wordpress.com · web viewscientists will use stem cells taken from early embryos to make different...

1. Sam is investigating roots.

She uses a microscope to look at a root hair cell.

The diagram shows one of the cells Sam sees.

(a) (i) Write down the name of the part labelled A.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write down the job of part A.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Oxygen moves into the root hair cell by diffusion.

What is meant by the term diffusion?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

Macmillan Academy 1

(c) Sam places a growing bean seed on a rotating disc.

Finish the sentences about the growing root.

Roots normally grow downwards because they are positively …………………… .

The root on this bean is growing outwards because Sam has removed the effect

of …………………………………… .[2]

[Total 5 marks]

Macmillan Academy 2

2. This question is about fertilisation.

(a) Sperm and egg cells are adapted to carry out fertilisation.

They both have a nucleus to carry genes.

The table shows one adaptation for the egg and sperm.

Finish the table to show:

• one other adaptation for the egg and why it is useful.

• one other adaptation for the sperm and why it is useful.

adaptation why it is useful

egg nucleus to carry genes

sperm nucleus to carry genes

[2]

(b) Write down the name of the type of cell division that makes egg and sperm cells.

........................................................................................................................[1]

Macmillan Academy 3

(c) After fertilisation, cell division takes place to form a foetus.

The foetus gets some substances from the mother which pass across the placenta.

Choose your answers for the following questions from this list.

blood carbon dioxide DNA nitrogen oxygen

(i) Write down one substance the foetus gets from its mother across the placenta.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write down one substance the foetus passes to the mother across the placenta.

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]

3. Bill investigates the effect of exercise on his pulse rate.

He counts his pulse for 30 seconds at rest. He multiplies this by two to get his pulse rate.

He pedals an exercise bike for 2 minutes and then counts his pulse again.

He repeats the experiment but changes how fast he pedals.

The table shows his results.

speed of exercise in km / h

pulse ratein beats per minute

0 (rest) 76

10 96

15

20 110

25 120

Macmillan Academy 4

(a) Finish the sentence about Bill’s results.

When Bill exercises faster his pulse rate ...................................................... .[1]

(b) After pedalling at 15 km / h Bill counted 45 beats in 30 seconds.

(i) Calculate Bill’s pulse rate after pedalling at 15 km / h.

pulse rate ………………………… beats per minute[1]

(ii) What is unusual about the result for 15 km / h?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(c) Describe the job of the heart.

In your answer, include

• the job of the left side of the heart

• the job of the right side of the heart.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 5 marks]

4. Carol grows carrots to enter in the biggest carrot competition.

Macmillan Academy 5

(a) She uses selective breeding to help her to produce large carrots.

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to one characteristic Carol wants in her carrots.

short stems

bright yellow colour

large tap root

few leaves

[1]

(b) Describe how Carol would carry out the selective breeding process.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

Macmillan Academy 6

(c) Carrots contain a gene that controls beta-carotene production.

Beta-carotene is used to make vitamin A, which is needed for good eyesight.

The beta-carotene gene can be removed from carrots and placed in rice plants.

Finish the sentences.

Choose your answers from this list.

cloning

cytoplasm

genetic engineering

membrane

mutation

nucleus

Genes are found in the part of the cell called the ......................................... .

Removing the genes from a carrot and putting them into rice is

called ………………………………………………… .[2]

[Total 5 marks]

5. Sam is investigating roots.

She uses a microscope to look at a root hair cell.

The diagram shows one of the cells Sam sees.

(a) Write down the name of one part of this cell not found in animal cells.

........................................................................................................................[1]

Macmillan Academy 7

(b) Oxygen moves into the root hair cell by diffusion.

What is meant by the term diffusion?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sam places a growing bean seed on a rotating disc.

Finish the sentences about the growing root.

Roots normally grow downwards because they are positively …………………… .

The root on this bean is growing outwards because Sam has removed the effect

of …………………………………… .

Root growth is controlled by a hormone called …………………………………… .[3]

[Total 5 marks]

Macmillan Academy 8

6. This question is about fertilisation.

Sperm and egg cells carry out fertilisation.

They both have a nucleus to carry genes.

(a) (i) Write down the name of the type of cell division that makes egg and sperm cells.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) This type of cell division is different to the cell division that makes body cells.

Describe one difference.

...............................................................................................................[1]

Macmillan Academy 9

(b) The nucleus of the egg and sperm both contain DNA.

After fertilisation the DNA replicates.

Describe the two stages involved in DNA replication.

You may draw a labelled diagram to help you.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]

7. Carol grows carrots to enter in the biggest carrot competition.

(a) She uses selective breeding to help her to produce large carrots.

(i) Describe how Carol would carry out the selective breeding process.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

Macmillan Academy 10

(ii) Describe one reason why selective breeding may cause problems to a species.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Carrots contain a gene that controls beta-carotene production.

The beta-carotene gene can be removed from carrots and placed in rice plants.

This process can be used to help people who eat a lot of rice and have a vitamin A deficiency.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

8. Look at the diagram of an artery and vein.

(a) Explain why the artery has a thick muscle wall.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]


(b) Explain why the vein has a large lumen.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 2 marks]

9. Bill investigates the effect of the enzyme catalase.

He uses the enzyme to break down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.

He measures the rate of the reaction by timing how long it takes to collect 10 cm3 of oxygen.

He repeats the reaction at different pH values.


pH time in minutes2 no reaction

4 20

5 12

6 9

7 13

8 17

(a) Describe the pattern in the results between pH 4 and pH 8.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) What is the optimum pH for catalase?

pH ..................[1]


(c) Explain the result for pH 2.

Use ideas about the lock and key theory in your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

[Total 5 marks]

10. This question is about human growth.

(a) The diagrams show some sperm cells.

Sperm cells swim to egg cells to join with them.

Which sperm cell is most likely to reach the egg first?

Choose from A, B or C.

.................................................

Explain your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]


(b) Complete the sentences by choosing from the following words.

differentiation division dormancy

fertilisation modification mutation

When a sperm cell joins with an egg cell, this is called …………………..… .

The new cell formed starts to grow by cell …………………………………… forming an embryo.

As the embryo grows, different types of cells are produced.

This is called cell …………………………………… .[3]

(c) The developing embryo needs food and oxygen to help it grow.

(i) Where does the embryo get its food and oxygen from?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) One of the first organs to develop in the embryo is the heart.

Why does the embryo need a heart?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

[Total 8 marks]


11. (a) Mary has a potato plant growing in her garden.

Mary lets the potato plant reproduce asexually, producing four new potato plants.

Describe how a potato plant reproduces asexually.

You may use a labelled diagram to help you answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

(b) All of Mary’s new potato plants are produced asexually.

Mary was expecting them to have the same features.

However, three of the plants have white flowers and one has yellow flowers.

Suggest why one plant might have different coloured flowers.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]


(c) Mary’s neighbour Sachin also grows potato plants.

Sachin’s potato plants are all different.

He decides to use selective breeding to improve his potato plants.

Put ticks ( ) in the boxes next to the two features that would be suitable for selection.

easily damaged by frost

need a lot of watering

produce many potatoes on one plant

resistant to disease

take a long time to grow

[2]

[Total 6 marks]

12. The enzyme carbohydrase breaks down starch into sugar.

John investigates the effect of different pH values on the time taken for carbohydrase to break down starch.


pH value 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

time to break down starch in minutes 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0


(a) (i) Plot a graph of John’s results.

The first point has been plotted for you.

Complete the graph by drawing the best curve.

[3]

(ii) Look at the graph. What is the optimum pH for carbohydrase?

...............................................................................................................[1]


(b) In the body, starch is broken down to sugar so it can be absorbed from the small intestine into the blood.

(i) Sugar moves from the small intestine into the blood.

Write down the name of the process by which it moves.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which part of the blood transports sugar around the body?

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

13. (a) (i) Look at the list of the stages involved in cloning and implanting cow embryos.

Put the stages in the correct order by writing 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the boxes.

The first one has been done for you.

embryos are collected

embryos are implanted into surrogate cows

embryos are split, forming clones

sperm is collected from selected bulls 1

sperm is used to fertilise eggs from selected cows

[1]


(ii) Most calves are produced by allowing selected animals to breed naturally.

However, some farmers use the cloning method described in the stages above to produce calves from selected animals.

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of producing calves using this cloning method.

advantage ............................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

disadvantage ........................................................................................

..............................................................................................................[2]

(iii) This method for cloning animals is not the only one.

Dolly the sheep was produced using a different cloning method.

Describe one way the cloning method used to produce Dolly the sheep is different from the cloning method described in the stages above.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) When embryos grow, their cells divide.

Write down the name of this type of cell division.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Embryos are multi-cellular. They are made of many small cells.

What is the advantage of being made of many small cells, rather than fewer, larger cells?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

14. The diagram shows some cress seedlings growing next to a window.

The seedlings are growing towards the light outside.

(a) The seedlings growing towards the light is an example of a tropism.

What sort of tropism is this?

Put a tick ( ) in one of the boxes to show your answer.

positive geotropism

positive phototropism

negative geotropism

negative phototropism

[1]


(b) The growth of cress seedlings towards light is controlled by the plant hormone auxin.

Explain how auxin causes the seedlings to grow this way.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(c) As the seedlings grow, new cells are produced by cell division.

Look at the diagram.

Where does most cell division occur?

Choose your answer from A, B, C or D.

answer .......................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


15. (a) Race horses have been produced by selective breeding over many generations.

When horse breeders select horses to breed together they take care not to select horses that are closely related.

This is to avoid inbreeding.

What could be the consequences of inbreeding?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Race horses need to get oxygen to their muscles as efficiently as possible.

(i) Like all mammals, horses’ lungs have alveoli that are adapted for the efficient absorption of oxygen into their blood.

Describe one way that alveoli are adapted for the efficient absorption of oxygen.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Like all mammals, horses have a double circulatory system that transports oxygen in the blood quickly from the lungs to the muscles.

Why does a double circulatory system transport blood more quickly than a single circulatory system?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


16. The diagram shows a type of sex cell.

(a) Write down the name of this type of sex cell.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) What is the job of this cell?

........................................................................................................................[1]


(c) Write about how two parts of this cell help it to do its job.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]

17. (a) The list shows different substances found in the body.

carbon dioxide

food

oxygen

These substances move around the body.

The arrows in the diagram show where some substances move.

substance

Write the name of the correct substance above each arrow on the diagram.

Choose the substances from the list.

Each substance can be used once, more than once or not at all.[3]


(b) Which part of a cell controls which substances can enter?

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

18. Harry grows potatoes.

Harry plants a potato in soil and it grows into a potato plant.

Several months later the plant has made many new potatoes.

These potatoes can all grow into new plants.

(a) Write down the name of this type of reproduction.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The potatoes grow by producing new cells by cell division.


........................................................................................................................[1]


(c) Harry grows different types of potatoes.

They all have different properties.

Some of these properties are shown in the table.

property of potato type of potato

goldrush asterix Yukon gold pink eye

good for baking

good for potato salads

skin colour brown red yellow pink

number of potatoes produced high very high high medium

(i) Harry wants to grow potatoes with a brown skin which are good for baking.

Which type should Harry grow?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Harry also wants to produce a yellow skinned potato with a very high yield.

He decides that he needs to set up a selective breeding programme.

Which two types of potato from the table should he use in his programme?

................................................... and ...................................................[1]


(iii) Harry starts his selective breeding programme by growing these two types of potato.

Describe what he should do to complete the selective breeding programme.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

[Total 6 marks]

19. Scientists are trying to develop new treatments for heart attacks.

(a) Heart attacks may cause heart muscle to be damaged.

They are often caused by the build up of a substance in the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.

What is the name of this substance?

Put a ring around the answer in this list.

cholesterol

enzymes

plasma

protein[1]


(b) The scientists insert a small tube into a blood vessel in the leg.

The tube is moved along inside this blood vessel so that it enters the heart.

They use this tube to inject stem cells into the heart muscle.

The tube enters the heart through the blood vessel labelled X.

Write down the name of blood vessel X.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The scientists inject stem cells into the heart muscle.

They hope that the stem cells will repair the damaged muscle.

What are stem cells?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 3 marks]


20. A scientist is explaining how she can help the police to find a thief.

(a) The DNA is removed from the cell.

Which part of the cell contains DNA?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The scientist uses special protein molecules as catalysts to speed up reactions.

What are these protein molecules called?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) A suspect’s DNA matches the DNA found at the crime scene.

The suspect claims the DNA could match someone else as well.

Why is the scientist sure the DNA could not match someone else as well?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 3 marks]


21. Scientists are trying to develop new treatments for heart attacks.

Heart attacks may cause heart muscle to be damaged.

(a) Heart attacks are often caused by cholesterol.

Explain how cholesterol can cause problems in blood vessels.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The scientists insert a small tube into a blood vessel in the leg.

The tube is moved along inside this blood vessel so that it enters the heart.

They use this tube to inject stem cells into the heart muscle.

The tube enters the heart through the blood vessel labelled X.

Write down the name of blood vessel X.

........................................................................................................................[1]


(c) The scientists inject stem cells into the heart muscle.

They hope that the stem cells will repair the damaged muscle.

What are stem cells?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Stem cells can be extracted from human embryos.

Describe two reasons why some people might object to the use of stem cells.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 6 marks]


22. Harry grows potatoes.

Harry plants a potato in soil and it grows into a potato plant.

Several months later the plant has made many new potatoes.

(a) The potatoes grow by producing new cells by cell division.


........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Harry grows different types of potatoes.

They all have different properties.

Some of these properties are shown in the table.

property of potato type of potato

goldrush asterix Yukon gold pink eye

good for baking

good for potato salads

skin colour brown red yellow pink

number of potatoes produced high very high high medium


(i) Harry wants to produce a yellow skinned potato with a very high yield.

He decides that he needs to set up a selective breeding programme.

Which two types of potato from the table should he use in his programme?

................................................... and ...................................................[1]

(ii) Harry starts his selective breeding programme by growing these two types of potato.

Describe what he should do to complete the selective breeding programme.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Write down one possible disadvantage of selective breeding programmes.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


23. The diagram shows a normal sperm cell.

(a) Which part of the sperm cell provides most of the energy?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The nucleus of the sperm cell is haploid.

Why is this important for the correct formation of the zygote?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Scientists have discovered a mutation in the DNA of mice.

The mutation changes a protein called the MSJ protein.

They have found that this change makes the mice produce sperm without an acrosome.

(i) What effect do mutations have on DNA?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Why is a mutation likely to change the protein that the DNA codes for?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(iii) The sperm that are produced without an acrosome cannot fertilise an egg.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]

24. The diagram shows the structure of the placenta.

(a) Write down the name of one substance that moves in the direction of the arrows.

........................................................................................................................[1]


(b) Write down the name of the process by which this substance moves.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Write down two ways that the placenta is adapted to speed up the exchange of substances between the mother and the foetus.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]

25. Gareth is looking at cheek cells using a microscope.

ce ll m e m b ra n e

cy to p la sm

n u c leu s

© Nancy Nehring / iStockphoto.com

(a) Answer the following questions using labelled parts from the photograph.

(i) Which part of the cheek cell controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell?

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Where in the cheek cell do most chemical reactions happen?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Gareth now wants to look at some onion cells using a microscope.

Describe how he could prepare a microscope slide of onion cells.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

[Total 5 marks]

26. Basil is a gardener.

He keeps a diary of the work that he does in his garden.

Here is part of his diary.

27th September

Today I decided to make some new plants.My strawberries had sent out long shoots.I planted the small plants which were on the end of these shoots.

I made new geranium plants in a different way.I cut small shoots off the plants and dipped them into a powder to make them grow roots.I then planted the shoots in some soil.


(a) What is in the powder that Basil uses to make his geraniums grow?

Put a ring around the correct answer in this list.

enzymes plant hormones seeds sperm[1]

(b) Basil knows that both his new geranium and strawberry plants will look like their parents.

Explain why they will look like their parents.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 3 marks]

27. Zoe is expecting a baby and Gary is the father.


(a) Complete the sentences about Zoe’s baby by writing a word in each space.

Zoe’s baby grew from a single cell called a zygote.

This cell was formed when a …………………… cell from Gary joined with an egg cell made by Zoe.

The cell from Gary can swim to the egg cell because it has a …………………… .

The zygote grows into a baby by a type of cell division called …………………… .[3]

(b) Zoe reads a book about how babies grow.

It shows how the average mass of baby boys changes during the first six months of life.

age of baby boy in months

average mass in kilograms

0 3.3

1 4.4

2 5.4

3 6.2

4 7.0

5 7.5

6 7.9


(i) The graph shows the average mass of baby girls.

Plot the information in the table about baby boys on this graph.

Finish the graph by drawing the best curve.

[3]

(ii) Write down one difference between the growth of boys and girls during their first six months.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 7 marks]


28. HHT is a genetic disorder.

It makes people have bad nose bleeds.

(a) HHT causes problems with blood vessels.

There are three main types of blood vessel in the body.

Arteries carry blood under high pressure out to the body from the heart.

Veins normally carry blood under low pressure back to the heart.

Usually there are very small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins.

(i) Write down the name of these small blood vessels.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) These small blood vessels do an important job in the body.

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to their correct job.

act as a store of cholesterol for the body

allow exchange of materials with tissues

contain muscle cells to pump the blood

contain valves to stop the blood flowing backwards

[1]


(b) In a person with HHT some of the vessels that join arteries to veins are missing.

This means that blood under high pressure flows directly into a vein from an artery.

This often causes the vein to break and cause bleeding.

Which part of the blood would cause it to clot during a nose bleed?

Put a ring around the correct answer in this list.

platelets red blood cells white blood cells[1]

(c) HHT is caused by a change in a gene.

This stops a protein being made that is needed for blood vessel growth.

(i) Write down the word used to describe a change in a gene.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Scientists hope to be able to move genes from one person to another so that they do not develop HHT.

What name is given to this treatment that scientists are trying to develop?

Underline the name in this list.

cloning

fertilising

genetic engineering

selective breeding[1]

[Total 5 marks]


29. Zoe is expecting a baby and Gary is the father.

(a) Complete the sentences about Zoe’s baby.

Zoe’s baby grew from a single cell called a zygote.

The zygote has two copies of each chromosome.

A cell that has two copies of each chromosome is called …………………… .

The zygote grows into a baby by a type of cell division called …………………… .[2]

(b) Zoe reads a book about how babies grow.

It shows how the average mass of baby boys changes during the first six months of life.

age of baby boy in months

average mass in kilograms

0 3.3

1 4.4

2 5.4

3 6.2

4 7.0

5 7.5

6 7.9


(i) The graph shows the average mass of baby girls.

Plot the information in the table about baby boys on this graph.

Finish the graph by drawing the best curve.

[3]

(ii) What is the difference between the average mass of baby boys and baby girls at 3.5 months?

Use your graph.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Explain why Zoe might use a graph like this once her baby is born.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 7 marks]


30. HHT is a genetic disorder.

It makes people have bad nose bleeds.

(a) HHT causes problems with blood vessels.

There are three main types of blood vessel.

Arteries carry blood under high pressure out to the body from the heart.

Veins normally carry blood under low pressure back to the heart.

Usually there are very small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins.

(i) Write down the name of these small blood vessels.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) These small blood vessels do an important job in the body.

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to their correct job.

act as a store of cholesterol for the body

allow exchange of materials with tissues

contain muscle cells to pump the blood

contain valves to stop the blood flowing backwards

[1]


(b) In a person with HHT, some of the vessels that join arteries to veins are missing.

This means that blood under high pressure flows directly into a vein from an artery.

This often causes the vein to break and cause bleeding.

Veins often break when blood enters under high pressure but arteries do not.

Why is this?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) HHT is caused by a mutation which changes the DNA of a gene.

This stops the protein that is needed for blood vessel growth being made correctly.

(i) What change might occur in the DNA of a gene?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Why could this change stop the protein being made correctly?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]


(iii) Scientists hope to be able to change a person’s genes so that they do not develop HHT.

Write down one reason why some people are worried about scientists being able to change a person’s genes.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

31. Scientists have discovered that cells make special proteins if they get too hot.

These proteins are called heat shock proteins and they do many jobs such as repairing damaged enzymes.

(a) Explain why enzymes may be damaged if a cell becomes too hot.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The heat shock proteins are coded for by genes.

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the way that a gene codes for a protein.

The amino acids in DNA code for the order of bases in the protein.

The DNA codes for proteins by unzipping and making new strands.

Each of the four bases in DNA codes for a different amino acid in the protein.

The bases in DNA code for the order of amino acids in the protein.

[1]

[Total 3 marks]


32. The small intestine has a large surface area.

The table shows three of the adaptations that give it such a large area.

The name of the second adaptation is missing.

name of adaptation diagram of adaptation total surface area of small intestine including adaptation in cm2

folds 10 000

100 000

microvilli 2 000 000

(a) What is the name given to the second adaptation?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Why is it important that the small intestine has such a large surface area?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]


(c) Write down one other adaptation that the small intestine has that helps it to do its job.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

33. (a) The diagram shows a fertilised egg cell.

Z

(i) Which part of the cell contains chromosomes?

Show your answer by drawing an X on the diagram.[1]

(ii) What is the name of part Z?

Put a ring around the correct answer.

cell membrane

cell wall

chloroplast

cytoplasm

mitochondria

vacuole[1]


(iii) The egg cell has been fertilised.

What does fertilisation mean?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(b) Katy is 2 years old.

The table shows how her mass changed as she grew.

age in months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

mass in kg 2.6 5.1 6.5 7.6 8.9 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.2


(i) Use the data in the table to complete the graph.

Finish the graph by drawing the best curve through the points.

00

1

2

3

m assin kg

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

3 6 9 12

age in m onths

15 18 21 24

[2]


(ii) What phase of growth does the graph show?


adolescence

childhood

infancy

maturity

old age[1]

[Total 7 marks]

34. This question is about the blood system.

(a) Complete the following sentences about some of the different substances blood carries around the body.

Oxygen enters the blood in the .......................................... and leaves in the body tissues.

Food enters the blood in the ............................................... and leaves in the body tissues.

[2]


(b) The diagram shows the heart.

X

(i) What is the job of the heart?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Part X is a valve.

Write down the name of part X.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Bob has a problem with his heart.One of the valves is not working properly.

This affects how his heart works.Suggest how.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]


(iv) Suggest how doctors can cure Bob’s heart problem.

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

35. Doug grows strawberries.

The diagram shows one of his strawberry plants.

(a) When strawberry plants photosynthesise, carbon dioxide enters the plant.

(i) Which part of the plant does carbon dioxide enter?

Choose your answer from the diagram.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write down the name of the process by which carbon dioxide enters the plant.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(b) (i) Doug’s strawberry plants can reproduce asexually.

Describe how they do this.

You may draw on and label the diagram to help you answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Doug can also grow new strawberry plants from seeds instead of letting them reproduce asexually.

Suggest one disadvantage of growing new strawberry plants from seeds.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(c) Strawberry plant roots grow downwards.

This is controlled by a plant hormone.

(i) Look at the list. Which one of the processes is also controlled by a plant hormone?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

disease resistance

fruit ripening

photosynthesis

respiration

[1]


(ii) Roots grow downwards.

What stimulus are they responding to?


carbon dioxide

gravity

oxygen

low temperature

minerals[1]

[Total 7 marks]

36. (a) Katy is 2 years old.

The table shows how her mass changed as she grew.

age in months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

mass in kg 2.6 5.1 6.5 7.6 8.9 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.2


(i) Use the data in the table to complete the graph.

Finish the graph by drawing the best curve through the points.

00

1

2

3

m assin kg

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

3 6 9 12

age in m onths

15 18 21 24

[2]

(ii) Between which ages did Katy grow at the quickest rate?

...............................................................................................................[1]


(b) It is important to check Katy’s mass regularly as she grows.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................[1]

(c) As Katy grows, she produces more body cells.

(i) How are her new body cells produced?


fertilisation

meiosis

mitosis

variation[1]

(ii) The diagram shows a human body cell.

X

Respiration happens in the parts labelled X.

What is the name of the parts labelled X?

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]


37. The diagram shows the heart.

X

(a) Part X is a valve.

Write down the name of part X.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Arteries do not contain valves, but veins do.

Explain why veins need valves.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Bob has a problem with his heart.One of the valves is not working properly.

This affects how his heart works.Suggest how.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]


(d) One way of treating heart problems is by heart transplants.Another way is by using mechanical replacements for the damaged parts.

Describe one disadvantage of heart transplants compared to using mechanical replacements.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

38. Doug grows strawberries.

The diagram shows one of his strawberry plants.

(a) When strawberry plants photosynthesise, carbon dioxide enters the plant.

(i) Write down the name of the process by which carbon dioxide enters the plant.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Carbon dioxide enters plants through their leaves.

Describe two ways leaves are adapted for efficient absorption of carbon dioxide.

1 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(b) Doug’s strawberry plants can reproduce asexually by growing runners.Doug can also grow new strawberry plants from seeds instead of letting them reproduce asexually.

Suggest one disadvantage of growing new strawberry plants from seeds.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Strawberry plants can be damaged by frost.Doug notices that other species of plants are resistant to frost damage.

He can not transfer frost resistance to his strawberry plants by breeding them with these other species.

How can frost resistance be transferred from one plant species to another?

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


39. (a) The diagram shows some bases in a section of DNA.

C

T

G

Complete the diagram by writing in the missing letters.[1]

(b) How does DNA replicate (make copies of itself)?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Genes are sections of DNA that code for the production of proteins.

Mutations are changes to genes that can cause them to code for different proteins.

Explain how a change to a section of DNA can lead to a change in the protein it codes for.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 5 marks]


40. Look at the diagram of a heart.

X

(a) Look at the statements.

Which one is a true statement about the heart?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the correct statement.

It is the largest organ in the body.

The right side pumps blood to the lungs.

The left side pumps blood to the lungs.

Arteries take blood back to the heart.

[1]

(b) (i) Write down the name of part X.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write down the job of part X.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(c) Some people need to have a heart transplant.


Some scientists want to clone mammals to provide hearts for transplant.

(i) Write down the name of the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Some people object to the cloning of mammals.

Suggest why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


41. (a) Stephen uses a microscope to look at leaf cells.


It shows one of the leaf cells.

........................................

........................................

Label the diagram.

Choose from this list.

cell membrane

chloroplast

cytoplasm

nucleus

vacuole[2]


(b) Stephen then makes a microscope slide to show stained onion cells.

Here is a list of some of the apparatus he uses:

• microscope slide• cover slip• knife

Describe how Stephen could use the apparatus to make a stained slide of onion cells.

You may use a labelled diagram to help you.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]

42. This question is about DNA.

(a) Which part of the cell contains DNA?


cell membrane cell wall nucleus vacuole[1]


(b) Sections of DNA called genes code for proteins.

Enzymes and some hormones are proteins.

(i) Describe the effect of enzymes on chemical reactions in the body.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Plant hormones control the growth of shoots and roots.

Write down one other thing that plant hormones control.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(c) Scientists can use DNA to identify people.

They use a process called DNA fingerprinting.


It shows the DNA fingerprints of four people suspected of a crime.

It also shows the DNA from the crime scene.

Which suspect, A, B, C or D, was present at the crime scene? ....................


........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 5 marks]


43. This question is about selective breeding.

The table shows information about four varieties of blueberries.

variety part of the season when fruit is ready fruit can be harvested

by machine

Spartan early large with tangy flavour yes

Toro midseason medium size and sweet no

Bluecrop midseason large but bitter yes

Northblue midseason small with wild blueberry taste no

Sandra is a commercial grower.

She grows all four blueberry varieties to sell to supermarkets.

(a) Which variety of blueberry has been bred to be in the shops earliest in the year?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Toro is a popular variety in the shop.

Suggest one disadvantage of growing Toro blueberries.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sandra wants to grow a new variety of blueberry.

She uses selective breeding to produce blueberries that are large and sweet.

Write down two varieties she could use in her breeding program.

........................................................................................................................[1]


(d) New blueberry varieties could also be produced by genetic engineering.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term genetic engineering.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe one disadvantage of genetic engineering.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

44. Look at the diagram of a heart.

X

(a) (i) Write down the name of part X.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write down the job of part X.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]


(b) The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Some people need to have a heart transplant.

People often have to wait a long time for a heart transplant.

Suggest one reason why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

45. Look at the diagram.

It shows the cloning technique used to produce Dolly the sheep.

sheep A sheep B

surrogate sheep

egg cellbody cell

g ives b ir th to D olly


(a) Describe the cloning technique used to produce Dolly.

Use the diagram to help you.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Is Dolly a clone of sheep A or B?


sheep ................

reason why ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Some people object to the cloning of mammals.

Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


46. This question is about DNA.

(a) Scientists can use DNA to identify people.

They use a process called DNA fingerprinting.


It shows the DNA fingerprints of four people suspected of a crime.

It also shows the DNA from the crime scene.

Which suspect, A, B, C or D, was present at the crime scene? ....................


........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]


(b) Look at the flow diagram.

It shows the stages in the production of a DNA fingerprint.

Finish the flow diagram by writing in the missing stages.

DN A is iso lated from the tissue sam ple collected at the crim e scene.

D N A is cu t in to fragm ents and p laced on a gel.

D N A fingerprin t is com pared w ith a known sam ple.

[2]

[Total 4 marks]


47. Look at the picture.

It shows rice being planted in China.

(a) Rice belongs to the plant kingdom.

Write down the name of one structure found in a plant cell that is not found in an animal cell.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Scientists have taken the gene that controls beta-carotene and placed it into rice.

(i) Humans convert beta-carotene into a vitamin.

Write down the name of this vitamin.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) People living in China rely on rice for food.

Suggest why this genetically engineered rice could help them.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]


(iii) Describe one disadvantage of genetic engineering.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

48. Look at the diagram.

It shows a villus from the small intestine.

capillar ies


(a) The capillaries provide a good blood supply, which helps speed up diffusion.

Describe two other ways the villi are adapted to speed up the rate of diffusion in the small intestine.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Capillaries are adapted to carry out their function.

Explain how.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 3 marks]

49. (a) Look at the diagram of a cheek cell.

On the diagram, label the nucleus.[1]


(b) Look at the list.

Put a ring around the part of the cell where most chemical reactions take

place.

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus[1]

(c) Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

Chromosomes are made from a chemical.

Write down the name of this chemical.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Cells divide so that organisms can grow bigger.

Write down one other reason why cells divide.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(e) Look at the diagram of a sperm cell.

acrosom e

(i) The acrosome contains a type of chemical.

Write down the name of this type of chemical.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Describe the job of this chemical in sexual reproduction.

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

50. Gary and Peter are twins.

They both came from the same fertilised egg.

(a) Finish the sentences about Gary and Peter.

Choose the best words from this list.

clones

different

identical

similar

zygotes

Gary and Peter have ………………………… genes.

This makes them naturally occurring …………………………… .[2]

(b) Like all infants Gary and Peter are monitored by a health visitor to make sure they are growing normally.

Their masses are measured every three months.

The table shows their masses.

age in months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Gary’s mass in kg 2.8 5.2 6.8 8.0 9.0 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.3

Peter’s mass in kg 3.0 6.0 8.0 9.6 10.4 11.2 11.8 12.2 12.6


Peter’s mass has been plotted on the graph below.

0 3 6 9 12 2415 18 21

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

age in m onths

m assin kg

Peter

G ary

(i) Finish the graph by plotting the mass for Gary.

The first three points have been done for you.[2]

(ii) Draw the best curve for Gary.[1]


(c) The health visitor is concerned about Gary.

Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

51. (a) The human foetus is attached to the mother by the placenta.

Look at the statements.

Which one best describes the job of the placenta?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the best statement.

to pass oxygen from the foetus to the mother

to pass carbon dioxide from the mother to the foetus

to pass oxygen from the mother to the foetus

to pass waste from the mother to the foetus

[1]

(b) During pregnancy a midwife will check the heart of the foetus.

Write down the job of the heart.

........................................................................................................................[1]


(c) Arteries are a type of blood vessel.

(i) Write down the name of one other type of blood vessel.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) One artery takes blood from the heart to the lungs.

A gas leaves the blood in the lungs.

Put a ring around the gas that leaves the blood in the lungs.

carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen oxygen[1]

[Total 4 marks]


52. Jennifer has a plant growing by the window.

Look at the picture.

Jennifer thinks the plant is growing towards light.

She investigates whether plants do grow towards light.

Here is a list of apparatus Jennifer could use.

• two plants

• two boxes

• scissors


(a) Describe how Jennifer could use the apparatus to prove the plants grow towards light.

You may use a labelled diagram to help you.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Jennifer finds out more about the growth of plants.

She finds out that chemicals called hormones control growth.

Plant hormones control other processes in the plants.

Write down one other process plant hormones control.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


53. Gary and Peter are twins. They both came from the same fertilised egg.

(a) Like all infants Gary and Peter are monitored by a health visitor to make sure they are growing normally.

Their masses are measured every three months.

The table shows their masses.

age in months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Gary’s mass in kg 2.8 5.2 6.8 8.0 9.0 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.3

Peter’s mass in kg 3.0 6.0 8.0 9.6 10.4 11.2 11.8 12.2 12.6


Peter’s mass has been plotted on the graph below.

0 3 6 9 12 2415 18 21

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

age in m onths

m assin kg

Peter

G ary

(i) Finish the graph by plotting the mass for Gary.

The first three points have been done for you.[2]

(ii) Draw the best curve for Gary.[1]


(b) The health visitor is concerned about Gary.

Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

54. (a) The human foetus is attached to the mother by the placenta.

In the placenta, oxygen diffuses from the mother’s blood into the foetal blood.

The placenta is adapted to increase the rate of diffusion.

Describe one adaptation.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) During pregnancy a midwife will check the heart of the foetus.

Look at the diagram of a heart.


(i) The diagram shows four valves.

One letter shows the tricuspid valve.

Which one?

Choose from A, B, C or D.

answer ...............................................................[1]

(ii) What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(c) The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

55. Look at the picture of a sperm cell.

acrosom e

m itochondria


(a) (i) The acrosome contains a type of chemical.

Write down the name of this type of chemical.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe the job of this chemical in sexual reproduction.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm.

Write down the name of the process that occurs in the mitochondria.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Body cells are produced by mitosis.

A type of cell division called meiosis produces sperm cells.

Describe how mitosis is different from meiosis.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 5 marks]


56. Jennifer investigates phototropism.

She grows some oat seedlings in different conditions.

Look at the diagrams of Jennifer’s investigation.

A light a ll around

at star t

A

after 2 days

B light from left

at star t

B

after 2 days

(a) Finish diagram B.

Draw the seedlings after 2 days.[1]


(b) Jennifer knows that the hormone auxin controls phototropism.

She does another investigation.


It shows her results.

Use ideas about auxin to explain the results.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 3 marks]


57. This question is about DNA fingerprinting.

(a) Scientists use DNA fingerprinting to identify DNA left at a crime scene.

Look at the flow chart.

It shows the main stages the scientists use.

Some of the stages are missing.

Finish the flow chart by writing in the missing stages.

The blood sam ple is iso lated and DN A extracted. The sam ple DN A is cop ied to increase the am ount.

The D NA is p laced on a gel.

The DN A fingerprint is com pared to known sam ples.

[2]

(b) The sequence of bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein.

Look at the sequence of bases for a section of DNA.

G T A C T C T G A

(i) How many amino acids are coded for by this section of DNA?

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Write down the complementary DNA base code for this section of DNA.

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

58. Scott is learning about cells.

He uses a microscope to look at some of his cheek cells.

The picture shows what he can see.

(a) Label the diagram.


cell membrane

cell wall

cytoplasm

nucleus

[2]


(b) Scott finds out about different cells in the body and the jobs they do.

Finish the table by writing the job of each cell.


cell job it does

egg cell develops into an embryo when fertilised

sperm cell

white blood cell

red blood cell

[3]

(c) Look at the picture of a fertilised egg cell.

If this egg implants into the uterus it will grow into a foetus.

Describe the two processes involved in growth.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 7 marks]


59. Look at the picture.

It shows a strawberry plant reproducing.

plantlet

(a) Finish the sentences about the strawberry plant.


asexual different identical sexual similar

The strawberry plant sends out runners.

This is a type of reproduction called ……………………………………… reproduction.

The runners have plantlets on them.

The plantlets are genetically ……………………………………… to the parent plant.

[2]


(b) Gardeners can make more plants by taking cuttings.

Here are four sentences (A-D) about taking cuttings.

A Put the cutting into a pot of sandy compost.

B Cut a short stem off the parent plant.

C Put a clear plastic bag over the plant.

D Dip the stem into plant hormone.

They are in the wrong order.

Fill in the boxes to show the correct order.


B[2]

(c) The plant stem needs to be dipped into plant hormone.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


60. Look at the diagram. It shows the lungs and heart.

X

(a) Write down the name of part X.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A gas leaves the lungs and enters the blood.

(i) Write down the name of this gas.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe how this gas enters the blood.

Include ideas about concentration in your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]


61. Read the article about bacterial mutations.

Bacterial mutations

There are many types of bacteria.

New strains occur because bacteria keep mutating.

Some of these new strains have an advantage when it comes to fighting off antibiotics.

MRSA is a bacterium which is resistant to antibiotics.

(a) Write down what is meant by the term mutation.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Mutations can occur spontaneously or are caused by some factors.

Write down two factors that can cause mutations to occur.

1 .....................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................[2]


(c) Bacteria reproduce in the body and make us ill.

They reproduce by dividing into two.

This can take about 30 minutes.

If you start with 10 bacteria there would be 40 bacteria after 1 hour.

How many would there be after 3 hours?

number of bacteria ..........................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

62. Scott is learning about cells.

(a) He finds out that muscle cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.

Explain why muscle cells need large numbers of mitochondria.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Scott uses a microscope to look at a plant leaf cell.

He sees three structures that are not in muscle cells.

Write down the names of two of these structures.

1 .....................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................[2]


(c) Scott looks on the internet and finds out about stem cells.

Stem cell research: Yes or no?

The debate on stem cell research continues.

New laboratories for stem cell research are being built in Newcastle.

Scientists will use stem cells taken from early embryos to make different body tissues.

Some scientists claim the research could lead to the cure of some diseases.

However, some people object to this research.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term stem cell.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Some people object to stem cell research.

Suggest one reason why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]


63. Plants can be cloned by taking a cutting.

(a) The plant stem needs to be dipped into plant hormone.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Plants can also be cloned by tissue culture.

Describe the method used.

In your answer include

• the precautions taken

• the conditions needed.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

(c) During cloning, cells divide by mitosis.

During mitosis, chromosomes in the nucleus divide.

Describe one other thing that happens to the chromosomes during mitosis.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


64. Look at the diagram. It shows the lungs and heart.

X

(a) Write down the name of part X.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Oxygen leaves the lungs and enters the blood.

Describe how oxygen enters the blood.

Include ideas about concentration in your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]


(c) The cells lining part X are very thin.

This helps them carry out their function.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

65. Read the article about bacterial mutations.

Bacterial mutationsThere are many types of bacteria.

New strains occur because bacteria keep mutating.

Some of these new strains have an advantage when it comes to resisting antibiotics.

MRSA is a bacterium which is resistant to antibiotics.


(a) Look at the graph.

It shows the number of MRSA cases between 1990 and 2005.

year

num

ber o

f rep

orts

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

19901991

19921993

19941995

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

Estimate the rise in cases between 1990 and 2003.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Mutations can occur spontaneously or are caused by some factors.

Write down two factors that can cause mutations to occur.

1 .....................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Mutations are changes to DNA.

(i) How could the structure of DNA change?

...............................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Why may a DNA change alter the functioning of a cell?

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]

66. This question is about human growth.

(a) The list shows the main phases of human growth.

adolescence

childhood

infancy

maturity

old age

Write out the phases in order of age.

The last one has already been done for you.

1 .....................................................................

2 .....................................................................

3 .....................................................................

4 .....................................................................

5 ........................ old age ...............................[2]


(b) Kate and Steve are twins.

The graph shows how their mass changes as they grow.

70

60

50

40m ass in

kilogram s30

20

10

00 2 4 6 8 10

age in years

12 14 16 18 20

Steve

Kate

(i) For how many years was Kate heavier than Steve?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Between which ages was Steve growing at the fastest rate?

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


67. Ann grows strawberry plants.

Strawberry plants can reproduce sexually or asexually.

p lantle t

(a) (i) The table shows some of the stages when a strawberry plant reproduces asexually.

Put the stages in the correct order.

Write numbers in the table to show your answer.


stage order

Buds grow on the runners.

The parent plant grows long stems called runners. 1

The runners die.

The plantlets on the runners grow roots.

The buds on the runners grow leaves and become plantlets.

[2]


(ii) All of Ann’s strawberry plants have been produced by asexual reproduction.

They are genetically identical.

Why are they genetically identical?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Ann’s neighbour Harry grows apple trees.

He has grown his apple trees from seeds. His trees are not genetically identical.

Describe one advantage of Harry’s apple trees not being genetically identical.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

68. This question is about genes.

(a) The list shows some things found in cells.

amino acid

cytoplasm

DNA

membrane

nucleus

protein

Finish the sentences by choosing words from the list.

You may choose each word once, more than once or not at all.


(i) Genes are made of a chemical called ................................................ .[1]

(ii) The genes in a cell are found in the ................................................... .[1]

(iii) The movement of substances in and out of a cell is controlled by the

......................................................................... .[1]

(b) Many genes tell cells to make enzymes.

Enzymes control different chemical processes in living things.

Look at the list.

diffusion

photosynthesis

protein synthesis

respiration

Write down one process that is not controlled by enzymes.

Choose your answer from the list.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]



Dominic has cut his arm in an accident.

He has gone to hospital because his arm is bleeding.

The doctor tells him he is lucky he has not cut an artery.

(a) A cut artery is more serious than a cut vein.

Why is a cut artery more serious than a cut vein?


........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Dominic’s arm stops bleeding before he has any treatment.

What makes the bleeding stop?


• what part of the blood is involved• what it does.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]


70. This question is about plant growth.

(a) Niamh is growing some bean seeds in glass jars.

A D

F

EC

B

light light light

(i) Look at the diagrams.

Which three are the shoots?

Choose from A, B, C, D, E and F.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain your answer.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(b) The boxes show some uses of plant hormones and the effects of these hormones.

Draw lines to join each use of hormone with the effect of the hormone.

Draw only three lines.

use of hormone effect of hormone

used to grow new begon ia p lants from cuttings

m akes som e plants grow very quickly and then d ie

used to rem ove w eeds from a law n

m akes roots grow m ore quickly

used after transpor ting green tom atoes from Spain

m akes fru it ripen quickly

[2]

[Total 4 marks]


71. This question is about growth.

(a) Kate and Steve are twins.

The graph shows how their mass changes as they grow.

70

60

50

40m ass in

kilogram s30

20

10

00 2 4 6 8 10

age in years

12 14 16 18 20

Steve

Kate

(i) For how many years was Kate heavier than Steve?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Between which ages was Steve growing at the fastest rate?

...............................................................................................................[1]


(b) (i) Kate and Steve’s dad planted a tree in the garden when they were born.

As the tree has grown, its mass has changed in a different way from Kate and Steve’s masses.

Draw a line on the graph to show how the mass of the tree has changed.

It has not been trimmed and the growing conditions have been good.

m ass inkilogram s

0 2 4 6 8 10

age in years

12 14 16 18 20

[1]

(ii) Growth involves cell division.

Where in the tree does cell division mainly happen?

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


72. (a) Harry grows apple trees.

He has grown his apple trees from seeds. His trees are not genetically identical.

Describe one advantage of Harry’s apple trees not being genetically identical.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Harry’s friend Ed grows cauliflower plants by tissue culture.

The new cauliflower plants are genetically identical.

Describe how to grow new cauliflower plants by tissue culture.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]

[Total 4 marks]


73. This question is about genes.

(a) Many genes tell cells to make enzymes.

Enzymes control different chemical processes in living things.

Look at the list.

diffusion

photosynthesis

protein synthesis

respiration

Write down one process that is not controlled by enzymes.


........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Genes are made from DNA.

The diagram shows DNA copying itself (replication) by ‘unzipping’ to form two new double strands.

Complete the diagram.

Write either A, C, G, or T in each .

A T

G C

T A

G

T

[2]


(ii) Look at the list.

before cell divisionduring cell divisionjust after cell division

When does DNA copy itself?


...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


John’s kidneys are not working properly.

His blood system has to be connected to a kidney (dialysis) machine two or three times a week.

The kidney machine does the job of John’s kidneys. It removes waste substances from John’s blood.

The diagram shows how the kidney machine works.

X

Y

tube carries blood conta in ing Xwaste to the k idney m achine

tube carries ‘c lean’ Zblood back to h is body

waste passesout of tubes Y

Z


(a) Look at the diagram of the kidney machine.

The tubes X, Y and Z do the same jobs as the kidneys’ blood vessels.

Draw lines to join each tube with the vessel it does the same job as.


tube blood vessel

X ar tery

Y vein

Z capilla ry

[2]

(b) The blood from John’s arm contains waste substances.

Which part of the blood contains waste substances?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) When a doctor checks on John, she listens to his heart beat.

His heart is in the centre of his chest.

However, she listens to the left side of John’s chest, where the heart beat is louder.

Why is the heart beat louder on the left side?

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


75. This question is about plant growth.

(a) The boxes show some uses of plant hormones and the effects of these hormones.

Draw lines to join each use of hormone with the effect of the hormone.


use of hormone effect of hormone

used to grow new begon ia p lants from cuttings

m akes som e plants grow very quickly and then d ie

used to rem ove w eeds from a law n

m akes roots grow m ore quickly

used after transpor ting green tom atoes from Spain

m akes fru it ripen quickly

[2]

(b) The diagram shows some cress seedlings growing inside a box.

The box has a hole in one side to let in light.

The seedlings start to grow towards the light because the plant hormone auxin collects on the shaded side of their shoots.

light


The seedlings are then put on a motorised turntable which turns around slowly once every hour.

The diagram below shows the seedlings when the motor is first switched on.

light

(i) In which direction will the seedlings grow now?

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

76. (a) The diagram shows a sperm cell and an egg cell.

sperm cell(not to scale)

egg cell

sperm cells(drawn to scale)


(i) Look at the diagrams.

Describe one way that you can see that the sperm cell is different from the egg cell.

Explain how this difference helps the sperm cell do its job.

how the sperm cell is different ..............................................................

...............................................................................................................

how this helps the sperm cell ...............................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Lots of sperm cells are produced at the same time.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Kangaroos have 12 chromosomes in each skin cell.

How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell from a kangaroo?

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


77. (a) Mary is investigating how cress seedlings grow.

cress seedlings

She wants to do an experiment to find out if cress seedlings grow towards light.

Describe how she should do her experiment.

In your answer, include• how to set up the equipment• what to look for• how to make it a fair test.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[3]


(b) Mary finds out that cress seedlings do grow towards light.

Look at the list.

positive geotropism

negative geotropism



Which term describes the response of cress seedlings growing towards light?


........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

78. (a) The table shows where different substances enter and leave the blood in humans.

Complete the table.

substance where substance enters the blood

where substance leaves the blood

oxygen .................................................... body tissues

............................................ body tissues lungs

digested food .................................................... body tissues

[3]


(b) Substances such as oxygen can enter and leave cells by diffusion.

Look at the diagrams of five cells.

The dots show the concentration of oxygen.

BA C

D E

Which diagram shows the diffusion of oxygen?

Choose A, B, C, D or E.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


79. (a) The boxes show some parts of cells and their functions.

Draw a straight line to join each part of the cell with the correct function.


cytop lasm

m em brane

nucleus

part of the cell

carries genes

contro ls m ovem ent of substances in and out of ce ll

where m any chem ical reactions happen

function

[2]

(b) Many chemical reactions in cells are controlled by enzymes.

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch.

Clare is investigating how pH affects the time it takes for amylase to break down starch.

The table shows her results.

pHtime taken to

break down starch in minutes

2 8.0

4 6.0

6 4.2

8 3.5

10 4.0


(i) Plot the results on the grid below. Finish the graph by drawing the best line.

8

7

6

5

4

3

tim e taken tobreak dow n starch

in m inutes

2

1

00 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH3

[2]

(ii) Look at the graph. What is the optimum pH of amylase?

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]


80. (a) Owen is a farmer. He has a herd of dairy cows.

The list shows features of some of his cows.

A aggressive behaviourB brown coat colourC high milk productionD large hornsE resistance to disease

Owen wants to improve his herd by selective breeding.

Which two features should he select for?

Choose two letters from the list.

...................................................... and .........................................................[2]


(b) Owen also grows apples to sell.

His apples are large and taste sweet.

However, there are not many apples on each tree.

There are some wild apples growing near his farm.

The wild apples are small and taste sour.

Each wild apple tree produces lots of apples.

Owen’s apples wild apples

Owen thinks that if he breeds his apple trees with the wild apple trees he will only get apple trees that produce lots of large, sweet apples.

Will he only get apple trees that produce lots of large, sweet apples?

.....................................


........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 3 marks]

81. This question is about cells.

(a) (i) Kangaroos have 12 chromosomes in each skin cell.

How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell from a kangaroo?

................................................................................................................[1]


(ii) How many chromosomes are in a kidney cell from a kangaroo?

................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Look at the diagrams of cell division.

ce lls genetica llyidentica l

A

cells not genetica llyidentica l

B

cells genetica llyidentica l

C

cells not genetica llyidentica l

D

(i) Which diagram describes meiosis?

Choose A, B, C or D.

................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which diagram describes mitosis?

Choose A, B, C or D.

................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


82. Mary is investigating how cress seedlings grow.

w indow

Sun


(a) She finds out that cress seedlings grow towards light.

Look at the list.

positive geotropism

negative geotropism



Which term describes the response of cress seedlings growing towards light?


.........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) What causes cress seedlings to grow towards light?


• the plant hormone involved

• what the hormone does.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................[3]

[Total 4 marks]


83. (a) Substances such as oxygen can enter and leave cells by diffusion.

Look at the diagrams of five cells.

The dots show the concentration of oxygen.

BA C

D E

Which diagram shows the diffusion of oxygen?

Choose A, B, C, D or E.

.........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The diagrams show air sacs from the lungs of three different people.

bloodcapillaries

Ed John Alan

(i) What is the scientific name for the air sacs in lungs?

................................................................................................................[1]


(ii) Look at the diagrams.

Ed has the greatest rate of diffusion of oxygen into his blood.

Describe two reasons why.

1 ............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]

84. (a) Many chemical reactions in cells are controlled by enzymes.

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch.

Clare is investigating how pH affects the time it takes for amylase to break down starch.

The table shows her results.

pHtime taken to

break down starch in minutes

2 8.0

4 6.0

6 4.2

8 3.5

10 4.0


(i) Plot the results on the grid below. Finish the graph by drawing the best line.

8

7

6

5

4

3

tim e taken tobreak dow n starch

in m inutes

2

1

00 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH3

[2]

(ii) Look at the graph. What is the optimum pH of amylase?

................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Amylase takes much longer to break down starch at pH 12.

Suggest why.

.........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]


85. (a) Natasha is a dog breeder. She breeds racing dogs called greyhounds.

Over the next few years, she wants to produce better racing dogs by selective breeding.

The first stage is to breed her fastest female dog with a fast male dog.

Describe the next stages.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Natasha makes sure that the dogs she breeds together do not have the same parents.

Explain why.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]


86. (a) Janet’s class is investigating the directions that roots and shoots grow. They grow bean seeds in jam jars.

They put the beans in different positions.

They let them grow on a window sill for a few days. These are their results.

Describe these results.

Explain why the shoots and roots grow in these directions.

Shoots ............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

Roots ............................................................................................................[4]


(b) Many of the tomatoes we eat are imported from other countries.

They are often picked while they are still green and unripe.

Later they are ripened before they are sold.

(i) Suggest why tomatoes are transported while they are unripe.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) How can tomatoes be ripened quickly before they are sold?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]

87. The diagram shows a human heart.

(a) Describe the main job of the heart.

........................................................................................................................[1]


(b) It is important that part E works properly.

Explain what will happen if it does not work properly.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Which blood vessels are arteries? Choose from A, B, C or D.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(d) (i) Blood vessels carry blood round the body.

Write down the name of a blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart.

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Some blood vessels allow materials to move in and out of the blood.

Write down the name of the blood vessels that exchange materials with the tissues.

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 6 marks]


88. Amy uses a microscope to look at some muscle cells.

Amy draws a diagram of what she can see.

(a) Label the diagram.


cell membrane

cell wall

cytoplasm

nucleus

[3]

(b) Finish the table by writing in the name of the cell part next to the job it does.

Job Name of cellpart

Controls what the cell does andcontains genetic information

Controls the movement ofsubstances in and out of the cell

The place where chemicalreactions take place; containsenzymes to speed up these

reactions

[3]


(c) Give two reasons why muscle cells need protein.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 8 marks]

89. (a) Many of the tomatoes we eat are imported from other countries.

They are often picked while they are still green and unripe.

Later they are ripened before they are sold.

(i) Suggest why tomatoes are transported while they are unripe.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) How can tomatoes be ripened quickly before they are sold?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(b) Pat and Janet did an experiment with cress.

They grew cress seeds next to a lamp.

Look at their results.

cress seeds

lam p

at the start after 5 days

lam p

cress seedlings


The seedlings grew towards the light.

Explain why.

Answer as fully as you can.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................[4]

[Total 6 marks]

90. The diagram shows a human heart.

(a) Explain why vessels B and C are arteries.

..........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Look at the diagram.

Why does the right ventricle have a thicker muscle wall than the right atrium?

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) It is important that part E works properly.


Explain what will happen if it does not work properly.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Some animal hearts do not have two ventricles

Fish have only one ventricle.

Explain the advantage of having two ventricles.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 6 marks]

91. This question is about growth.

(a) Describe two differences between animal and plant growth.

Difference One ...............................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Difference Two ...............................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]


(b) The table shows some information about the growth of a bean plant.

A bean seed was given water and allowed to germinate.

Time in weeks from planting

bean seedWeight in grams

0 3.1

0.5 4.9

1.0 2.6

1.5 5.1

2.0 10.0

2.5 20.6

3.0 41.5

4.0 64.7

5.0 86.1

6.0 101.3

7.0 110.0

8.0 128.4

9.0 131.1

10 134.9

11 135.1

12 136.5

13 137.6

14 138.4

15 139.8

Look at the table.

(i) During what period did the seed lose dry weight?

Between week ...........................................................................

and week ...........................................................................[1]

(ii) Suggest one reason why this happened.

...............................................................................................................[1]


(iii) Explain what is happening in the plant between weeks10 and 15?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(c) New plants can also be grown by taking cuttings.

original plant plants grown from cuttings

The new plants are clones.

(i) What is a clone?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why cloning plants is easier than cloning animals.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[1]

[Total 8 marks]


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