Technology NotesImportant Dates in History

Citation: "Technology Timeline." Technology Timeline. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. <http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/events-timelines/12-technology-timeline.htm>.

• 2400 BCE: First abacus invented in Babylonia ◦ Used as a calculator

• 1450: Printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg ◦ Resulted in “spread of word” by ease in Europe and  Eastern World

• 1609: Microscope invented by Galileo Galilei • 1698: Steam engine invented by Thomas Savery • 1798: Vaccination invented by Edward Jenner• 1826: Photography invented by Joseph Nicephore Niepce • 1843: Typewriter invented by Charles Thurber • 1859: Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species

◦ Relate to evolution section • 1883: First skyscraper built in Chicago, USA (10 stories tall )• 1883: Machine gun is invented

◦ Relate to war section • 1908: Mass assembly of Ford vehicles by Henry Ford in USA• 1923: First television invented by Philo Farnsworth• 1928: Antibiotics and penicillin invented by Alexander Fleming

◦ How have mistakes in foundations led to positive outcomes?• 1945: Atomic bomb used for first time by United States (inventions during

this period and science developed by Albert Einstein leads to nuclear age)◦ Relate to war and hatred section

• 1971: Email created by Ray Tomlinson • 1973: Desktop (personal) computer invented by Xerox PARC• 1983: Camcorder created by Sony• 1990: Internet (World Wide Web) invented by Tim Berners-Lee• 2001: Satellite radio created

Note: Discuss how more recent inventions (i.e.: computers, internet, nuclear warfare) have set foundations for future generations. This can be discussed with people during the “Man on the Street” segment.

Technology in Ancient Civilizations NOTE: Would like to still expand on this and give details as to how the specific technologies in each ancient civilization assisted in the functioning of that civilization and impacted others.

Citation: Stearns, Peter N. World Civilizations. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1996. Print.

• Ancient technologies: tools/weapons◦ Prehistory: Iron Age, Bronze Age, Neolithic Revolution◦ Rome: aqueducts, Colosseum◦ Greece: columns◦ Muslims: advancements in chemistry, medicine, astronomy, and

mathematics◦ Advancements in technology assisted the Age of Exploration

• Five keys to a Civilization:1. Writing system 2. Specialized workers3. Complex institutions 4. Cities 5. Advanced technology

Citation: "Introduction History of Technology." Introduction to the History of Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.

• Homer defined technology as: “the spoken word of manual craft or cunning skill.”

◦ While talking about Homer, relate to The Odyssey • In Ancient Greece, Aristotle was responsible for splitting science into three

sections, which included theoretical science, practical science, and productive science (currently known as technology).

• Technological philosophers believe that technology is broken down into a “craft phase” and a “modern scientized phase.”

◦ Although modern technology is referred to as being “scientized,” it is not viewed by philosophers in that perspective. Rather, modern technologies still have a deeper philosophical meaning hidden the abundance of scientific concepts.

• Montrose Wolf stated that "modern science was derived from technology through the wisdom accumulated via the 'technical arts,' and through the invention of a few critical instruments (i.e., the telescope, the microscope, the barometer, the air-pump, and the pendulum clock).”

Citation: "The Impact of China on the History of Technology." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/china.htm>.

• For some time, China did not impact any technological innovations of the West. During the Middle Ages, for example, China greatly expanded technologically while the West did not. However, throughout the Renaissance and the periods after (including the Age of Exploration and Scientific Revolution), the West strongly favored the use of logic and thus science (backing down from religion) to create new technologies.

◦ A notable invention during that time in Europe was the printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg. This now allowed information to travel faster throughout the entire continent of Europe.

• Gary Lee Gillispie once stated, “Albert Einstein once remarked that there is no difficulty in understanding why India or China did not create science. The problem is rather why Europe did, for science is a most arduous and unlikely undertaking. The answer lies in Greece. Ultimately, science derives from the legacy of Greek philosophy. The egyptians, it is true, developed surveying instruments and conducted certain surgical operations with notable finesse. The Babylonians disposed of numerical devices of great ingenuity for predicting the patterns if the planets. But no Oriental civilization graduated beyond technique or thaumaturgy to curiosity about things in general. Of all the triumphs of the speculative genius of Greece, the most unexpected, the most truly novel, was precisely its rational conception of the cosmos as an orderly whole working by laws discoverable in thought..."

• Joseph Needham explained science grew and developed as a result of numerous different people and cultures blending together and influencing one another.

• China did develop some early technologies that influenced later Western technologies, including those associated with printing, agriculture, mechanical engineering, and war.

• Paper was first used prior to AD from the bark of a mulberry tree, and in the 3rd century AD, paper replaced the long-used silk, bamboo, and wood.

◦ Paper was first traded with other Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, and India. It later was traded along the Silk Roads to reach European countries, and was used by 1000 AD throughout the entire Muslim and Arab empire.

• The Chinese invented gunpowder, which found its way into Europe by the 13th century AD.

• The compass was also created by the Chinese. Once exposed to Europe, this set foundations for technology developed before the Age of Exploration (founded by the Portuguese). This then led to the spread and dispersal of the population of the world and the formation of colonies (which later became countries).

• Porcelain is a Chinese invention that is still widely used in present day.

Arms Race and Space Race

Citation: "The Space Race." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/space-race>. (link also has good videos)

• Space Race◦ The Cold War (it was not exactly a war; rather, tensions mainly

between the USSR and the United States) arose not long after the end of World War II in 1945. Many of these tensions were a direct result of the fact that the United States was democratic and capitalist and the USSR was a communist nation (at the time, the United States was strongly anti-communist).

▪ Can feature segment from Tom Cautela interview about schools during Soviet bombings.

▪ Can relate to Grapes of Wrath and dislike towards communists.◦ Both sides of this “competition” wanted to be better than the other.

Thus, when the USSR first launched Sputnik (the first satellite), the United States wanted to basically prove they were better by putting the first man on the moon in July 1969.

Infographic: The Future of Nasa http://columnfivemedia.com/work-items/good-infographic-the-future-of-nasa-2/

Citation: "The Nuclear Arms Race." The Nuclear Arms Race. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nuclear_arms_race.htm>.

• Nuclear Arms Race◦ In 1952, the United States used the H-Bomb, which was an immense

2500 times stronger than the atomic bomb used on Hiroshima seven years prior. In 1953, the USSR challenged the United States by creating their own H-Bomb. However, the United States’s government was in an economic position in which they were able to fund technological advancements and military spending, while the USSR was not.

◦ Russia launched Sputnik II in 1957 (a satellite), which was capable of carrying ICBMs, or intercontinental ballistic missiles. In return, the United States created the DEW line, or Defence and Early Warning system around the Arctic.

◦ There was a period of time during the 1960’s in which if either the United States or the USSR attacked one another, neither side would win due to the fact that both would be blown off of the map. This was known as MAD or Mutually Assured Destruction.

◦ The British determined that if one H-Bomb were to be dropped on London, anything in a 30 mile radius would be completely destroyed. As a result, the United States and the USSR gradually led into a period of “détente” in which both sides agreed to stay at peace with one another.

The History of Cell PhonesPicture Infographic Link: http://columnfivemedia.com/cell-ebrating-the-cell-phone/

Social Media• The Growth of Facebook

◦ Picture Infographic Link: http://columnfivemedia.com/work-items/gigaom-infographic-look-back-facebooks-revenue-valuations/

Citation: "The Retailer's Guide to Big Data." Column Five Media. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://columnfivemedia.com/work-items/the-retailers-guide-to-big-data/>. Note: This is an infographic may be used in the presentation.

• An incredible 90% percent of the world’s data has been created in the past two years.

◦ There are 6 billion mobile subscriptions worldwide (87% of the population of the world).

◦ There are 1.01 billion Facebook users worldwide.◦ There are 400 million tweets per day.

Citation: "Social Media’s Effect On Romantic Relationships [Infographic]." Bit Rebels RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.bitrebels.com/geek/social-medias-effect-on-romantic-relationships-infographic/>.Note: This can be featured in the humanities section about either love, breakups, or miscommunication.

• One out of eight marriages in the United States began online through a social networking site or online dating site.

◦ A decade ago, this was viewed as embarrassing and was typically something a person would want to keep as a secret. However, as a result of rapidly changing technology, this is viewed as normal human behavior.

◦ Not only is social media known to start relationships, but it is also known to end them.

◦ Sixty-five percents of adults use Facebook. • Note: I remember reading a few years ago in a newspaper that a couple

divorced because the husband was more drawn towards his GPS (with its robotic female voice) than he was towards his own wife.

• With 54 million singles in the United States, 5.5 million of them use an online dating website, and that number is rapidly increasing.

• There has been an immense growth in the amount of law cases pertaining to topics of social networking. Additionally, evidence for court and criminal cases can be taken from social networking sites.

◦ Can relate to law section

Citation: Jung, Brian. "The Negative Effect of Social Media on Society and Individuals." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.html>.

• Social media makes it difficult for humans to make distinctions between legitimate relationships with other humans and those founded on social networking sites.

◦ People fear that social media will cause more and more people to withdraw from the world and many will not understand how to connect with others.

• Cyberbullying occurs daily on social networking sites throughout the world. This is one of the best known causes for teen suicides and self-harm.

◦ Can relate to the use of ask.fm and Instagram beauty contests that occur within Wheatley.

• Networking sites also create a huge distraction for people at work and students at school or while doing homework. Although social networking sites are now able to be blocked by newly developed technologies; however, in recent years, this has caused certain companies to lose over one billion dollars and students to lose sleep.

◦ Can ask audience who has had this issue. • Social networking also causes people to have decreased privacy.

Picture Infographic Link (Social Networking Sites): http://columnfivemedia.com/work-items/marketo-infographic-b2b-social-marketing-universe-the-vast-anatomy-of-a-successful-campaign/

Picture Infographic Link (Social Hotspots Around the World): http://columnfivemedia.com/work-items/facebook-infographic-social-landmarks-around-world/

The History of Social Media (Timeline)Picture Infographic Link: http://www.mediabistro.com/alltwitter/history-of-social-media_b30226

The Radio and Television • Relate of Grapes of Wrath

Citation: "Radio and Television." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/radio-and-television>.

• The invention of both the radio and the television had life-changing effects on the 20th century, especially in the United States.

• Public broadcasting has set foundations and strongly impacted American economics, politics, and culture.

• In 1980, 97 percent of houses in America had at least one television.

Citation: "Effects of Radio on Society." Zainbooks. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.zainbooks.com/books/mass-communication/introduction-to-mass-communication_31_effects-of-radio-on-society.html>.

• The radio impacted communication on a much larger scale than prints, such as newspapers and magazines.  

• Many, particularly those with little money, listened to the radio during their leisure time because it gave them opportunities to explore a new form of entertainment that was not only available to the rich.

• At first, people only listened to the radio to catch up on the latest world news. However, over time, the radio began to play music, host talk shows and comedy shows, etc.

• The radio brought people together in that it allowed people to listen to the same news at the same time from different sides of the world.

• Radios also had education segments, such as those teaching mothers proper health pointers for their babies and school children.

• Having radio stations also opened an abundance of job opportunities, and being a public broadcaster or radio host (to this day) is a job only dreamed of by many.

• The radio also played a major role during times of war. (Relate to war section)

◦ It was used by many as the fastest source, telling people what to do during an emergency as soon as possible. Additionally, it gave people the latest news updates pertaining to war.

◦ It increased propaganda and nationalism, especially in countries such as the United States and Britain.

◦ Radio technology has allowed soldiers to communicate by use of Walkie-Talkies, transfers radio frequencies used by ships and planes, and also aids in the use of satellites to “spy” on the enemy. ▪ Codes are transferred by use of radio waves, which is believed

to be one of the main reasons the United States defeated Germany in World War II.

◦ Governments have also censored media and radios during times of war.

Communication

Timelines: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_history_of_communication.htm http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-communication

Citation: "Evolution of Communication." Timetoast. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-communication>.

• Important dates in the history of electronic communication:◦ 1832: First telegraph◦ 1894: Morse code sent over radio◦ 1906: First radio broadcast◦ 1915: First call from California to New York ◦ 1926: First television system created◦ 1971: First email sent ◦ 1990: Internet created◦ 1992: First text message sent◦ 2004: Google is created◦ 2004: Facebook is created◦ 2005: YouTube is created◦ 2007: First iPhone is released

Citation: "History of Communication From Cave Drawings To The Web." History of Communication From Cave Drawings To The Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. <http://www.creativedisplaysnow.com/articles/history-of-communication-from-cave-drawings-to-the-web.htm>.

• Early CommunicationVery early on after the development of humans, people would communicate

using a series of noises and gestures which had different meanings depending on which tribe or nomadic group the person belonged to. At approximately 30,000 BCE, humans began to develop a more universal language.

After 130,000 BCE, humans began using pigments from berries and fruits, blood from animals, minerals, and rocks to create works of art that would typically create a story. These are known today as cave paintings and have been preserved as archaeological artifacts.

Many historians and archaeologists believe that these paintings were a way of instructing others what to eat and what not to eat  (what was safe and what was not).

Storytelling was also a common form of communicating orally; however, stories typically were not spread among more than one tribe due to the fact that many tribes did not communicate with one another, only during periods of war.

Signals were sent throughout tribes by use of smoke (by burning leaves or shrubs) and drums. However, this was not used often due to the fact that it could easily attract predatory animals and enemy tribes.

• Early Documents and BooksNote: Can be related to section about Chinese invention of paperBefore the invention of the printing press, educated peoples in civilizations

were typically appointed the position of scribe. The word “manuscript” is derived from the Latin term, “ libri manu scripti,”

meaning “book written by hand.”Many early books were associated with topics of religion. Additionally, in

earlier years, books were typically written by those who were educated in reading religious texts, which were typically religious officials (monks, priests, and rabbis).

Can be related to religion section At the time of handwritten books, the majority of people were illiterate and

peasants. From the 600’s AD to the 1200’s AD, the majority of handwritten books were

based on religious concepts. However, after the 1200’s, Europeans began to shift their thoughts towards more logical and scientific concepts, resulting in books used to spread knowledge throughout Europe.

During the Renaissance, universities began to spring up all over Italy. • Printing Press

The printing press was created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1448 . Books were now able to be mass produced and spread throughout Europe as a result of the combination of ink, paper,and machinery.

At first, bibles were the only texts printed on the printing press. However, as time elapsed, this shifted to the increased printing of newspapers  to promote the fast spread of news over all of Europe.

• Postal ServicesIt was used as a way of communication throughout early empires (such as

those in India).Not very useful because it was not always ensured that letters would reach

their destination at a given time.

Citation: "Planes, Trains and Automobiles:." Car Insurance. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://www.lelandwest.com/planes-trains-automobiles-the-history-of-transportation_page2.cfm>.

• History of Airplanes◦ In 1877, Enrico Fornalini developed a helicopter that was powered by

a steam engine. Soon thereafter, the first aircraft was created in 1902 by the Wright Brothers.

◦ Later on, military and bombing aircrafts were developed, including the Lancaster and B-29. ▪ Relate to war section

◦ Commercial jets became widely used by the 1970’s and are now capable of transporting millions of passengers a day in a short time.

◦ The Global Hawk is currently one of the only remote-controlled aircrafts  and is used in military operations.

• History of Trains◦ The first trains were used to transport coal from mines to rivers. ◦ In 17th century America, Chinese immigrants labored to build the

transcontinental railroad.▪ Lead into immigration section

◦ The first subway system was built in London in 1863. ▪ Lead into Gettysburg address and Lincoln’s impacts on

America▪ Lead into Founding Fathers section

◦ In present day, steam engine trains have been replaced by diesel trains.

◦ The fastest running commercial train, which reaches speeds of approximately 267 mph, uses a complex system of magnetic levitation technology.

• History of Automobiles ◦ In 1860, Jean Lenoir of France patented the first automobiles with

internal combustion engines.  ▪ On the note of France, can transition into Alex’s personal

◦ More similar automobiles to the ones we see today were developed in the 1890’s.

◦ In the United States, the Model T was mass produced by Henry Ford beginning in 1908, ranging from approximately $825 to $17,000.

◦ Automobile transportation developed even further during Alfred Sloan’s presidency at General Motors, allowing for transportation time to shorten, cars to become more affordable, and travel was, in general, easier for the common citizen.

Citation: "The History of Transportation." The History of Transportation. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_history_of_transportation.htm>.

• 3500 BCE: Wheels on carts are invented◦ Used on chariots in Rome (relate to history section?)

• 3500 BCE: River boats are invented◦ Many civilizations developed around rivers for ease of transportation

▪ Relate to history section (development of civilizations) • 2000 BCE: Horses are domesticated• 1492: Leonardo DaVinci creates new theories with his concepts of flying

machines ◦ Relate to humanities (include artwork?)

• 1783: First steamboat created by Marquis Claude; François de Jouffroy d’Abbans expanded on Claude’s ideas by inventing the paddle-wheeled steamboat

• 1790: Bicycles invented • 1885: First automobile with an internal combustion engine was invented by

Karl Benz • 1889: The Zepplin is created by Ferdinand von Zepplin• 1903: The Wright Brothers invent the first functioning airplane• 1940: Modern helicopter is invented

◦ During World War II period (relate?)• 1969: First man on the moon

◦ Relate to Space Race◦ Relate to Nuclear Arms Race

• 1970: First large passenger jet • 1981: First space shuttle launched

• Proves how each invention develops from already-existing ideas. For example, without the invention of the wheel in 3500 BCE, bicycles would not have been invented, for each creation requires some sort of prerequisite.

Citation: "History of Transportation." Transportation, History of. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://ncpedia.org/transportation/history>.

• The trip from England to North Carolina took greater than two months during the time of Columbus, while it takes a mere seven hours in present day.

◦ For presentation: In current time, people can travel anywhere they want in the world and reach their destination in under a day. ▪ From article: “Time and distance have become compressed and

standardized, and migration is no longer the ordeal of a hundred or even fifty years ago.”

Citation: "A History of Transport." A History of Transport. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://www.localhistories.org/transport.html>.Tie to Environment Section

• Ancient Transportation◦ Animals (primarily donkeys and horses) began to become

domesticated between 3,000 BCE and 4,000 BCE; soon followed by the domestication of camels in Africa between 3,000 BCE and 2,000 BCE.

◦ The earliest systems of trade began along the Nile River in the Ancient Egyptian civilization (approximately 2,700 BCE). ▪ Humanities: Show painting of Egyptians rowing large wooden

boat• Roman Transportation

◦ Along with the Han Dynasty in China, the Romans developed an extensive road system that allowed for increased trade and eased the moving of the military throughout the empire.

• Transport in the Middle Ages ◦ Not as advanced (in general, life shifted towards becoming more

primitive). ◦ People traveled by horse and buggy; however, this was very

uncomfortable for long distances due to the fact that there was no suspension and roads were unleveled and made of dirt.

◦ In the 12th century, the Chinese invented the compass and Europeans invented the rudder. This set foundations for the Age of Exploration in the late 15th century.▪ Relate to history section

• Transport in the 16th Century ◦ Although technological innovation was still moving slowly, life was

developing and society was shifting back to the norm. For example, European men were assigned jobs to repair roads. ▪ Relate to Mr. Clarke’s story about Ireland’s roads in the 1970’s

compared to Ireland’s roads in present day▪ Relate to country’s entrance in the European Union: poorer

countries would benefit due to the fact that they were provided with large sums of money to repair essential things, such as roads.

• Transport in the 17th Century◦ Royal mail found its beginnings in the 1600’s under the reign of

Charles I. ◦ The first turnpikes opened in 1663 and required a fee (or toll) to use.

• Transport in the 18th Century◦ Earlier on in the 1700’s, goods were transported by pack horses. ◦ First created by the Duke of Bridgewater in Britain, canals played a

vital role in the Industrial Revolution in Europe.

◦ Highwaymen, who typically rode on horseback, became increasingly common during the 18th century. On trade routes, they would hold travelers at gunpoint in an attempt to rob them.

• Transportation in the 19th Century◦ Railroads were the highlight of this century in Britain and the United

States.◦ Other key inventions included the first cars, the bicycle, the

motorbike, and the steam engine. ▪ The Sirius took a mere 19 days to cross the Atlantic, compared

to the several weeks it took sailed boats to cross. ▪ By 1815, steamboats were crossing the English Channel on a

daily basis.▪ Can relate to Alex’s personal: this caused an increase in

the Irish population in Bretagne, France and also was a cause for the local language, Briton, to be somewhat similar to the Gaelic Irish language. My father’s side of the family is from Bretagne and I have also visited there.

• Transportation in the 20th Century◦ Cars became widely used throughout the world (especially in the

United States) due to a decrease in prices.◦ The expansion of the use of electricity caused many earlier, more

primitive inventions to become “electrified.” ◦ Air technology became a new and commonly used way of

transportation. First invented in 1903, airplanes were not commercially used until the 1970’s.

Citation: "Evolution of the Human Brain." AllAboutScience.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. <http://www.allaboutscience.org/evolution-of-the-human-brain-faq.htm>.Effect of Society and New Technologies on the Human Brain

• Human brain has evolved and adapted as a result of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Furthermore, the diversity and change over time of animals through time is also believed to be a result of naturalistic evolution. This allows for miniscule changes and alterations in the organism to be an advantage; thus, the organism has an enhanced ability to be more successful throughout its life than other organisms. These slight changes can be viewed as mutations, and over time, the mutation becomes a natural part of the animal encrypted in its DNA.

• Scientists (paleontologists and archaeologists in particular) have discovered that there is not much a difference between the brain of a Neanderthal compared to the brain of a present-day human, other than a small increase in size.

• According to scientists at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the human brain developed through a process known as “fast evolution,” a process of evolution in which the brain most likely developed very rapidly as a result of the development of society.

◦ Can relate to the formation of civilizations◦ It is still not completely known as to how the brain developed with the

body. As the brain continued to be mutated resulting in positive enhancements to the human body, other parts of the human body would have to “update” as well.

◦ Take a computer, for example. There is only so many times one can update the computer with new software until the computer becomes too old to be compatible with the software. Thus, the computer must be replaced by a newer version. The same theory is evident in the human body. The brain must develop with the remainder of the body.

◦ A failure for the human body to develop with the human brain would most likely result in a failure of natural selection, causing the possible extinction.

Citation: "History of Human Learning, Mind, Brain, and Education Science, Brain-based Teaching, Progress of Teaching." History of Human Learning, Mind, Brain, and Education Science, Brain-based Teaching, Progress of Teaching. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://education.jhu.edu/PD/newhorizons/Journals/Winter2011/Tokuhama4>.RELATE TO TOM CAUTELA INTERVIEW

• Foundations in Education ◦ Confucius greatly influenced the formation of education systems in

present-day throughout the world. During the Zhou Dynasty in China, Confucian ideals shaped values towards the elderly as well as personal values among Chinese citizens. These values stressed morals of respect and self-control, which allowed for the development of logical thought.

◦ Confucius stated that one must “teach according to the student’s ability,” known as “differentiated instruction.” Therefore, Confucius acknowledged that the individual is not as important as society as a whole.▪ Can relate to dance: when choreographing, a teacher must take

note of the students strengths and weaknesses - then can go into Alex’s personal

◦ In the Greek society, utilitarian values allowed for the development of philosophical thought. Important figures in the Greek society included Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Socrates. ▪ Howard Gardner, a modern educational theorist, stated, “Greek

philosophers may have been the first to raise questions about the nature of matter, living entities, knowledge, will, truth, beauty, and goodness. In recent centuries, however, philosophy has steadily been yielding ground, enthusiastically or reluctantly, to empirical science.”

Citation: "A History of Education." A History of Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. <http://www.localhistories.org/education.html>.Ties to Tom Cautela interview and Ancient Civilizations

• Ancient Egypt ◦ Most children did not get a formal education in a school environment;

rather, they learned learned the specific duties that would, in turn, shape their lives.

◦ As in most early civilizations, men were taught how to hunt and trade by their fathers, while women were taught domestic responsibilities by their mothers.

◦ Teachers would beat misbehaved children. ◦ Wealthy boys would be educated in the skill of writing, which

required great dedication, intelligence, and memorizing skills.▪ Relate to Writing Section

• Ancient Greece◦ Only boys attended schools (beginning at the age of seven), while girls

stayed home and were taught domestic responsibilities by their mothers.

◦ Athens focused greatly on a balanced lifestyle: there would be physical training, yet there was also a great deal of education involved. ▪ The boys who attended schools (typically, those who were

rich) typically studied writing, reading, arithmetic, poetry, and music.

◦ Conversely, Sparta focused on harsh and brutal military training. At seven years old, boys would be forced to leave their families for intense military training. ▪ Relate to The Odyssey (?)

• Middle Ages ◦ Most of the population was illiterate as a result of low education rates.

▪ This changed by the 15th century, for nearly a third of the population was literate.

◦ In some villages, boys attended Latin grammar schools, in which they learned throughout the day and faced strict disciplines from their teachers, Greek slaves.

◦ Oxford and Cambridge were constructed in England in the 13th century, and students were taught seven core subjects: grammar, public speaking, logic, astronomy, arithmetic, music, and geometry. ▪ On the note of construction, can talk about architecture

• 16th Century and 17th Century◦ By 1540, chantry schools (or priesting schools) sought their end and

grammar schools became more common.◦ Many, however, still did not attend schools and were poor laborers

instead.

◦ Hornbooks were used by children to read and write. These were constructed as wooden boards with a handle. Attached to these boards was a sheet of paper that had “Our Father” written on it.

◦ Upper class girls were typically taught by a tutor or their mother, while less wealthy lower class girls were, for the most part, completely uneducated.

• 18th Century◦ Boys continued to attend grammar schools, and now it was more

common to see females attend schools as well. However, their education did not focus on academics; rather, it focused on topics and “abilities” such as music and embroidery.

◦ Non-conformist and dissenters during the Protestant and Catholic Revolutions were not permitted to attend public schools.▪ Relate to history section (?)

• 19th Century◦ Dame schools were founded for both young boys and girls as more of

a daycare service than educational experience.◦ Upper class females were taught by a private tutor, while upper class

males were sent to elite public schools. Similarly, middle class boys were sent to grammar schools, and middle class girls were sent to private schools.

◦ The government did not take any responsibility for schooling systems in Europe until 1870, in which the Forsters Act was passed in England. This stated that all children, both upper and lower class, should be allowed to attend schools. However, this unfortunately did not mean that attending schools was free; for it did not become so until 1891 for poor families only. The government set the requirement that children must attend school until the age of twelve.

• 20th Century◦ The age in which a child must remain in school continued to increase,

as did education throughout Europe and the United States, until it reached a height of 16 years old in 1972.

◦ Standardized testing began in 1944 after the Education Act. ◦ Hitting a child was abolished beginning in the 1970’s and resulted in

massive federal punishment.

Citation: Rao, Krishna. "Role of Transportation in Society." By Tom V. Mathew. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. NPTEL, 24 May 2006. Web. <http://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/nptel/Civil%20Engineering/Transportation%20Engg%201/03-Ltexhtml/nptel_ceTEI_L03.pdf>.

• Impacts of Technology on Society◦ Social impacts include the ability for the human race to create

permanent settlements.◦ Political impacts include that people can easily come in contact with

one another, no matter where they live, allowing for early civilizations and the present world to be governed with ease.

◦ Transportation has had a negative effect on the environment.▪ Relate to environment section

Possible Future Research:• Transportation effects on environment

◦ http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ ch8c1en.html

• Nature v. Nurture and Development◦ http://education.jhu.edu/PD/newhorizons/Journals/Winter2011/

Tokuhama4 • Ted Talks• Philosophy of Technology

◦ ttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/technology/ • Useful Website

◦ http://plato.stanford.edu/