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By David Harris

Lake Braddock Secondary School

Burke, Virginia

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Table of Contents

Mission Directive 3

Orbital Location 3

OASIS Development Plan 4

External Configuration 5

Internal Configuration 6-7

Construction 8

Radiation Protection 8

Energy Resources and Consumption 9

Energy Production and Use 9

Energy Plan Post-Construction 9

Water, Food, and Recycling 9-10

Transportation Energy 10

Societal Structure and Community Design 11

Wellness Facilities 12

Tourist Attractions 13

Medical Facilities 13

Mobility/Transportation 14

Space Suit Systems 14

Communications 14

Working Facilities 15

OASIS Unmanned Robot 16-17

Cited Sources 17-18

Oasis Space Station Mission OutlineMission Directive

The goal of OASIS is to create a productive habitat for humans that will utilize the unique environment of space, while still protecting them from the inherent dangers of such an environment. This goal is realized through the construction of two massive structures that serve unique yet symbiotically related purposes. Together the two components will enable a substantial inflow of revenue that will serve to improve the human condition as we physically step beyond the cradle of earth’s atmosphere. OASIS will employ over 10,000 workers throughout the completion of the station components, with hundreds more overseeing cargo transit, asteroid mining, and USV (unmanned space vehicles)/ NETV (non-Earth terrestrial vehicles) tele-operation.

Orbital Location of OASIS

The orbital location for OASIS will be situated in space, but near a body of significant mass with a stockpile of life-giving resources to support the station’s needs. The asteroid likely to be chosen for this purpose is 433 Eros because of its relatively stable orbit between the earth and mars as well as the fact that it has been successfully visited in the past by the NEAR Shoemaker satellite in the 1990s. [Sullivan] OASIS will be placed in a sun-synchronous or near sun-synchronous orbit so that continuous sunlight will be supplied to the solar panels generating the stations power. A base will be set up on the asteroid to allow the majority of the materials on the space station to be supplied from the asteroid’s surface.

OASIS Development Plan

The OASIS venture will begin with a cryogenic fuel depot (using inertial balancing to separate the liquid fuel and evaporated gases) stationed at LEO (Low Earth Orbit). [Zegler] This fuel depot will service spacecraft traveling beyond earth’s orbit. The revenue and experience received from this venture will fund the construction of a space platform with a larger fuel depot. This space platform will allow launching of materials and colonists to the station once the first torus of the Habitation sector is completed. The station will be located near an asteroid. This will allow the colony to use the asteroid’s resources to produce oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen to be used for fuel and for the colony atmosphere. Asteroid materials will be

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refined on the space station to produce extremely pure, high yield products that will be shipped to earth on cargo ships.

OASIS Structure (External Configuration)

OASIS has two major components that serve unique purposes. The Core Axel Sector (CAS) is the first component and is the center for manufacturing, scientific research, observation, and administration of OASIS’ technical and social structure. At the center of this sector is the flight operations, the administration center as well as the deep space telescope observatory (DSTO). [Mathiesen] This part of the CAS is spherical and acts as the central operations module for the two ends of the station. Extending a bit farther up either side of the CAS is the docking area for passenger ships as well as cargo ships and shuttles in transit from the asteroid. The CAS will be the first component built. It will extend 1 km in length and have a diameter of 200 meters. Subsequently, the spokes extending out from the CAS will be attached. After completion of the spokes, the HS will be connected in sections to form the first concentric ring around the CAS. Each subsequent ring will be formed in a similar manner and each ring will be connected to each other at various points (with tunnel walkways and elevators) to facilitate ring-to-ring travel and increase structural integrity of the space station.

The second component is the Habitation Sector (HS) about 500 meters beyond the center of the CAS housed in the donut-shaped outer rings of OASIS. OASIS is designed to resemble a dumbbell. Since the CAS is essentially the bar, the HS is composed of stacked torus shells of increasing radius located at either end. This presents the option for increasing the population of the space station and building a larger depot station at either end of OASIS area and so that supplies can be directly delivered to a torus (ring) located farther from the CAS depot. The increase in radius of each torus will accompany increased availability of resources and experience in handling a larger social structure throughout the colony.

Transportation from the HS to the CAS and vice versa will involve a slight increase or decrease in gravitation force, depending on the destination and mode of transportation. All six spokes connecting the CAS to the HS outer ring will allow elevator travel between both components. The CAS will consist of concentric cylinders that will have varied angular speeds to ensure that the gravitational change is not significant enough to harm humans or sensitive cargo. The innermost cylinder of the CAS will experience micro-gravitational forces and thus be an important hub for biomedical and product manufacturing. Outside each HS module, solar panels will be able to harvest light from the Sun.

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OASIS Structure (Internal Configuration)

The design of the outer ring of the Oasis Space Station is patterned after the basic urban community. The outer ring is divided into six sections that serve the daily wants and needs of the space station inhabitants. Section One provides food and drink; Section Two provides clothing and goods; Section Three provides human services (e.g. medical, dental, retail sales, school activities); Section Four provides recreation; Section Five provides transportation; Section Six provides shelter (living quarters).

The Core Axel Sector (CAS) houses the work related activities being conducted on the space station. The CAS also houses the research laboratory, processing of minerals from mining operations, power generation plant, and flight operations deck. As the space station grows, the CAS will be extended and additional rings of subsequently larger radius will be added. The initial basic design will propagate as each new ring is connected to an older ring and the corresponding communal sections will match to facilitate basic service and survival needs.

The Oasis community design will begin small about 30 to 40 people and grow as the space colony matures and is able to add more space and people. Just as any community on

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Ring has three inner levels A, B and C extending out to hull surface (4th level)

Artist Concept of Deck Layout within the Outer Ring (Torus)

earth is structured, the Oasis Space Station colony will be made up of five basic groups/segments of people: the Flight Operations Crew; Colony Administrators; Engineering Services; Human Services (e.g., doctors); Mining Workers and Research Scientists; and a limited number of family members. Each of these groups will be provided with living quarters that will facilitate the accomplishment of their duties on Oasis. Each community segment will follow the same general pattern for living quarters, working facilities, energy sources, food, wellness, medical, communications and transportation. On Oasis, these areas will be located on the outer ring of the HS.

The HS for family living is a multi-level module (referred to earlier as Levels A, B and C) (Mathiesen) located on the outer ring of the space station. The gravitational force generated by the spinning CAS will create a 1g force against the outer hull of the first ring which is perpendicular to the outer surface of the CAS. This is the “down walk” section of the station. Each subsequent ring will spin with differing tangential speeds in order to account for its increased radius. Each HS module (shaped as a torus) will have three inner floors. The first level could be used as a living and meeting area where most of the daytime activities will take place. This level could provide a view of earth. This level will be attached to the spoke leading to the CAS which will provide access to the zero gravity areas in the CAS. This CAS area (center tunnel) houses the flight control center and power plant as well as other work related activities for the community. The middle or second level could be used as an airlock to connect to other additional outer rings in the future. This would make travel between rings possible without traveling to the CAS and then back out to other rings. The second level is also the area that connects to adjacent living modules located on the outer ring. The second or middle level will be used as a “safe house” contingency area when solar flares or extreme doses of cosmic radiation are detected. The third level of the module will be used as the sleeping quarters with access to water, toilet and relaxation areas. This third level is the last one before reaching the outer hull with radiation and space debris shielding. The first level will be used as a “safe house” contingency area when solar flares or extreme doses of cosmic radiation are detected. See Attachment 1 for concept design for a family unit when the Oasis Space Station has reached maturity.

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Note that Level one, two and three can be interchanged with level A, B and C in the earlier figure.

Other elements of the living quarters include a number of one-person bedrooms with toilets located on two levels of the HS (the first and third levels). Each room will contain 1 sink, 1 fold-out bed, and 1 mirror (Mathiesen). There will be four system elements holding the living quarters together: a carbon dioxide filtering system, waste removal and recycling system, water pump, and a heating/air conditioning system. Air is re-circulated after being filtered through a charcoal canister (to remove Co2) and a heat exchanger that collects condensed air and uses a fan to separate cool air from water. Solid waste will be recycled into greenhouses. Each HS will be able to be sealed off in the case of an accident and long-term astronaut suits will be housed in the air chamber in case evacuation is required. Water, heating and cooling are supplied to the living units through the power generation activities covered in following sections. [Mathiesen]

OASIS Construction

Construction of OASIS will occur in three main phases. Phase One will be the construction of the Core Axel Sector (CAS) which is made up of multiple cylinders connected end to end. Phase two construction will be the attachment of “spokes” connecting the CAS to the Habitation Sector. These spokes will take the form of six cylindrical tubes extending from

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Outer hull with radiation protection

Level ThreeLevel Two

Level One

Direction of 1g forceDown walk areas on each of three levels

Torus (outer ring) of Oasis space stationCore

Axel Sector (CAS)

Internal Ring Configuration

the CAS to the HS for each torus (ring). Phase three of construction is the attachment of the six curved cylindrical tube sections (with three internal levels) to the spokes that together make up the full habitation module.

OASIS Radiation Protection

OASIS will be protected from radiation in two ways. There will be polyurethane shielding along all sections of the HS modules and CAS structure. [Thayer] Second, each settlement area will contain a “water wall” container where residents can take shelter when solar flares occur. [Thayer] Lastly, as an extra precaution, thin superconducting magnetic coils will be woven into the interior of the station’s hull to create a large dipole magnetic field to transfer solar particles and galaxy cosmic radiation to either end of the CAS. [Thayer; American College of Radiology]

Energy Resources and Consumption

Energy Production and Use

Energy is essential to producing an effective and habitable colony, thus redundancies and back-ups for energy failures are a priority. Energy will mainly come in the form of electricity supplied by photovoltaic solar panels that cover the outside of the station. [Yager] Reflectors placed strategically around the axis will direct sunlight toward solar panels inside the station allowing individual communities to monitor their own power. [Yager] The production of solar energy will be decreased due to an increased distance from the sun at period in the stations orbit but the perpetual sunlight experienced by the station will enable systems to recharge during simulated “nighttime” hours to increase energy reserves.

The Energy Production Plant (EPP) which will be the first major item sent to the Oasis space station, because the rest of the mission depends on it. This power plant will use three different types of energy production techniques. The first type will be solar energy. This energy will be harvested by large foldable solar panels anchored to Oasis and constantly oriented toward the sun. [Yager]

Another possible form of energy production is through the use of In-situ-resources or the resources of the asteroid. [Yager] The Sabatier Reaction, which converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane and water will support this component of the EPP and be used to produce fuel for trips to Earth and the nearby asteroid. [Sullivan] This fuel (as well as other sources) can also be used for supplying energy for heating and cooling the living and working

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spaces in the colony. The EPP will also house lithium ion batteries to store energy from the solar arrays and chemical reactions from asteroid mineral processing.

Energy Plan Post-Construction OASIS

As stated earlier, the location of the space colony close to a near-earth orbit (NEO) asteroid will provide access to substantial amounts of metals, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. [Yager] Although mining resources on the asteroid will start as soon as possible, the resources mined cannot be the initial staple of the colony. A considerable amount of oxygen will be lifted up first, and as the colony approaches self-sufficiency it will cease to siphon off oxygen as a resource from the asteroid. [Yager] This extra oxygen will then be manufactured as liquid oxygen to be used and sold as rocket fuel. [Yager]

Water, Food, and Recycling

Food must be supplied to the inhabitants of the Oasis Space Colony. The system elements to support this include a greenhouse that will be connected to the living quarters. This greenhouse will have multiple levels and will be shaped like a cylinder. [Campbell] Rows of plants will be organized in circles extending out toward the edge of the cylinder. [Campbell] The center circle will contain a robotic arm that can extend out and pick plants that it deems safe and healthy. The colony will be sustained through many non-perishable foods like nuts, granola, as well as irradiated food that is cooked and packaged in flexible foil pouches

Greenhouse Plants for Food Consumption [Source: NSGF]

and sterilized with ionizing radiation (served at room temperature). [Campbell] The station’s recycling system will recycle human waste to the greenhouse for the plants. The use of a closed system of hydroponics, (which is the growth of plants in nutrient solutions instead of soil, and where this nutrient solution is constantly recycled and reused) would give maximum efficiency to the greenhouse without costing much power. [Jensen]

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Transportation Energy

Energy for vehicles working outside the space station is another matter. Surface vehicles on the asteroid will use radioisotope generators. [Yager] These generators are chosen because of their long shelf life, ability to moderate the rover’s temperature, and consistent power output. These motors do not need to be recharged and thus have low maintenance issues as well. Maintenance robots that patrol the outside of the space station will use hydrazine thrusters to maneuver and magnetic mechanical arms to traverse walls in the way that a spider crawls across a surface. [Yager]

Space Cargo Ship and Passenger Shuttle Concept [Source: NSGF]

OASIS Research Plan

Many forms of biomedical research will be explored at OASIS and utilized to produce new and upgraded health products on both the macroscopic and microscopic scale. [Phillips] Many industrial and pharmaceutical products can be manufactured in space but not so easily manufactured on earth. For instance, antitrypsin a protein used to treat emphysema. Beta cells, used to treat diabetes, can separate commercial quantities in space, single dose cure. Epidermal skin samples grown in space for skin grafting will also be of greater purity. Lastly, (interferon’s which are used to treat viral infections) can be produced with high yield and purity

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in space. Electro-optic crystals can be produced cheaper in space without there being break away in growth process. [Sullivan]

The low gravity environment of space allows one to control the convection materials (liquids and gases) that are immiscible (like water and oil) to easily be mixed, thus forming new materials with unknown capabilities. The most practical application to be explored is the creation of stronger and more pure metal alloys. As sedimentation is eliminated as well without gravity, expensive electronic components prone to damage can be manufactured much cheaper than they are on earth. The most striking example for this would be electro-optic crystals used in modulators and reflectors which would be produced without non-resolvable blemishes due to break-down of the crystal under gravity. Better semiconductors will be able to be produced without contamination resulting from the mixing of electronic and physical separation techniques in gravity. [Livingston]

The research areas in the CAS will be used to study fluid dynamics in zero-g locations, demo scale models of spacecraft. Testing for newer and better forms of propulsion like ion thrusters, plasma propulsion, and solar sails will be tested by attaching said examples to a free rotating arm on the CAs and evaluating their performance over time. Over all the ability to conduct container less processing using electrostatic and magnetic fields will eliminate wall-induced contamination, solidification, and strain on materials. [Yager]

Social Structure and Community Design

The most important element of the colony is the inhabitants themselves. Only through a combined effort of the team will the colony find success and be able to complete its mission. In order to keep balance within the colony fifteen males and fifteen females will make up the initial population. Most of the inhabitants will be required to be young and in prime physical health. The age range in the colony will extend from the age twenty-five to forty-five years old ( as long as health passes monthly examinations) in order to give a more diverse testing base for the human conditions lab. To keep the colony running, a wide variety of job specializations need to be filled. To run the medical facilities their will need to be at least three certified doctors on board. These three must fill the specialties of surgeon, gynecologist, and physical therapist. A radiologist is required as well to operate the radiology lab. The need for two psychologists is also warranted. [Mathiesen]

The technical aspects of the colony are to be taken care of by a communication engineer, a computer engineer, and mechanical engineer. Last but not least, the waste management engineer will be tasked with giving maintenance to the colonies recycling and waste removal system.

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The colony will be governed democratically, with the final decision resting with the Colony Administrator, the pre-determined leader of the colony. The only time that the colony administrator does not have full power is for matters dealing with space station operations, where the Flight Crew Leader makes the decisions concerning space station safety. This will be a U.S. colony and it will have full power to operate in space. Governance will be covered using the Agreement Governing Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies which was signed into law in 1979. [Sullivan] The points outlined by this treaty are meant to ensure peace between countries when working in space. Once the mission director obtains approval from the United Nations to go forth with the mission, the colony will have to conduct all interactions with other countries diplomatically and openly with Earth to ensure no hostilities arise.

Wellness Facilities

OASIS will provide wellness facilities to sustain the colony’s mental and physical health. The wellness facility will be located in the Recreation Sector on the outer ring and will contain a training gym, a movie video center and a video library. [Bosner] However these will be designed so as to minimize weight on the spacecraft. Therefore, the gym will showcase a wide range of resistance workouts using bungee cords along with stationary bicycles. For the mental well being of the colony, a movie center will be able to play DVD’s. As the colony’s power supply improves, uploading and downloading movies directly from earth may be possible. A virtual library will provide the comforts of reading and save space at the same time. Video games that challenge the mind with puzzles and picture matching will also be available.

OASIS Tourist Attractions

As OASIS grows (additional rings) and matures more recreational activities will be added such as:

Zero-G Swimming Pool- The zero gravity swimming pool will be a branch off of the CAS that extends into the rings of the HS. The branch will be cylindrical in shape with a diameter of approximately 12 meters expanding into a larger cylinder holding the water which will be approximately 20 meters in diameter. [Collins]

Observatory- The semi-hemispherical shape of the observatory will allow multiple people to use telescopes of modest magnification power to view the galaxy around them. [Hall]

Golf Course- An eighteen hole golf course will stretch across a late stage module of the HS. [Hall]

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Zero-G Art Classes- Artistic skills in ceramics, pottery, clay-making, can be challenged and put to the test in zero-G Art classes held in the neutral gravity zone of the CAS [Hall]

Personal Shuttle Exploration- Small shuttle capable of taking off from the station and returning with sufficient fuel to spare will be developed for tourism rides around the station, and to the surface of the asteroid. It will also serve as a faster means of transportation between HS modules and the CAS.

Medical Facilities

In the area of medical facilities, the Human services Sector of the outer ring will include a radiology lab module, along with a pharmacy/treatment module, and a surgery module that will make up the entire medical facility. The pharmacy/treatment module will contain medicine and supplies which will be replenished once a year via cargo lift. It will have standard doctor’s instruments as well as a separate medical waste disposal system not tied to the recycling system. The surgery module will consist of precision surgical instruments as well as extra fluorescent lighting. Sterilization will be maintained by requiring a scan of hands for biological infections before entering the module. These medical facilities will also be connected to the EPP back-up generator so that they do not lose power in the event of an emergency.

Mobility/Transportation

Providing mobility to reach internal parts of the space station is a much needed capability. Mini-transports, called “people movers” will be able to ferry from one to three people from one part of the space station to another. For travel outside and away from Oasis, there will also be solar-powered spacecraft (i.e. space shuttles) for transportation back and forth to the nearby asteroid for mining and collection of minerals and other elements. Space suits will be stored in the vehicles allowing people to exit and perform work related duties.

Space Suit Systems

The two different types of space suits developed for the colony will allow activities to be performed outside the space colony. The two types are long-term space suits and short-term space suits. The long-term space suit will be outfitted with a pack that uses zirconia electrolysis to transform carbon dioxide into oxygen, providing the wearer with unlimited oxygen for other long-distance trips. Short-term space suits will be made with lighter materials, and will be engineered with nylon and polyester to make them easier to move around in. [Thayer]

Communications

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Communication systems within the colony will be relayed through radio antennas wired into the outer ring sections and center tunnel. External communications will be conducted using the LEO communications satellites (COMSATs) that orbit the earth. Additional COMSATs will be placed on the asteroid to facilitate communications between OASIS and workers on the asteroid.

Asteroid Mining Operations [Source: AUR]

Working Facilities

The CAS will house the daily working activities that occur in the space station. The segment of colonists that engage in commercial work activities are mainly the miners and research scientist. The research scientist will have specially designed areas within the CAS to conduct radiology and bio-medical/human studies. The radiology lab will consist of a small MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine, an ultrasound machine, and a X-ray machine. In addition, research on radiation protection will be conducted throughout the mission of the space station.

The human conditions lab is another system element that will have two computers for entering in daily records of human behavior. All of these facilities will support human beings with a comfortable environment using the same system elements outlined for the living quarters. The human studies experiments will focus on the long term effects of living in space has on the human digestion system, the immune system and the human cellular development and growth. Various experiments will be conducted using the colony’s make up of gender and age to investigate effects across a broad range of individuals. A control group will be

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established to make sure the data gathered in not skewed by random placebo effects experienced by individuals who will be active participants in studies.

Mining operations will be conducted in two phases: on the asteroid and on the space station. The precious strategic metals and mineral deposits on asteroids will be scooped up with shovels from the surface or dug out of the surface with heavy tools or machinery. [Prado] These minerals would be brought back to the space station to an area in the CAS and processed using basic techniques as using magnets to separate metal from the dirt. [Prado] Centrifugal grinders could be used to separate the precious metal particulates from the less desirable metal granules. Most asteroids have some free metal that can be gathered, configured using some heating process and used in the construction of the space station. [Prado]

OASIS Unmanned Robotic Design

T.A.R.A will be equipped to adapt to and handle a wide range of repair and construction operations that will be employed on the Oasis Space station. The three benefits of T.A.R.A is its low maintenance, minimal need for crew control, and occupational diversity. Low maintenance will be provided using self-healing polymer materials and a rechargeable power system. The remote control system with semi-autonomous steering, due to accurate depth perception will be taught in a three-step program to both astronauts and engineers. The remote control system will enable T.A.R.A to be controlled by the Astronaut in space or some trained individual on earth. Diversity is generated by enabling T.A.R.A to support long term missions outside of construction. This can include repair missions to other satellites and other spacecraft. A portable, inflatable habitat that recharges the metal hydride batteries of the robot can attach to any spacecraft, and gives the robot a very wide mission range.

The brain of T.A.R.A is a hard-wired CPU (Central Processing Unit), all wires are covered in aluminum tape to ensure durability against temperatures in space ranging from plus one-hundred-fifty degrees to negative one-hundred fifty degrees Fahrenheit. The concept of the CPU is to copy the human neural system for maximum computational efficiency, using what is known as a chordate approach. All data systems (Communication, Force Sensors, Pressure readings, Visual data) feed back to the CPU. The CPU will calculate mechanical movements using left-right computational symmetry, (To control the left and right arms of the robot separately).

The function of T.A.R.A’s arms starts with two hydraulic cylinders in the rear containing compressed nitrogen (favorable because it can be used in inert gases that don’t react) that feeds through rubber tubes into the left and right mechanical arms. These arms are folded into the left and right side storage bays of T.A.R.A. Controlling the air pressure inside the different

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sections of the arms in turn determines the strength/rigidity of the arms. The outer material on the arms is a mix of Kevlar and a thin-film polymer. The arm, which is twenty-four feet long and divided by 12 rotational joints, is comprised of empty tube-shaped sections. At the end, a dexterous robotic hand is connected. Force sensors placed on each of the twelve dividers give the remote controller a sense of touch. The hand itself will have five fingers and be directly controlled through telepresence control station linked via satellite. T.A.R.A has six legs with magnetic grippers on the bottom to aid in traversing spacecraft.

Situational Awareness is programmed into the robot using the automatic collision avoidance systems. Depth perception will be given to the robot through two symmetrical stereoscopic color cameras with interocular (equal to human-eye) spacing. Radar is located on the front of the robot below the cameras. Two back-up color video cameras are placed on the two rear corners of the robot along with a third back-cup video camera on the bottom. GPS technology will be integrated into the CPU in case the robot needs to locate targets far-away and position itself to retrieve construction payloads.

As mentioned in the introduction, control of T.A.R.A is administered through a closed-connection to Oasis through satellite and backup radio links. A two-way satellite link will connect T.A.R.A to Oasis and a ground based Mission Control station for backup. The hands of the robot will respond directly to the movements of an astronauts hands using telepresence communication (sensors on the astronauts hands send data to T.A.R.A so it can mimic those movements in near real-time). Visual data from the five cameras on T.A.R.A will be fed to a computer screen. Through these connections, the user will select a “target” on the screen, say a panel or bolt, and the onboard computer will direct the hands to within one inch of the target. From this position tele-presence will take over and the astronaut can use the hands to manipulate the target. One six feet by six feet by 5 inch container for tools will be integrated into T.A.R.A. Tools such as caulking pallets and hand drills will be used to construct the new parts of the space station.

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All pictures except for the three produced in Rhinoceros 3D and Rivet by: David Harris

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