Muslims to tyranny. 17

The effects of post 9/11 era can be numerated as the worst effects on the Muslim population living in Burma.

a. CausesIt has been a political issue, whether Rohingyas should be identified as nationals of Burma of should not. Thus the historic killings were on the issue of

A report of global Islamic Media says ‘The Buddhist Rakhine made the false claim against the minority Muslim Rohingya that three Muslim youths raped and murdered a 26 year old woman. It was totally wrong as the minority Muslims did not do this against the Buddhist Rakhine. The woman was raped and killed by a gang of Buddhist Rakhine, one of whom was her boyfriend.’ The report in further lines tells ‘The Buddhist Rakhine killers placed the dead body near a Muslim village without any knowledge of the murder. The Buddhist Rakhine and the Quaffer Burmese (Myanmar) authority accused Muslims of killing the woman. As a result, three innocent Muslim youths were arrested. One was beaten to death, and the other two were sentenced to death by the court. The government has shown the world that they created a fake issue to instigate a real event against Muslims.’ 18

This report may be a claim but similar idea prevails in the reports published by Amnesty international on 19th July and 8th of August. The reports said it was ignited with a misconception or a false report and then the Muslims were killed brutally in a systematic way.19

Not only a single newspaper or human rights organization but all of the reports coming from the concerned organization proclaim the killings of Muslim in Burma a systematic murder under the supervision of governing bodies. The rationale behind this is an explicit fact that Burmese army reportedly is involved in this massacre and since it has been a long trend of such killing yet government (even the past governments) hasn’t ever noticed. Neither been the poor Muslims of Burma been recognized as nationals.

16 Myanmar’s Muslims the oppressed of the oppressed, report by Islamic Human Rights 2005, chapter 317 International Religious Freedom Report 2003, US Dept of State18 Shaban 1433 July 2012 Source: (Echo of Jihad Center for Media), sited: Global Islamic media front.19 http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/myanmar-rohingya-abuses-show-human-rights-progress-backtracking-2012-07-19

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b. Methods of genocideIt becomes very imperative to mention the methods of the act when we talk about Genocide. The very case under study; the Burma case, is reportedly a vast murder and massacre of Muslims where almost every kind of the act under the definition of genocide was witnessed by media. Much international news couches and philanthropic and human rights organizations report news on various events of Muslim killings in Burma. The most common kinds of act were; killing, physical torture included smashing and rape cases and mental disturbance (through threats).

c. Outer world response

Response of the world communities

Under this topic here we are going to limelight the general response of world including world international organization towards the continuous killings and brutalities stormed over the Burmese Muslim population.

International organization

International organizations are some very essential parts of international brotherhood or international community. The nature of these organizations is totally based on the humanitarian and welfare based. If we think ideally these organizations keenly play role on pure merit of human rights.

Here under I am going to put light over role and actions played by some international organizations: United Nations (the most superior of all the international organization), Amnesty international (UK based international Human rights Organization).

UN’s response

Onwards to 1990s UN reported the killing of Muslims in Burma to be systematic and planned.20

UN Commission on Human Rights21

20 Human rights violations by the Burmese army; http://pilger.carlton.com/burma/human

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UN Commission on Human Rights commenced the appointment of a Special Reporter on the situation of human rights in Myanmar in March 1992. This reporter was obliged to report directly to the secretary general of UN. He was a former Malaysian Ambassador Named Ismail Raza.

UN ECOSOC22

Several resolutions have been passed by UNESCO on the issue of human rights situation in Myanmar, in early 2000 the resolution 2003/12 of 16 April 2003 and 2004/… of 21 April 2004 is considered to be a strong attempt for redemption of the human right violation in Burma.

UNHCR

In its 2003 year report for South Asia, the UNHCR stated that one of its main challenges in the region “remains the protracted refugee situations”, amongst others the 19,700 Myanmar Muslims in Bangladesh. In its 2003 year report, UNHCR also mentions that its presence in Myanmar’s northern Rakhine State “continued to play a crucial protection role, facilitating the sustainable reintegration of a large number of Muslim returnees”. The UNHCR also mentions that “special attention was given to vulnerable groups” among the 235,000 returnees “in order to preclude the potential risk of renewed population movement” (quoted directly from UNHCR official site)

Reported on 27 July 2012, UNHCR delivered aid to over 30,000 displaced people in Myanmar’s Rakhine state. The information is sited on the page of genocide watch and on the site of UNHCR too.

Amnesty International (AI)

It is on the part of amnesty international that it has documented human rights abuses by the military against civilian members of ethnic minorities (Including Muslims and Christians), most commonly in the context of counter-insurgency operations since 1988 by the SLORD (Name of Burmese Army at that time) in Burma. These include forced labor; forcible relocation with no compensation; torture and ill-treatment; and extrajudicial executions, meanwhile keeping in sight the definition of genocide written in convention 1948. The AI human rights organization published reports on act of violation against the Rohingyas in 1992 which was shortly after their second mass massacre and exodus to Bangladesh; and again in 1997, as refugee flows to Bangladesh continued. AI visited Myanmar for the first time in February 2003 and again in December 2003.

Western world

21 Resolution 1992/58 of 3 March 1992; http://www.unhcr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.RES.1992.58.En?Opendocument22 Resolution 2003/12 of 16 April 2003; http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.RES.2003.12.En? Opendocument and resolution 2004/… of 21 April 2004; respectively.

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USA’s response

As a response to these systematic killings, the US has discontinued bilateral aid to the government of Burma, suspended issuance of licenses to export arms to Myanmar, and suspended the generalized system of preferences and Export Import Bank financial services in support of US exports to the country.23

2012 reports say that ‘the Obama administration announced that it will waive longstanding US sanctions on investment and financial services in Burma.’ Commenting on this move Human rights watch and others called it a premature step by US.24

EU’s response

Reported in 2oo5 by IHRC; there have been no bilateral cooperation programs between the EU and Myanmar since the ethnic killings have started or genocide was on. The European Commission funding is currently limited to the repatriation and reintegration of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh and a number of small NGO projects working primarily in ethnic minority areas and focusing on water, sanitation, medical care, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. EU countries cut off aid to Burma in 1988, agreed on an arms embargo in 1990, and in 1991, suspended defense cooperation. (Note this total information has been taken from the report made by Islamic Human Rights Commission 2005).

In 2012, The European Union disregarded concerns about human rights risks by suspending all business-related sanctions on Burma in April 2012, Human Rights Watch said. The EU did not place any requirements on companies.25

Asian countries

Asian countries other than Muslim states were responding to this issue in a very unusual way China, India, Japan and Thailand have played key roles to off-set sanctions by the United States and European Union and kept the oppressive military regime alive.

d. Response of the Muslim worldThe response of Muslim countries in this regard is really astonishing at some spots. More focusing on the recent (2012) killings, the response to these specific events which has been taken place in very recent days is very anomalous.

23 IHRC report 2005.24 Burma: US Backtracks on Responsible Investment Pledge By Reuters 11 July 2012 sited on http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Burma_12_07_11_US_Backtracks_on_Responsible_Investment_Pledge.pdf25 As in note 24.

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I have some reports of local and international newspapers, which shout stories about these killings in a variety of ways. On the basis of which

Bangladesh

The Foreign Minister of Bangladesh, Mr. M. Morshed Khan, has said that the ongoing violence in Myanmar will have no impact on relations between the two countries.26 This is being reported by so many other international newspapers.

The very recent report says the Burmese Muslim refugees were sent back to Burma in the same boats as they reached to the coastal areas of Bangladesh.

We can count so many reasons for this type of response. Geo-politically the Bangladesh’s territory in adjoin to the Burmese on a vast area. Secondly the economy of Bangladesh can’t be called sound enough to coup such ties if occur by anyway. It is evidently very difficult for Bangladesh to have severe ties with Burma just because of a few numbers of people. Whether the concept of Ummah is more prior or the geo-strategy? It’s itself a debatable question.

Malaysia

Reported on 22 July 2003, Foreign Minister of Malaysia Syed Hamid Albar stated: “there is a need for it (the issue of Myanmar) to be discussed and for ASEAN countries to arrive at a consensus'' in an attempt to downplay then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad’s remarks earlier that week to the media, saying Myanmar can face expulsion from ASEAN in the case if it carry on to restrain Suu Kyi (The opposition leader) and genocide of Muslims. Mr Albar added “we are not trying to interfere in the internal affairs of Myanmar”27 this was indeed a brave gesture of Malaysia.

It is easily guessable why this brave gesture is: because Malaysia is economical and otherwise better off than Burma. That may the reason why Malaysia has shown her eyes to Burma this way. Strategically Malaysia has a strong position as compared to the Burma and Bangladesh.

Indonesia

In May 2004 Indonesia’s foreign ministry stated that the political reconciliation in Myanmar is going to be failed “of what the international community expected”. The statement urged Myanmar's military regime to take in loop all ethnic and political groups while processing the writing of a new constitution. Indonesia was then currently chairing ASEAN. It sat with 26 Myanmar’s Muslims, The Independent (internet edition), Bengali newspaper, 2 November 2003; http://www.independent-bangladesh.com/news/nov/02/02112003ed.htm

27 ASEAN consensus needed on Myanmar, Malaysia says, Asian Economic News, 28 July 2003; http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDP/is_2003_July_28/ai_105896934

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Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and others in arguments that the constitutional conference in progress in Yangon should include representatives of all groups (Political and ethnic).28 Indonesia stands with the same face even in 201o clashes and in 2012 too.

Pakistan

On 2nd May 2001 the then Chief Executive of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf met with General Than Shwe to talk about economic cooperation midst Pakistan and Myanmar, thus marking the first ever meeting between the two countries since last 27 years. During the talks, both the leaders signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for cooperation in science and technology. Before leaving Myanmar for Vietnam, General Musharraf commented, "It is Pakistan's desire to get closer to Myanmar. The future looks bright." Pakistan has long been suspected of supplying weapons to the Myanmar military regime.29

Being non-partial, Mushrraf’s visit was a pre-9/11 when there was settled enough circumstances regarding the issue of Muslims but the history was there. Musharraf atleast have had spoken words of Muslim brotherhood and he would have had mentioned the Muslim solidarity to enhance the moral of Muslim brothers dwelling in the region and to point indirectly the government to be careful anytime. The reputation of Pakistan was stable enough right by the time.

The role of Pakistan can’t be said effective. The reasons are rooted in the worst economic situation of Pakistan along with the historically worst political instability. However reported in daily tribune of 7th of August 2012:

‘In a letter addressed to the President of Myanmar, Zardari called for hastening the process of rehabilitation of Rohingya Muslims so that they can return to their homes and lead a safe and secure life.

The president added that the government and the people of Pakistan were saddened to learn about the losses of the Muslims and were deeply concerned about their plight.’

It is quite difficult for Pakistan to utter even a word of sympathy for the Muslim brothers dying in Myanmar.

Turkey

During the month of July 2012, in the recent massacres Turkey was the first and more probably only Muslim country which directly went into the situation to help the Muslim brotherhood. Reported by many national and international newspapers wife of Turkish PM visited Burmese destitute Muslims and distributed the initial aid packages. Later more aid was provided to deprived Muslim minorities of Burma.

28 Indonesia Joins in Criticizing Burma's Constitutional Convention, 19 May 2004; http://www.ncgub.net/News/Indonesia%20Joins%20in%20Criticizing%20Burma's%20NC%2019%20May%202004.htm29 http://www.burmaproject.org/burmadebate/bdspring01.html, sited: IHRC report 2005.

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It is a clear idea that Turkey is more stable than other Muslim countries economically. The economy being backbone of a state enabled turkey to stand fast and firmly work on providing aid to Burmese Muslims.

Arab countries

Despite of being economically well established and being more pertinent stake holders of Muslim world, the Arab countries have been collectively silent on the issue. Silent in terms that no any weighing statement from any statesman of these Muslim countries was reported so far.

Neither there is any such report which could have witnessed any material aid to the poor and ill-fated people of Myanmar.

It’s a point of suspense that why the Arab countries showed such an indifference to the issue.

Organization of Islamic Conferences (OIC)

To the past massacre and exodus, OIC in June 2000 passed a resolution on the Muslim minority in Myanmar in which it deplored the then ongoing oppression and displacement, suffered by some Muslims in the Union of Myanmar, in addition to their being deprived of the basic citizens’ and human rights, which other citizens enjoy. In June 2001, the OIC strongly condemned the "inhuman and aggressive" attacks by "extremist" Buddhists upon Muslims in Myanmar.

In September a team of representatives on behalf of OIC visited Burma, after this visit Maha Akeel a spokesman of OIC told media that “the group has still not received official notice that they have been denied permission to open an office”30

Prior to this visit, secretary general of OIC against the recent violence in July 2012 wrote a letter to the Burmese opposition leader Suu kyi highlighting the troubles faced by the Muslim ethnicity in Burma, in the letter secretary general told Suu kyi that as a laureate of noble price for peace OIC expects from her to settle the issue and work for the accommodation the Muslim minorities.31

However a very recent report of Arakan Rohingya National Org. (ARNO) (17 Oct 2012) argues that Suu Kyi hasn’t taken any strong stand against the Burmese president’s position on Muslim genocide.

30 Written by Arakan Rohingya National Org. (ARNO) Wednesday 17 October 201231 Written by Arakan Rohingya National Org. (ARNO)Thursday, 05 July 2012

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ConclusionWhen I was doing work on this paper it then became clear to me that the issues of Burmese Muslims is not as recent as it is being depicted on social media. It is a historic chaos from which the Rohingyas, so are called Muslim in Anakran state, suffering for a long time.

The objectives been counted in the introduction were to put light over the history of Muslim genocide, disintegrating the Burma genocide story and analyzing its debris and then integrating it to make sensible to be expressed in terms of the some desired subjects; causes, methods, world response and Muslim world response.

As mentioned in the history, Muslims have been very prone to outer ethnic forces from the very first days. Major movements again cleansing the identity of Muslim race have been moved but for the one or other reason Muslims survived these stresses and considerable population of Muslims live in today’s world.

Mentioned in the paper initially the reasons for Muslim genocide were totally religious and ethnic cleavages. But later as the world started to be defined in terms of Nation States, races and political troubles turned to be slaughtering daggers for the Muslims.

It can be said that the genocide of Burma is also a part of that political ideology to which world refers as ‘nation state’ where the Rakhin nation does not accept Rohingyas as the inhabitants of their land and proclaims themselves to be the sole owner of the Burmese land being one Rakhin Buddhist nation.

Present era discusses more of human civilization and human rights, so therefore I had kept an objective of this research paper that how the world responded to this vast massacre? After thorough study of reports on attitude of world states and communities it is deduced that international brotherhood was initially (in history) was very much concerned to the rights of Rohingyas in Burma and were showing sympathy but later on the international economic stresses compelled them to alter their sympathetic attitude. It became very much necessary to involve minor countries like Burma in the economic talks and thus the international brotherhood joint friendly hands with the Burmese stakeholders.

The international human rights organizations on the other hand are taking stand on the massacre of Muslim community in Burma, the organizations reportedly are trying to give a helping hand to the destitute Muslims of Burma but there is nothing coming in front to give a lasting end to this chaos.

Response of Muslim World has major focus in this research paper, the reports regarding response of Muslim countries tells a lot of stories coming from different Muslim countries which

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are supposed to be units of Muslim World. In fact some are economically and geo-strategically sound and some are not. But the response has not been exact as to fix by the reason of soundness and weakness. Bangladesh for instance showed cold blooded response to this issue just because of geo-strategic and economical problems, Indonesia and Malaysia being bit more than Burma showed anguish over the issue. Turkey for a while is politically and economically strong, put efforts to help out the Muslim brothers living in Burma.

But what about the Arab countries, which are economically and by every mean very much well-off than other Muslim countries yet they even not passed a comment.

On the part of individual responsibility being a Muslim state Arab countries are lacking back. World and particularly Muslim world expects them to be at first to respond such issues but they seems lacking back besides being main stakeholders of the Muslim World.

The delegation of OIC which visited Burma is a good response of OIC but it is a delayed response, the recent massacres started in the Month of May and the team visited in the month of September. But in the past the OIC has played vital role on the basis being representative organization of Muslims. Say in 2000 and 2001 OIC exerted great pressure over international human rights organizations to intervene into the case and by the effect the vast massacre was paused for sometimes but it rose very vigorously.

It has been a long story of more or less 50 years since, how far it would go? If the world claims to be safe for human rights, if the world proclaims to be civilized today than before it becomes on part of entire world to extinguish this fire properly that it should not ignite again.

As far as Muslim countries and OIC is concerned there is need of more seriousness or can say sleepless efforts to end this story of such a vast massacre. Sentiments of individuals living even apart from the place can’t bear this impasse any more. People quest; isn’t there any way to quit this? If there is it should be followed by any cost.

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Bibliography1. BBC English dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. 1993

2. A Short history of world, H. G. Wells

3. ‘Essential histories’ by Stephen Turnbull

4. History of world conqueror by Ata Malik Juwani, urdu version tarikh-e-jahan kusha

5. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1 Feb., 2003

6. The crusades and inquisitions by Rober C Jones

7. Essays by Thomas F. Madden

8. Islamic Human Rights Commission, 2005

9. International Religious Freedom Report 2003, US Dept of State

10. http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf

11. http://www.amnesty.org/

12. http://pilger.carlton.com/burma/human

13. http://www.unhcr.ch/

14. http://www.genocidewatch.org

15. http://www.burmaproject.org/burmadebate/bdspring01.html

16. Arakan Rohingya National Org. (ARNO) reports.