Name: ____________________

Date:___________

Period: _____

Biology Midterm Study Guide

Introduction to Biology and Biochemistry

What to study?

· Notes from introduction to biology, the chemistry of life, properties of water, carbon chemistry, and biological macromolecules

· Bell works

· Video tutorials

· Quizzes

· Assignments

· Lecture Notes

What will the questions be like? What can I expect?

· Matching

· Multiple Choice

· Short Answer

· Graph analysis

· Fill in

· True/False

Introduction to Biology

The study of life

1. Define biology: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Identify the possible benefits from studying biology: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. List the 8 characteristics.

4. Define:

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form a hypothesis

5. Define the following:

a. Experimental group:_____________________________________________________________________

b. Control group: __________________________________________________________________________

c. Independent variable: ___________________________________________________________________

d. Dependent variable: _____________________________________________________________________

e. Qualitative data: ________________________________________________________________________

f. Quantitative data: _______________________________________________________________________

g. Hypothesis: ____________________________________________________________________________

The Chemistry of Life

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds

6. How does an element relate to a compound? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Which 4 elements make up 96% of all living matter?

a. ____________________

b. ____________________

c. ____________________

d. ____________________

An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms

8. Label the parts of the atom. The _________________ and __________________are always in the center of the atom. Scientists call the center of the atom the ____________. The _________________ are always found whizzing around the center in areas called _________________________.

9. Using your periodic table, calculate the number of protons, neutrons, electrons and valence electrons found in the following elements:

H p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________

C p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________

N p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________

Op + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________

P p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________

The formation and function of molecules depend on the chemical bonding between atoms

10. Ionic bonding occurs between a ____________________ element and a ________________________ element. Describe what happens to the valence electrons in an ionic bond.

11. Covalent bonding occurs between a ____________________ element and a ____________________ element. Describe what happens to the valence electrons in a covalent bond.

a. Draw an example of a covalent bond using a lewis dot diagram.

b. Describe how polar covalent bonds are different from nonpolar covalent bonds. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What is a hydrogen bond? How is this different from a covalent bond? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

13. Chemical reactions change ____________________ into ______________________.

14. Label the products and the reactants in the following photosynthesis reaction:

15. Balance the following equations:

a. ____ KClO3 ____ KCl + ____ O2

b. ____ K3PO4 + ____ HCl ____ KCl + ____ H3PO4

c. ____ C3H8 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

Properties of Water

Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding

16. Bonds between water molecules are: ___________________

17. Bonds between atoms within a water molecule are: _________________

18. Draw multiple water molecules bonded together in the container below. Label hydrogen bonds, negative ends, positive ends, and covalent bonds.

Special properties of water that contribute to Earth’s sustainability for life

17. List the special properties of water in the box below:

18. Why is water in the solid state less dense than in the liquid state? Sketch it.

19. Identify each statement below as true or false.

a. _____ In a water molecule, electrons are shared equally between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen

atom.

b. _____ Because of its polarity, water can move from the roots of a plant up to its leaves.

c. _____ Water changes temperature easily.

d. _____ Unlike most substances, water expands when it freezes

20. Water’s specific heat is _____________ (high or low?). This means it takes a ____________ time to heat water up and a ___________ time to cool water down

21. Draw and label the picture asked for in the space below--

a. Draw a picture of water travelling up the roots of a plant to its leaves.

b. Label the properties that allow water molecules to be pulled up to the leaves.

c. Include the words adhesion and cohesion with a short definition and how they apply to this property—capillary action.

Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms

22. Describe an acid and a base below. Discuss ion concentration and pH range for each:

Acid

Base

23. What is a buffer? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

24. Define organic chemistry: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25. What is an organic substance? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. Describe the Stanley Miller Experiment and why it was important to biological discoveries: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by making 4 other bonds

25. What other elements bond with carbon most frequently? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. What are the most common structures/skeletons that carbon molecules form in living organisms? (there are 3) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. What is an isomer? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. There are 3 types of isomers. Use your book or notes to list and draw an example of each type of isomer below:

29. Define hydrocarbon: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

A few chemical groups are key to the functions of biological molecules

30. What are functional groups? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

31. List the 7 most common functional groups:

32. Circle and label as many functional groups as you can from each of the molecules depicted below:

Aspirin

Acetaminophen

Caffeine

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers

33. What is a monomer? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

34. What is a polymer? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

35. Polymers are built through a process known as ______________________________.

a. A ____________________________ (AKA condensation reaction) occurs when two monomers bond together through the _________ of a water molecule

36. Polymers are broken down into monomers through a process known as ___________________________.

a. Polymers are disassembled to monomers by _________________, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.

Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material

37. What are the functions of a carbohydrate? _______________________________________________________________________________

38. What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates? Circle the monomer of a carbohydrate.

a. _________________________

b. _________________________

c. _________________________

39. What is the formula of a monosaccharide? ____________________

40. What is the name of the bond that holds monosaccharides together?

41. Give two examples of each type of carbohydrate below:

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

42. What are the functions of a lipid? ________________________________________________________________________________________

43. What are the 3 most common types of lipids to living organisms?

a. _______________________

b. _______________________

c. _______________________

44. Circle and label the chemical groups that make up each of these types of lipids in the table below.

a.

b.

c.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

45. What are some of the functions of proteins? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

46. An enzyme is a type of protein. What does it do? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

47. Name the monomer of a protein: ______________________

48. Label the parts of the monomer below:

49. There are 4 levels of protein structure. Draw a picture and describe each level.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

50. What is the function of a nucleic acid? ____________________________________________________________

51. The two types of nucleic acids are _________________ and ________________.

52. Describe the differences between the types of nucleic acids below:

DNA

RNA

53. Name the monomer of a nucleic acid? __________________________

54. Label the parts of the monomer below:

55. What are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

a. __________________

b. __________________

c. __________________

d. __________________

56. Describe what is meant by complementary base pairing. Be sure to discuss what base pairs bond with each other. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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