Chapter 23. R. F. Luck, L. Nunney, R. Stouthamer. 1999. Sex ratio and quality in the culturing of parasitic Hymenoptera: A genetic and evolutionary perspective. Pages 653-672. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: sex determination, number of species per family and superfamily from which thelytoky has been reported, classification of parasitic Hymenoptera by family and mode of reproduction, sex-ration distorting factors, sex ratio in heteronomous parasitoids, postcopulation fertilization lags, multiple copulations, temperature and photoperiod, sex allocation, sex ratio and variation in fitness, local parental control and variation in fitness-host size interactions, clutch size and sex ratio, sex ratio of polyembryonic wasps