Tallinna Ülikool

Kasvatusteaduste Instituut

Kristina Argel

HURLING JA KILKENNY

Referaat

Tallinn 2014

Kristina Argel

Sisukord

Sissejuhatus............................................................................................................................4

1.Hurling.................................................................................................................................5

1.1 Statistics...............................................................................................................6

1.2 Rules.....................................................................................................................7

1.1.1 Playing field......................................................................................................7

1.1.2 Teams................................................................................................................7

1.1.3 Ball....................................................................................................................8

1.1.4 Helmets.............................................................................................................8

1.1.5 Timekeeping.....................................................................................................8

1.1.6 Technical fouls.................................................................................................9

1.1.7 Scoring..............................................................................................................9

1.1.8 Tackling..........................................................................................................10

1.1.9 Restarting play................................................................................................10

1.1.10 Officials..........................................................................................................11

1.3 History................................................................................................................12

2 Kilkenny......................................................................................................................14

2.1 History................................................................................................................16

2.2 Geography..........................................................................................................17

2.3 Climate...............................................................................................................18

2.4 Landmarks..........................................................................................................20

2.4 Culture................................................................................................................25

2.4.2 Arts and Festivals...........................................................................................25

2.4.3 Music..............................................................................................................26

2.4.4 Theatre............................................................................................................27

2.5 Media..................................................................................................................28

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2.5.2 Radio...............................................................................................................28

2.5.3 Print media......................................................................................................28

2.5.4 Photography....................................................................................................29

2.6 Sport...................................................................................................................30

2.6.2 Athletics..........................................................................................................30

2.6.3 GAA................................................................................................................30

2.6.4 Association Football.......................................................................................31

2.6.5 Rugby..............................................................................................................31

Kokkuvõte............................................................................................................................32

Kasutatud kirjandus..............................................................................................................33

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Sissejuhatus

Töö eesmärk oli vormistada referaat MS Wordi kõiki võimalusi ära kasutades võimalikult

efektiivselt ja ökonoomselt. Läbi selle töö õppida selgeks kõik vajalikud toimingud, et neid

teadmisi ka edaspidi kasutada.

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1.Hurling

Joonis 1. Hurley and ball 1

(Irish: Iománaíocht/Iomáint) is an outdoor team game of ancient Gaelic and Irish origin,

administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). The game has prehistoric origins,

has been played for over 3,000 years, and is considered to be the world's fastest field

sport. One of Ireland's native Gaelic games, it shares a number of features with Gaelic

football, such as the field and goals, number of players, and much terminology. There is a

similar game for women called camogie (camógaíocht). It shares a common Gaelic root

with the sport of shinty (camanachd) which is played predominantly in Scotland.

The objective of the game is for players to use a wooden stick called a hurley (in Irish a

camán, pronounced /ˈkæmən/ or /kəˈmɔːn/) to hit a small ball called a sliotar /ˈʃlɪtər/

between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the

crossbar into a net guarded by a goalkeeper for one goal, which is equivalent to three

points (vt. Joonis 1). The sliotar can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than

four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the hurley. It can be kicked or

slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. A player who wants to

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling

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carry the ball for more than four steps has to bounce or balance the sliotar on the end of the

stick and the ball can only be handled twice while in his possession.

Provided that a player has at least one foot on the ground, a player may make a shoulder to

shoulder charge on an opponent- (a) who is in possession of the ball, or (b) who is playing

the ball, or (c) when both players are moving in the direction of the ball to play it. No

protective padding is worn by players. A plastic protective helmet with faceguard is

mandatory for all age groups, including senior level, as of 2010. The game has been

described as "a bastion of humility", with player names absent from jerseys and a player's

number decided by his position on the field.

Hurling is played throughout the world, and is popular among members of the Irish

diaspora in North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina,

though no professional league is in existence there. In many parts of Ireland however,

hurling is a fixture of life. It has featured regularly in art forms such as film, music and

literature. The final of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was listed in second

place by CNN in its "10 sporting events you have to see live", after the Olympic Games

and ahead of both the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Football Championship.

After covering the 1959 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final between Kilkenny

and Waterford for BBC Television, English commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme was

moved to describe hurling as his second favourite sport in the world after his first love,

soccer. In 2007, Forbes magazine described the media attention and population

multiplication of Thurles town ahead of one of the game's annual provincial hurling finals

as being "the rough equivalent of 30 million Americans watching a regional lacrosse

game". U.S. soldiers have also identified with the game's warrior ethos.

1.1 Statistics A team comprises 15 players, or "hurlers".

The hurley is generally (24 - 36 inches) in length.

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The ball, known as a sliotar, has a cork centre and a leather cover; it is between 69 and 72 mm in diameter, and weighs between 110 and

The goalkeeper's hurley usually has a bas (the flattened, curved end) twice the size of other

players' hurleys to provide some advantage against the fast moving sliotar.

A good strike with a hurley can propel the ball over 150 km/h (93 mph) in speed and 110

metres (361 ft) in distance.

A ball hit over the bar is worth one point. A ball that is hit under the bar is called a goal and

is worth three points.

As of 2010, all players must wear a helmet.

1.2 Rules

1.1.1 Playing field

A Hurling pitch is similar in some respects to a rugby pitch but larger. The grass pitch is

rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres (140–160 yards) long and 80–90 m (90–100 yd)

wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end, formed by two posts, which are usually 6–

7 metres (20–23 feet) high, set 6.5 m (21 ft) apart, and connected 2.5 m (8.2 ft) above the

ground by a crossbar. A net extending behind the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower

goal posts. The same pitch is used for Gaelic football; the GAA, which organizes both

sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 14 yards, 21

yards and 65 yards (45 yards for Gaelic Football) from each end-line. Shorter pitches and

smaller goals are used by youth teams.

1.1.2 Teams

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Teams consist of fifteen players: a goalkeeper, three full backs, three half backs, two

midfielders, three half forwards and three full forwards (see diagram). The panel is made

up of 24–30 players and five substitutions are allowed per game. An exception can now be

made in the case of a blood substitute being necessary

1.1.3 Ball

The ball consists of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. Called a

sliotar, it is a subject to strict regulations as regards its size, mass and composition. 8

1.1.4 Helmets

From 1 January 2010, the wearing of helmets with faceguards became compulsory for

hurlers at all levels. This saw senior players follow the regulations already introduced in

2009 at minor and under 21 grades. The GAA hopes to significantly reduce the number of

injuries by introducing the compulsory wearing of helmets with full faceguards, both in

training and matches. Hurlers of all ages, including those at nursery clubs when holding a

hurley in their hand, must wear a helmet and faceguard at all times. Match officials will be

obliged to stop play if any player at any level appears on the field of play without the

necessary standard of equipment.

1.1.5 Timekeeping

Senior inter-county matches last 70 minutes (35 minutes per half). All other matches last

60 minutes (30 minutes per half). For age groups of under-13 or lower, games may be

shortened to 50 minutes. Timekeeping is at the discretion of the referee who adds on

stoppage time at the end of each half.

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If a knockout game finishes in a draw, a replay is played. If a replay finishes in a draw, 20

minutes extra time is played (10 minutes per half). If the game is still tied, another replay is

played.

In club competitions, replays are increasingly not used due to the fixture backlogs caused.

Instead, extra time is played after a draw, and if the game is still level after that it will go to

a replay.

1.1.6 Technical fouls

The following are considered technical fouls ("fouling the ball"):

Picking the ball directly off the ground (instead it must be flicked up with the

hurley)

Throwing the ball (instead it must be "hand-passed": slapped with the open hand)

Going more than four steps with the ball in the hand (it may be carried indefinitely

on the hurley though)

Catching the ball three times in a row without it touching the ground (touching the

hurley does not count)

Putting the ball from one hand to the other

Hand-passing a goal

Throwing the hurley

1.1.7 Scoring

Scoring is achieved by sending the sliotar (ball) between the opposition's goal posts. The

posts, which are at each end of the field, are "H" posts as in rugby football but with a net

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under the crossbar as in soccer. The posts are 6.4 m apart and the crossbar is 2.44 m above

the ground.

If the ball goes over the crossbar, a point is scored and a white flag is raised by an umpire.

If the ball goes below the crossbar, a goal, worth three points, is scored, and a green flag is

raised by an umpire. A goal must be scored by either a striking motion or by directly

soloing the ball into the net.The goal is guarded by a goalkeeper. Scores are recorded in the

format {goal total} – {point total}. For example, the 1997 All-Ireland final finished: Clare

0–20 Tipperary 2–13. Thus Clare won by "twenty points to two thirteen" (20 to 19). 2–0

would be referred to as "two goals", never "two zero". 0–0 is said "no score".

1.1.8 Tackling

Players may be tackled but not struck by a one handed slash of the stick; exceptions are

two handed jabs and strikes. Jersey-pulling, wrestling, pushing and tripping are all

forbidden. There are several forms of acceptable tackling, the most popular being:

the "block", where one player attempts to smother an opposing player's strike by trapping

the ball between his hurley and the opponent's swinging hurl;

the "hook", where a player approaches another player from a rear angle and attempts to

catch the opponent's hurley with his own at the top of the swing; and

the "side pull", where two players running together for the sliotar will collide at the

shoulders and swing together to win the tackle and "pull" (name given to swing the hurley)

with extreme force.

1.1.9 Restarting play

The match begins with the referee throwing the sliotar in between the four midfielders on

the halfway line.

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After an attacker has scored or put the ball wide of the goals, the goalkeeper may take a

"puckout" from the hand at the edge of the small square. All players must be beyond the 20

m line.

After a defender has put the ball wide of the goals, an attacker may take a "65" from the 65

m line level with where the ball went wide. It must be taken by lifting and striking.

However, the ball must not be taken into the hand but struck whilst the ball is lifted.

After a player has put the ball over the sideline, the other team may take a 'sideline cut' at

the point where the ball left the pitch. It must be taken from the ground.

After a player has committed a foul, the other team may take a 'free' at the point where the

foul was committed. It must be taken by lifting and striking in the same style as the "65".

After a defender has committed a foul inside the Square (large rectangle), the other team

may take a "penalty" from the ground from the centre of the 20 m line. Only the goalkeeper

and two defenders may guard the goals. It must be taken by lifting and striking.

If many players are struggling for the ball and no side is able to capitalize or gain control of

the sliotar the referee may choose to throw the ball in between two opposing players.

This is also known as a "Clash".

1.1.10 Officials

A hurling match is watched over by eight officials:

The referee

Two linesmen

Sideline official/standby linesman (inter-county games only)

Four umpires (two at each end)

The referee is responsible for starting and stopping play, recording the score, awarding

frees and issuing penalty cards to players after offences.

Linesmen are responsible for indicating the direction of line balls to the referee and also for

conferring with the referee. The fourth official is responsible for overseeing substitutions,

and also indicating the amount of stoppage time (signalled to him by the referee) and the

players substituted using an electronic board. The umpires are responsible for judging the

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scoring. They indicate to the referee whether a shot was: wide (spread both arms), a 65 m

puck (raise one arm), a point (wave white flag), or a goal (wave green flag).

Contrary to popular belief within the association, all officials are not obliged to indicate

"any misdemeanours" to the referee, but are in fact only permitted to inform the referee of

violent conduct they have witnessed which has occurred without the referee's knowledge.

A linesman/umpire is not permitted to inform the referee of technical fouls such as a "Third

time in the hand", where a player catches the ball for a third time in succession after

soloing or an illegal pick up of the ball. Such decisions can only be made at the discretion

of the referee.

1.3 History

Hurling is older than the recorded history of Ireland. It is thought to predate Christianity,

having come to Ireland with the Celts. It has been a distinct Irish pastime for at least 2000

years. The earliest written references to the sport in Brehon law date from the fifth century.

In the book by Seamus King "A History of Hurling" there is a reference from Irish verbal

history of hurling as far back as the 1200 B.C being played in Tara co Meath. Hurling is

related to the games of shinty that is played primarily in Scotland, cammag on the Isle of

Man and bandy that was played formerly in England and Wales. The tale of the Táin Bó

Cuailgne (drawing on earlier legends) describes the hero Cúchulainn playing hurling at

Emain Macha. Similar tales are told about Fionn Mac Cumhail and the Fianna, his

legendary warrior band. Recorded references to hurling appear in many places such as the

fourteenth century Statutes of Kilkenny and a fifteenth-century grave slab survives in

Inishowen, County Donegal.

Hurling was said to be played in ancient times by teams representing neighbouring villages.

Villages would play games involving hundreds of players, which would last several hours

or even days.

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U.S. president Barack Obama accepting a hurley from Taoiseach Enda Kenny

The eighteenth century is frequently referred to as "The Golden Age of Hurling". This was

when members of the Anglo-Irish landed gentry kept teams of players on their estates and

challenged each other's teams to matches for the amusement of their tenants.

One of the first modern attempts to standardise the game with a formal, written set of rules

came with the foundation of the Irish Hurling Union at Trinity College Dublin in 1879. It

aimed "to draw up a code of rules for all clubs in the union and to foster that manly and

noble game of hurling in this, its native country".

The founding of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884 in Hayes Hotel, Thurles,

Co Tipperary, turned around a trend of terminal decline by organising the game around a

common set of written rules. In 1891 the first All-Ireland hurling final was played with

Kerry winning the championship. However, the twentieth century saw Cork, Kilkenny and

Tipperary dominate hurling with each of these counties winning more than 20 All-Ireland

titles each. Wexford, Waterford, Clare, Limerick, Offaly, Dublin, and Galway were also

strong hurling counties during the twentieth century.

As hurling entered the new millennium, it has remained Ireland's second most popular

sport. An extended qualifier system resulted in a longer All-Ireland Senior Hurling

Championship, but Cork, Tipperary and Kilkenny have come to dominate the

championship and some argue that the All-Ireland has become less competitive. Pay-for-

play remains controversial and the Gaelic Players Association continues to grow in

strength. The inauguration of the Christy Ring Cup and Nicky Rackard Cup gave new

championships and an opportunity to play in Croke Park to the weaker county teams.

Further dissemination of the championship structure was completed in 2009 with the

addition of the Lory Meagher Cup to make it a four tier championship. (Wikipedia, 2014)

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2 Kilkenny

(Irish: Cill Chainnigh, meaning "church of Cainnech") is a city located in south-east part of

Ireland and the county town of the eponymous County Kilkenny. It is built on both banks

of the River Nore in the province of Leinster. The city is administered by a Borough

Council and a Mayor which is a level below that of city council in the Local government of

the state although the Local Government Act 2001 allows for "the continued use of the

description city". The borough has a population of 8,711, however the majority of the

population live outside the borough boundary, the 2011 Irish Census gives the total

population of the Borough & Environs as 24,423.

Kilkenny is a popular tourist destination. In 2009 the City of Kilkenny celebrated its 400th

year since the granting of city status in 1609. Kilkenny's heritage is evident in the city and

environs including the historic buildings such as Kilkenny Castle, St. Canice's Cathedral

and round tower, Rothe House, Shee Alms House, Black Abbey, St. Mary's Cathedral,

Kilkenny Town Hall, St. Francis Abbey, Grace's Castle, and St. John's Priory. Kilkenny is

regarded for its culture with craft and design workshops, the Watergate Theatre, public

gardens and museums. Annual events include Kilkenny Art Festival, the Cat Laughs

comedy festival and music at the Rhythm and Roots festival and the Source concert. It is a

popular base to explore the surrounding towns, villages and countryside. Controversy

exists at the moment around the Kilkenny Central Access Scheme which is a road proposed

to be built through the city centre.

Kilkenny began with an early sixth century ecclesiastical foundation within the kingdom of

Ossory. Following Norman invasion of Ireland, Kilkenny Castle and a series of walls were

built to protect the burghers of what became a Norman merchant town. William Marshall,

Lord of Leinster, gave Kilkenny a charter as a town in 1207. By the late thirteenth century

Kilkenny was under Norman-Irish control. The Statutes of Kilkenny passed at Kilkenny in

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1367, aimed to curb the decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland. In 1609 King

James I of England granted Kilkenny a Royal Charter giving it the status of a city.

Following the Rebellion of 1641, the Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the

"Confederation of Kilkenny", was based in Kilkenny and lasted until the Cromwellian

conquest of Ireland in 1649. Kilkenny was a famous brewing centre from the late

seventeenth century. In the late twentieth century Kilkenny is a tourist and creative centre.

The Heritage Council offices are located at Church Lane. The seat of the Roman Catholic

Bishop of Ossory is at St. Mary's Cathedral and the Church of Ireland Bishop of Cashel and

Ossory is at St. Canice's Cathedral. Nearby larger cities include Waterford 45 kilometres

(28 mi) south-southeast, Limerick 93 kilometres (58 mi) west and Dublin 101 kilometres

(63 mi) northeast.

Kilkenny is the anglicised version of the Irish Cill Chainnigh, meaning Cell/Church of

Cainneach or Canice. This relates to a church built in honour of St. Canice on the hill now

containing St. Canice's Cathedral and the round tower. This seems to be the first major

settlement. The early Christian origin of the round tower suggests an early ecclesiastical

foundation at Kilkenny.

Four Masters, Annals of the Four Masters, 1085.

The Annals of the Four Masters recorded Kilkenny in 1085. Prior to this time the early 6th

century territory was known as Osraighe, referring to the whole district or the capital. The

Four Masters entry was the first instance where the capital was called Ceall-Cainnigh

(modernized Kilkenny). Cill Chainnigh was a major monastic centre from at least the

eighth century. There is no mention of Cill Chainnigh in the lives of Cainnech of Aghaboe,

Ciarán of Saighir or any of the early annals of Ireland suggesting that Cill Chainnigh was

not of ancient civil importance.

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2.1 History

The history of Kilkenny (from Irish Cill Chainnigh, meaning "Cell or church of

Cainnech/Canice") began with an early sixth century ecclesiastical foundation, with a

church built in honour of St. Canice which is now St. Canice's Cathedral, and was a major

monastic centre from at least the eighth century. The Annals of the Four Masters recorded

the first reference Cill Chainnigh in 1085. Prehistoric activity has been recorded suggesting

intermittent settlement activity in the area in the Mesolithic and Bronze Age. Information

on the history of Kilkenny can be found from newspapers, photographs, letters, drawings,

manuscripts and archaeology. Kilkenny is documented in manuscripts from the 13th

century onwards and one of the most important of these is Liber Primus Kilkenniensis.

The Kings of Ossory had residence around Cill Chainnigh. The seat of diocese of Kingdom

of Osraige was moved from Aghaboe to Cill Chainnigh. Following Norman invasion of

Ireland, Richard Strongbow, as Lord of Lenister, established a castle near modern day

Kilkenny Castle. William Marshall began the development of the town of Kilkenny and a

series of walls to protect the burghers. By the late thirteenth century Kilkenny was under

Norman-Irish control. The original ecclesiastical centre at St. Canice's Cathedral became

known as Irishtown and the Anglo-Norman borough inside the wall came to be known as

Hightown.

The Hiberno-Norman presence in Kilkenny was deeply shaken by the Black Death, which

arrived in 1348. The Statutes of Kilkenny passed at Kilkenny in 1367, aimed to curb the

decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland. In 1609 King James I of England

granted Kilkenny a Royal Charter giving it the status of a city. Following the Rebellion of

1641, the Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the "Confederation of Kilkenny",

was based in Kilkenny and lasted until the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649. James

II of England spent most of the winter months from November 1689 until January 1690 at

Kilkenny, residing in the castle.

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The Kilkenny Design Workshops were opened in 1965 and in 1967 the Marquess of

Ormonde presented Kilkenny Castle to the people of Kilkenny. Today, the city has a lively

cultural scene, with annual events including the Kilkenny Arts Week Festival in the last

two weeks of August, and the Cat Laughs Comedy Festival at the beginning of June. The

City has been referred to as the Marble City. People from Kilkenny are often referred to as

Cats. The seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossory is at St. Mary's Cathedral and the

Church of Ireland Bishop of Cashel and Ossory is at St. Canice's Cathedral.

2.2 Geography

Kilkenny is situated in the Nore Valley on both banks of the River Nore, at the centre of

County Kilkenny in the province of Leinster in the south-east of Ireland. The first edition

of the Ordnance Survey map for Kilkenny was in 1837 and is held by the County Library.

The elevation is 60 metres (200 ft) above mean sea level. The area of Kilkenny borough is

3.74 square kilometres (1.44 sq mi). Kilkenny is the smallest city in Ireland and although

all cities in Ireland are by the coast or along a river Kilkenny is the only city that is not

tidal.

It is 117 kilometres (73 mi) away the capital Dublin and 48 kilometres (30 mi) north from

the nearest city Waterford. Wexford is 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the south-east and

Limerick is 122 kilometres (76 mi) to the west.

Kilkenny borough has a population of 8,591, however the majority of the population of

Kilkenny live outside the borough boundary. Kilkenny City borough and its environs had a

population of 22,179 in 2006.

Changes as of the 2006 census, by the Central Statistics Office, Kilkenny Town Borough

had a population of 8,661 which was an increase of 70 persons over the 2002 figure of

8,591 or 0.8%. The Town Environs had a population of 13,518 which was an increase of

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1347 persons over the 2002 figure of 12,144 or 11.3%.Overall both the Borough &

Environs had a population of 22,179 in 2006 which was an increase of 1444 persons over

the 2002 figure of 20,735 or 6.96

It is multilingual but predominantly English-speaking, with Irish being the second most

commonly spoken language. In recent decades, with the increase of immigration on an all-

Ireland basis, many more languages have been introduced into Kilkenny.

The main religion is Catholic, however there are Church of Ireland, Presbyterian,

Methodist, Jewish and other religious traditions living in Kilkenny.

2.3 Climate

The climate of Kilkenny, like the climate of Ireland, is a changeable oceanic climate with

few extremes. It is defined as a temperate oceanic climate, or Cfb on the Köppen climate

classification system. Kilkenny lies in plant Hardiness zone 9.

Weatherwise, Kilkenny is generally representative of wide river valleys in the region with

low temperatures on cloudless nights, and is significant in that it records some of the

highest summer and lowest winter temperatures in Ireland. The highest air temperature

ever recorded in Ireland was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F), at Kilkenny Castle on 26 June 1887.

The Met Éireann Kilkenny Weather Observing Station, 2 km north-west of Kilkenny City

centre, on the Duningstown Road, opened in May 1957, and observations ceased in April

2008. A climatological station is currently in operation within 1 km of the old site, and as

of March 2010, was providing live weather data to the general public and climate data to

Met Éireann.

Extremes recorded at the station include the highest air temperature of 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) on

29 June 1976, the lowest air temperature of −14.1 °C (6.6 °F) on 2 January 1979 and the

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lowest ground temperature of −18.1 °C (−0.6 °F) on 12 January 1982. The maximum daily

sunshine was 16.3 hours on 18 June 1978.

The warmest and sunniest month on record in Kilkenny was August 1995 with a total of

274.9 hours sunshine and very high temperatures throughout. The maximum daily sunshine

was 16.3 hours on 18 June 1978. The overall trend in temperatures has been on the rise

with a marked increase from 1988 onwards. Annual temperatures are running over 0.5

degrees or 0.9°F above 20th century levels.

The maximum daily rainfall recorded at Kilkenny station was 66.4 millimetres (2.61 in) on

17 July 1983. The late 1950s and early 1960s were wet but rainfall had been steady

throughout the century. 2002 was a very wet year and since 2005 annual rainfall has been

increased steadily, with 2009 being the wettest year since records commenced in 1958.

At the centre of the county, Kilkenny is in a sheltered location, 66 kilometres (41 mi)

inland and is surrounded by hills over 200 metres (660 ft), which ensures that it is not a

windy location. The highest wind gust of 77 knots, from a south-west direction, was

recorded on 12 January 1974.

Kilkennys first Council was elected in 1231 and since then Kilkenny has had a continuous

record of municipal government. From the 13th century to the end of the 16th the chief

magistrate was known as the Sovereign, and since then Mayor.

Kilkenny is a Local Electoral Area of County Kilkenny and includes the electoral divisions

of Dunmore, Kilkenny Rural and St. Canice. Local government bodies in Kilkenny have

responsibility for such matters as planning, roads, sanitation and libraries. It is governed by

the Local Government Acts, the most significant of which was in 2001, which established a

two-tier structure of local government. The top tier of the structure consists of the Kilkenny

County Council which has 26 elected councillors of which Kilkenny elects seven. The

second tier of local government is the Kilkenny Borough Council, which is a "Town

Council" but uses the title of "Borough Council" instead, but has no additional

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responsibilities. As of the 2009 local elections the composition of the town council is: Fine

Gael 4, Fianna Fáil 4, Labour Party 2, Sinn Féin 1, Green Party 1.

Kilkenny's city status is derived from a Royal Charter in 1609 by King James I of England.

This was recently given a legislative basis by Section 10(7) of the Local Government Act

2001, which allows for "the continued use of the description city", although it does not

have a "city" council like the other Irish cities, but rather a borough council instead.

Kilkenny Borough Council, formerly Kilkenny Corporation, used to have a "Sovereign"

and "Council of Twelve", but these have since been replaced by a Mayor and Councillors

respectively.

County Kilkenny is in the South-East regional authority of Ireland and is part of the

Carlow–Kilkenny Dáil Éireann constituency. Kilkenny has been represented through

several parliamentary constituencies in the past. From 1918–1921, Kilkenny was part of the

North Kilkenny United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. In 1921 the Carlow–

Kilkenny Dáil Éireann constituency was created and has stayed apart from between 1937

and 1948 when there was just a Kilkenny constituency.

Kilkenny is in the East constituency of the European Parliament and elects 3 MEPs.

2.4 LandmarksThe Landmarks of Kilkenny show Kilkenny's heritage through the historical buildings.

Kilkenny is a well preserved medieval town and is dominated by both Kilkenny Castle and

St. Canice's Cathedral and round tower. and some important historical architecture of the

medieval city survive, like parts of the Kilkenny City Walls. They define the extent, layout

and status of the medieval town. The town grew from a monastic settlement to a thriving

Norman merchant town in the Middle Ages. Saint Canice's Cathedral and round tower are

an example of the monastic settlement and Rothe House is an example of an Elizabethan

merchant townhouse.

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The black stone with decorative white fossils that forms the backbone of many of

Kilkenny's fine buildings was quarried locally, particularly from the Black Quarry located

1.6 km south of the city on the R700.

Visitor Attractions in Kilkenny and its environs include Kilkenny Castle and Gardens

including the Butler Gallery, St. Canice's Cathedral and round tower, Rothe House and

Garden, Shee Arms House, Grace's Courthouse, St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny City Hall,

the Dominican Black Abbey, St. John's Church, Butler House, Kilkenny 'Slips' and St.

Francis Abbey Brewery. Castle Park. Gardens include the Castle Rose Garden, Rothe

House Garden, the Famine Memorial Garden and the garden of Butler House.

In the county other attractions include Kells Priory, Jerpoint Abbey, Ballykeeffe

Amphitheatre, Warrington Top Flight Equestrian Centre, Dunmore Caves, Hoban

Memorial, Kilfane Glen and waterfall, the watergarden in at camphill, Woodstock Estate

and Jenkinstown Park.

Kilkenny Marble or Black Marble was exported to all corners of the British Empire . The

city has been referred to as the "Marble City" for centuries.

Kilkenny Castle

Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny city was the seat of the Butler family. Formerly the family

name was FitzWalter. The castle was sold to the local Castle Restoration Committee in the

middle of the 20th century for £50. Shortly afterwards it was handed over to the State, and

has since been refurbished and is open to visitors. Part of the National Art Gallery is on

display in the castle. There are ornamental gardens on the city side of the castle, and

extensive land and gardens to the front. It has become one of the most visited tourist sites

in Ireland.

The first stone castle was begun in 1204 by William Marshall the site was completed in

1213; it was a symbol of Norman occupation and in its original thirteenth-century

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condition it would have formed an important element of the defences of the town. There

were four large circular corner towers and a massive ditch, part of which can still be seen

today on the Parade. This was a square-shaped castle with towers at each corner; three of

these original four towers survive to this day.

Kilkenny Walls protected the medieval town of Kilkenny. The town was surrounded by

walls with regular towers and gates. Remnants of the Town Walls survive such as Talbot

Tower (1207), which is also known as Talbot's Bastion or Castle. It is the larger of the two

surviving towers of the defences of the medieval High town of Kilkenny. There are walls

on Abbey Street and the adjoining Black Freren Gate is the only surviving gate/access

remaining on the High town Circuit into the old city. A wall also runs through the

brewery's grounds beside St. Francis Abbey.

The Kilkenny City Walls Conservation Plan is a plan by the inhabitants of Kilkenny,

Kilkenny Borough Council, the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local

Government, An Taisce, The Kilkenny Archaeological Society and The Heritage Council

to ensure the long-term survival of their city’s unique walls.

St. Canice's Cathedral

St Canice's Cathedral, also known as Kilkenny Cathedral, present building dates from the

13th century and is the second longest cathedral in Ireland. The Cathedral is named after

Saint Canice, who also gave his name to the city.

Cruciform, the cathedral was built in the Early English, or English Gothic, style of

architecture, of limestone, with a low central tower supported on black marble columns.

The exterior walls, apart from the gables, are embattled, and there are two small spires at

the west end. The cathedral is seventy-five yards long, and its width along the transepts is

forty-one yards.

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Beside the cathedral stands a 100 ft 9th century round tower. St. Canice's tower an

excellent example of a well-preserved early Christian (9th century) Round Tower.

Accessible only by a steep set of internal ladders, it may once have been both a watchtower

and a refuge, and the summit gives a good view of Kilkenny and the countryside around.

The hill on which the cathedral stands is believed to be the centre of the first major

settlement at Kilkenny, and the round tower suggests an early ecclesiastical foundation.

Dominican Black Abbey was founded in 1225, and lying just off Parliament Street.

Bridges

The two main bridges in Kilkenny which span the River Nore have been called Green's

Bridge and John's Bridge since the Middle Ages. These have been rebuilt many times since

the twelfth century due to constant floods including the great floods of 1487 and 1763.

Green's Bridge was built in 1766. John's Bridge was completed in 1910 and the Ossory

Bridge, linking the ring-road around the city, was completed in 1984. Ossory Bridge

features an inlaid sculpture.

Green's Bridge, also known as the 'Great Bridge of Kilkenny', is one of two main bridges in

Kilkenny and is an important element of the architectural, civil engineering and transport

heritage of Kilkenny City. It was first built before 1200 and been called Green's Bridge

since the Middle Ages. The bridge has been rebuilt many times since the twelfth century

due to constant floods including the great floods of 1487 and 1763. The current bridge was

built in 1766 after the Great Flood of 1763. Green's Bridge crosses the River Nore in St.

Canices Parish in the townland of Gardens.

The present-day Green's Bridge was built by William Colles (c.1710-70) in 1766 to designs

prepared by George Smith (1763-7), a pupil of George Semple (c.1700-82). The Classical-

style detailing indicating the lasting influence of the Roman Bridge at Rimini as described

by Andrea Palladio's (1508–80) in The Four Books of Architecture (1570) (I Quattro Libri

dell'Architettura). Carved limestone of high quality stone masonry enhance the

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architectural design value of the bridge while the series of five elliptical arches identifies

the civil engineering heritage significance of the bridge. The bridge was renovated in 1835

where parapets were added but alteration works carried out in 1969 removed one parapet

and a steel railing was added.

John's Bridge

John's Bridge is one of two main bridges in Kilkenny spanning the River Nore it connects

John Street to Rose Inn Street in Kilkenny city. It was first built after 1200 and has been

rebuilt many times since the twelfth century due to constant floods including the great

floods of 1487 and 1763. It has been called John's Bridge since the Middle Ages.

The present-day John's Bridge was completed in 1910 and spans 140 ft (43 m) across the

River Nore. It was reputedly, at the time it was completed, the longest single-span

reinforced bridge in Ireland or Britain. The Design was by Mouchel & Partners using the

Hennebique system of reinforcement. The arch consists of three ribs, tapering from 2 ft 6 in

(0.76 m) to 2 ft (0.61 m) deep. The traverse deck beams are each 2 ft (0.61 m) deep.

During the flood of 1763, people gathered on John's Bridge after Green's Bridge collapsed,

John's Bridge whole structure collapsed and sixteen people died.

Lady Desart Bridge

Lady Desart Bridge is a Pedestrian and Cycle bridge opened on Thursday, 30 January

2014. It links John's Quay and Bateman Quay between John's Bridge and Green's Bridge.

Lady Desart Bridge cost an estimated 600,000 euro to construct.

Old Woollen Mills

The Old Woollen Mills was built in the 1800s and is located on the north side of the city,

on the Bleach Road. It was one of the largest employers in the area; the site covers 100,000

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square feet (9,300 m2) and has more than a mile of river frontage onto the Nore. Among its

many features is the original 75 ft (23 m) chimney consisting of over 40,000 bricks. An

architectural salvage and antique yard, Kilkenny Architectural Salvage, is currently located

on the site.

2.4 Culture

Kilkenny is a popular tourist destination in Ireland. Well regarded for its cultural life, it has

always tended to attract culturally aware visitors. Art galleries, historic buildings, craft and

design workshops, theatre, comedy, public gardens and museums are some of main reasons

Kilkenny has become one of Ireland's most visited towns and a popular base to explore the

surrounding countryside.

Points of interest within the city and its environs include Kilkenny Castle, St. Canice's

Cathedral and round tower, Rothe House, St. Mary's Cathedral, Kells Priory, Kilkenny

Town Hall, Black Abbey and Jerpoint Abbey.

2.4.2 Arts and Festivals

Kilkenny is encouraged as festival location throughout the year and especially during the

summer months.

The Kilkenny Arts Festival established in the 1970s takes place in late August. During this

time Kilkenny plays host to contemporary art with Theatre, Dance, Visual Art, Literature,

Film, Paintings, Sculptures and live performances. Musical events including traditional,

Classical, World, Jazz Music take place during the festival.

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Kilkenny holds the annual Cat Laughs Comedy festival every June bank holiday week.

The Kilkenny Rhythm and Roots Festival is held on the first weekend in May every year

and features the Americana/Bluegrass/Folk/Rockabilly/AltCountry artists in various venues

throughout the city.

Venues such as the Watergate Theatre host a range of home-produced and touring

performances in dance, music and theatre year-round.

2.4.3 Music

Music in Kilkenny is a rich and vibrant music scene with traditional Irish Music and artists

such as Kerbdog, Engine Alley, R.S.A.G. and groups like Kilkenny Music. Many pubs

have Irish traditional music sessions. Kerbdog was an Alternative rock band from Kilkenny

who began writing in 1991. Engine Alley is a power pop band, who would go on to tour

North America and Europe, having been signed to U2's Mother Records. R.S.A.G.'s double

album Organic Sampler received a Choice Music Prize nomination for Irish Album of the

Year 2008 in 2009. In 2005 Kilkenny Music a non-profit music-based group in Kilkenny

was formed to work with a vast array of bands and acts within Kilkenny and the South East

of Ireland.

Rhythm & Roots music festival is on each May. The Kilkenny Arts Festival held every

August embraces musical acts of all ages and styles. The annual concert 'Source' which is

held in Nowlan Park attracts mainstream musical performers such as Rod Stewart, Shania

Twain, Bob Dylan, Paul Simon and Andrea Bocelli. Dolly Parton headlined at the 2008

event. Bruce Springsteen played 2 consecutive nights in July 2013 to finish the European

leg of his World tour.

Classical tastes are catered for in St Canice's Cathedral, where classical musicians and

choirs often perform. The Kilkenny Choir and a Gospel Choir frequently perform in

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churches throughout the city. Groups like Ex Cathedra have played during the Kilkenny

Arts Festival. Cleere's pub and theatre on Parliament Street is well known for touring Irish

and international bands including indie, jazz and blues. They also have a traditional music

session every Monday night, as does Ryan's on Friary Street on Thursdays.

2.4.4 Theatre

Kilkenny had a tradition of dramatic performance going back to 1366 when the Dublin

company set up in Kilkenny. Henry Burkhead, printed a play in Kilkenny Cola's Fury, or

Lirenda's Misery (1645), dealing with events of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 from an

English standpoint. It was a blatantly political work with the Lirenda of the title being an

anagram of Ireland. In 1642, as a result of the English Civil War, Dublin Royalists were

forced to flee the city. Many of them went to Kilkenny to join a confederacy of Old English

and Irish that formed in that city. The Court in Kilkenny.

In 1802 Sir Richard and Sir John Power of Kilfane established the Kilkenny Private

Theatre.

The Watergate Theatre in Kilkenny is a centre for the performing and visual arts. It

provides a varied programme of professional and amateur dramatics, classical and

contemporary music, opera and dance, together with regular exhibitions of paintings and

photographs. The theatre plays an important role in the cultural, artistic and literary life of

Kilkenny along with its festivals, professional and amateur theatre companies.

The Set Theatre is also a smaller theatre located on John Street in Kilkenny.

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2.5 Media

2.5.2 Radio

KCLR is a radio station which serves both Carlow and Kilkenny. It is based at both the

Broadcast Centre on the Carlow Road, Kilkenny and Exchequer House, Potato Market,

Carlow. KCLR is available on 96FM and is an independent local radio station. As of 2009,

KCLR had 60% weekly reach and 33% weekday share. KCLR 96FM began broadcasting

in May 2004 replacing Radio Kilkenny.

Radio Kilkenny, which began as a pirate station Kilkenny Community Radio, received a

licensed to broadcast to Kilkenny city and county on 96.0 MHz,96.6 MHz and 106.3 MHz

in 1988. Radio Kilkenny had 63% of the radio listeners in County Kilkenny and 16% in

County Carlow but failed to secure a franchise in 2003 when the Broadcasting Commission

of Ireland changed the station's franchise area to include Carlow. The station ceased

broadcasting at 2:10 a.m. on January 1, 2004.

Beat 102-103 is a regional youth radio station broadcasting across the South East of

Ireland. It serves a population of about 450,000, and in August 2006 it had a 49% share of

the south east market.

2.5.3 Print media

Newspapers have been produced in Kilkenny for centuries. Kilkenny produced some of the

eighteenth and nineteenth century's most important papers. The papers cover more than 220

years, and includes the Finns Leinster Journal (later the Kilkenny Journal) from 1767 to

1965, the Kilkenny People from 1916 to 1992, and the Kilkenny Moderator from 1814 to

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1916. Also the Leinster Independent from 1872; the Kilkenny Chronicle from 1813. Other

importatant papers included, the Kilkenny Courier; Tipperary Examiner from 1858; the

Kilkenny Express and the Wexford Express from 1875; The Post (a sister paper to

Kilkenny People) from 1926; the Kilkenny Standard from 1979, the Kilkenny People in

1895, the Kilkenny Voice 2005 and also the Kilkenny Advertiser.

Finn's Leinster Journal (1767–1801) was founded by Edmund Finn in 1767 and published

on Wednesdays and Saturdays and was brought to such places as Carlow and Castledermot.

The paper brought prosperity to the Finn family but Edmund Finn died in 1777. Edmund's

wife Catherine Finn took on the task of running the paper while raising seven children.

Catherine became famous by the death of her husband and the fact that during the 18th and

19th century no other woman played such a role. It was published in Kilkenny but some

content was relevant to Carlow. It was continued as Leinster Journal (1801–1830) and the

Kilkenny Journal from 1832.

The Moderator (1814–1822) changed its name to Kilkenny Moderator 1822-1919 and

reverted to Moderator from 1920-1925.

The modern Kilkenny People was first published in 1895. It is a weekly paper. The paper

has the highest readership in the southeast. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations,

the Kilkenny People had an average weekly circulation of 17,578 for the first six months of

2006. One of the senior journalists, Sean Keane is a son of John B.Keane the novelist and

playwright. It is printed by the Kilkenny People Group at Purcellsinch and the group also

publishes a number of other regional papers.

The Kilkenny Voice, first published in September 2005, ceased publicatation on December

18, 2008. A free magazine Kilkenny Now was launched January 2011.

2.5.4 Photography

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Photographic Collections of Kilkenny include the Lawrence Collection c.1900, the

Crawford Collection c. 1940, the Valentine Collection c. 1950, the Bolton Street Students'

Survey c. 1970, the Industrial Archaeologica Survey c. 1989, the Carrigan Collection and

the St. John's Parish Collection, as well as many historical postcards.

2.6 Sport

2.6.2 Athletics

The Kilkenny City Harriers Club is an athletics club formed in 1953. In 1989 Kilkenny was

designated as a local sports centre and an all-weather running track and facilities designed

to meet International Association of Athletics Federations standards was begun. In 1992

the new track was officially opened and renamed Scanlon Park after Patrick 'Rusty'

Scanlon, who had been associated with the old complex both as an athlete and as a soccer

player.

2.6.3 GAA

The Kilkenny County Board of Kilkenny GAA (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill

Channaigh) has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park in the city. The Kilkenny

branch of the GAA was founded in 1887. Hurling is the dominant sport in the county.

Secondary schools noted for their contribution to the game include St. Kieran's College and

Christian Brothers School (CBS). Former students who have played for St. Kieran's include

Eddie Keher, Brian Cody, Eoin Kelly, DJ Carey and Henry Shefflin. There are 3 GAA

clubs based in the city: O'Loughlin Gaels GAA, Dicksboro GAA and James Stephens

(GAA Club). St John's Parish is the catchment area for O'Loughlin Gaels. The parishes of

St Mary's and St Canice's are associated with Dicksboro. St Patrick's parish is the

catchment area for the James Stephens club.

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Gaelic football is also played in Kilkenny, although it is not as popular as it is in most Irish

counties. The Kilkenny footballers are the only County not to participate in the All-Ireland

Senior Football Championship. They have previously taken gap years away from League

football, and won't participate in 2013 after poor runs in 2012 and 2011.

2.6.4 Association Football

Kilkenny City AFC played in the League of Ireland until January 2008. It entered the

league as EMFA in 1986, but resigned their position in the league after 22 years citing

“lack of finance, poor results and paltry attendances”. The club had spent all but two

seasons in the League of Ireland's second tier. Kilkenny and District Soccer League run

leagues at schoolboy, youths and junior level throughout the county. It is affiliated to

Leinster Football Association, Football Association of Ireland and the Schoolboy’s

Football Association of Ireland.

2.6.5 Rugby

Kilkenny RFC founded in 1885, is a very strong and successful Rugby Union club based at

Foulkstown on the Waterford Road. The club has provided many players for the Ireland

team including Ernie Ridgeway, Bill Tector, Jack Notley, Willie Duggan, Ned Byrne,

Ronan Kearney and Gary Halpin. Ian Dowling plays for the Munster Rugby team and is a

two time winner of the European Rugby Cup in 2006 and 2008.

Rugby is played at schools level by Kilkenny College and Kilkenny Christian Brothers

School (CBS). (Wikipedia, 2014)

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Kokkuvõte

Referaadi vormistamise kohta õppisin, et pole vaja kõike käsitsi teha ning word pakub

võimalusi, kuidas hoida kokku aega ja teha oma referaat selgema ja paremini jälgitava

ülesehitusega.

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Kasutatud kirjandus

Wikipedia. (2014, november 4). Viimati vaadatud 19, 2014, Hurling: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling

Wikipedia. (2014, october 15). Viimati vaadatud 19, 2014, Kilkenny: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny

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