A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

on infant rearing practices in terms of knowledge and practice

among mothers with infants in a selected community area at

Bangalore .

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

Submitted by

Mrs.Latha.T

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

1

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE, KARNATAKAPROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1.. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND

ADDRESS

Mrs.LATHA

1ST YEAR M.SC NURSING,

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF

NURSING

YESWANPURA HOBLI

HEGGANAHALLI CROSS

SUNKANAKATTE

MAGADI ROAD

BANGALORE-560091.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTE NATIONAL COLLEGE OF

NURSING

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT M.SC NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH

NURSING

4. DATE OF ADMISSION 15-10-2009

5. TITLE :

A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on infant rearing practices in terms of knowledge and practice among mothers with infants in a selected community area at Bangalore .

2

6) BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

“Nothing you do for children are ever wasted. They seem not to notice us,

hovering, averting our eyes, and they seldom offer thanks, but what we do for

them is never wasted”.

-Garrison Keillor.

The birth of a child is a significant event in any family. Health is a concern of

every one. Attention to health is central to the objectives of general education. Child

needs good health for effective growth and development. The international

declaration of rights of the child states that the child must be given the means,

requisite for the normal development, mentally, and morally.1

The infantile period growth and development is very much essentials

compared to other periods. Indian association for infant mental health (2006) states

infant mental health can be defined as the social and emotional well being that results

when infants are supported by nurturing relationships. Research on brain development

shows that child’s environment is crucial during the infant period. So during that

period, mothers need more attention on child health in all aspects like social

emotional development. The infant is active, alert, feeds well, sleeps well and cries

only when hungry or wet takes interest in surroundings, likes to play and move

around and happy with surroundings.2

In developed countries like United States of America, China, Japan, most of

the mothers are giving care and rarely and care giver but they are very much aware

about the Breast feeding, Nutrition and Immunization. So that infant Mortality rate

was also low in those countries. Infant mortality rate in United States of America was

7/1000 live birth in China 27/1000 live birth, Japan 5/1000 live births, Srilanka

12/1000 live births. In those countries high infant death rate was due to malnourished

mothers, high numbers of birth per mother, and the early use of cow’s milk.3

3

Breast feeding is the ideal form of feeding for the infants. Artificial feeding

exposes the infant to infections and results in over million deaths annually world wide

due to its ill effects. Caring is an essential ingredient in the role of a pediatric nurse. It

is the way of relating to others that develops through reciprocal trust and honesty.

Prolonged Breast feeding is beneficial to the child. Children who have suckled for a

number of years can become excessively strong bright (or) healthy. Optimum

nutrition is essential for child survival and quality of survival. The word nutrition is

derived from “nutricus” which means to suckle at the breast. Breast milk is the natural

food for the infant and it is “species specific”. Successful breast feeding is an

important child rearing skill to be learnt and practiced.4

In India, one of the factor contributing to infant mortality is the ignorance of

the child care, it includes malnourished mothers, high numbers of births per mother

with short spacing between births, poor weaning foods, the early use of cow’s milk,

inadequate medical attention and supplies poor sanitation leading to high infection

rates and a rapid spread of infectious disease and limited education about methods of

limiting infection and the spread of disease.5

Reduction in child mortality and better child survival have been the yard sticks

which we have used for measuring our achievements in the field of child health and

we have had a fair measure of success. In this respect, we want our children not just to

“survive” but to “live” and to grow into physically strong, mentally alert, adults who

will contribute to our National well being.6

Immunization schedule is important for protection of children. Protecting

children soon after birth is essential to help them remain healthy and strong through

out life. Immunizing infants at the right time offers almost complete protecting

against six of the most common disease of child hood like Tuberculosis, Diphtheria,

Pertusis, Tetanus, Polio and Measles. Attainment of universal coverage of primary

immunization among children by the year 2010 is one of the goals of the national

population policy formulated in 2010.7

India’s position on health parameters compared with even to some of it

neighbors continues to be unsatisfactory. While India has improved with respect to

4

Hill – I Liquid diet

Breastfeeding

Hill – IISolid diet

Family pot feeding

I – Continued breast feeding II – Vegetable protein III – Animal protein - Supplementary feeding * - Group eating * - Small frequent feeds

some important health indicators over the years but compared poorly with countries

like USA, China and Srilanka.8

The weaning or complementary bridge and the safety net to prevent protein

energy malnutrition (PEM). Most of the children fall into the pit of malnutrition

during the weaning and post-weaning phase. Some even succumb to it. Jelliffee has

suggested a ‘three plank protein bridge’ to prevent PEM. Mothers are expected to

make the ‘weaning bridge’ or the bridge of complementary feeding to carry the

children across the pit malnutrition during liquid to solid transition. The three planks

include (1) Continued breast feeding, (2) Introducing vegetable protein (3) Animal

protein. Some mothers do not make a bridge at all and some others make a bridge that

may collapse into the pit. So a ‘safety net’ is needed beneath the bridge (fig. 1). This

includes utilization of supplementary feeding programmes as in ICDS. Which

ensures extra 300 kcal/child/day. Those who do not avail this facility should arrange

extra feeding either in the play school in the form of group eating or at home using

the ‘Akshayapatra’. It is a special container for the child into which small pieces of

food can be added in order to make the child eat during play. 9

Pit of malnutrition

(Fig:1)Weaning or complementary bridge & safety net to prevent PEM

- Elizabeth

Knowledge of the nutrition for mothers is important because it helps to

provide the best possible nutrition to infants and children for their growth and

development. In addition to meeting the nutritional needs, positive feeding

experiences can enhance fine motor skills and provide social interaction during

infancy. The growth rate during infancy is more rapid than any other time during the

life cycle.10

The infant has to face many problems like diarrhea, respiratory infections,

vaccine preventable diseases and malnutrition. These are due to the failure of breast

5

milk, non practicing exclusive breast feeding, non-compliance with immunization on

account of illiteracy, ignorance, cultural and social beliefs pose the greatest risks of

death for the infants.11

National programmes in the field of child health are short term relief

operations rather than as developmental programmes designed to bring about durable

improvement in child feeding and child rearing practices in our homes. As a result of

modern advances in health technology death control stragies such as oral dehydration,

immunization and treatment of acute disease can now be effectively applied and better

child survival even in the continuing context of poor diets and poor child rearing

practices. 12

Mothers practice good hygiene. The best way to prevent infectious diseases

for transmission is to educate the mother to wash their hands well. Mothers always

remember that infections can be spread by any person, child or adult, who show no

signs of that illness. Most of the mothers are not conscious of their hygiene and

children hygiene. Learning proper techniques for cleaning the baby keeps him healthy

and free of infections. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good

health and cleanliness. The scientific term "hygiene" refers to the maintenance of

health and healthy living. 12

Families are most central and endures influence in children’s lives. Parents

are also central in pediatrics care. The health and well being of the children are

inextricably linked to their parents, physical, emotional and social health, social

circumstances and child – rearing practice.13

There is an important need to import the knowledge to the needy people about

the infant rearing practice. According to Virginia Henderson, the famous theorist,

“Part of the nurse’s role is to improve the patient’s level of understanding and thereby

promote health". According to Knowles,” Teaching is most effective when it responds

to a learner's need. The nurse as a teacher should identify the needs by asking

questions and determining the variables affecting the needs of the patient".13

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:A prospective study was done on Nutritional status, breast feeding and

evolution of infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. A study was carried out with 175

infants aged up to six months to evaluate, their nutritional and breast feeding status.

6

Results showed that 81% of the infant are under nourished and nutritionally at risk

infants. 14

A study was done on errors and correlates in parental recall of child

immunizations. The researchers evaluated the accuracy of parental recall correlate

with socio demographic characteristics. Result showed that 34% of parents accurately

recalled 42% parents under estimated and 24% over estimated.15

Mother is an important primary care provider and therefore, her education and

access to information will help her about care of her infant. As children constitute the

most important and vulnerable segment of our population, mothers represent the most

important health worker as far as child health is concerned. Health education inputs

for mother should be strengthened. So that, she is capable of preventing and

identifying common childhood illness.15

As rapid growth and development takes place in the child, nutritional

requirements also go up. Breast milk alone is not sufficient to this age there fore other

foods such as liquids, semi solids and solid foods need to be included in the child’s

diet. 16

A study was done on teaching mothers about child hood immunization.The

study describes an educational intervention designed to increase maternal knowledge

and understanding of the need for and timing of child hood immunization and to

clarify misconceptions about vaccine efficacy and safety. Results showed that it is

essential that mother should have access to information that is concise, user friendly

at their level of understanding. 16

A study was conducted on child health. A study has been conducted in the

Venekinadirina village, Kurnool (DT), 67 children from the village below the age of 5

years constituted the samples for the study. The study findings revealed that 91% of

the children below one year of age are mostly affected with health problems. It has

also been observed that only 44% of the children of the illiterate mothers are healthy,

while 56% of the children of high school educated mothers are in state of good

health.17

A study was done on "Breast feeding practices in a rural coal mine area of

A.P. In this study 498 feeding mothers having children up to 2 years of age were

interviewed. 2.4% of mothers initiated breast feeding practices within half an hour.

7

69.67% mothers initiated breast feeding within 2-3 hours.9.2% mothers initiated

within 3-12 hours, 7% mothers initiated within 12-14 hours, 8% mothers initiated

within 24-48 hours and 3.6% mothers initiated beyond 48 hours.17

Total populations of infants (0-1 Year) constitute 2.92 % of total population in

India. Infant mortality rate was 61/1000 live births in 2004. In the southern states like

Kerala as low as 12/1000 live births, Maharastra 26/1000 live births, Tamilnadu

41/1000 live births. So among the largest states Kerala, Maharastra,, have achieved

infant mortality rate below 30. So is the need to decrease the infant mortality rate in

Karnataka in the year of 2010.18

When researcher was posted for the community posting in urban areas during

that time the researcher noticed that there was a high infant mortality rate 31.2/1000

live birth. In the area which comes under the primary health center and the infants

growth and development was poor and also mothers they were not unaware of the

breast feeding, Immunization, weaning foods and hygienic practices. Hence

researcher felt that there is a study to identify the learning needs of mothers and

educate them on care of infants. So as to improve the quality of care for infants to

promote normal and healthy growth and development and there by reducing the infant

morbidity and mortality.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

An extensive review of literature was done by the investigator to lay a broad

foundation for the study.

It is discussed under the following headings

Studies related to knowledge and practice regarding breast feeding.

8

Studies related to knowledge and practice regarding weaning.

Studies related to breast feeding and weaning.

Studies related to immunization.

Studies related to hygiene

Studies related to infant rearing practice.

Studies related to knowledge and practice regarding breast feeding

A study was done on Chinese mothers knowledge and attitudes about breast

feeding. The main objective of study was to describe Chinese-Australian mothers

Knowledge and attitudes towards breast feeding. The cross sectional survey was

obtained by telephone interviews conducted in Mandarin. A sample of 506 mandarins

– speaking women was recruited and interviewed in Perth, West Australia. The

majority came from mainland China (81.6%) were aged between 23 and 59 years and

had some tertiary education (76.3%) Most of the mothers (90.9%) indicated that they

supported breast feeding for all infants and most had some knowledge about the

benefits of breast feeding. The main reason that mothers considered to stop breast

feeding were not having enough breast milk and going back to work or study. The

higher the family income, the less preference towards breast feeding. These findings

highlighted the significance of social and cultural factors that impact on the women’s

decisions to initiate and maintain breast feeding. 19

A study was conducted on the first 6 month growth and illness of exclusively

and non-exclusively breast fed infants in Nigeria. The study aimed to compare growth

and illness pattern of infants who were exclusively breast fed for 6 months with those

of infants commenced on complementary feeding before the age of six months and

ascertain reasons for the early introduction of complementary feeding. A comparative

prospective design adopted 352 mothers – infant pairs recruited in to the study.

Results showed that 264(76%) were exclusively breast fed 45(13.1%) were started on

complementary feeding between the ages of four and six months while 36(10.4%)

commenced complementary feeding before the age of four months. Infants who were

exclusively breast fed for 6 months had median weights about the 50th percentiles of

“Road to health” chart. 20

9

A study was conducted on mother’s knowledge and belief of mothers towards

breast feeding. A cross sectional survey was adopted. The study was carried out on

317 mother-child pairs. A conventional cluster sampling technique was utilized to

select the study subjects. 308(92%) of them considered human milk as the best milk

for good child growth compared to cow’s milk and (or) formula milk. 253(80%) of

mothers considered breast milk alone is sufficient enough to feed a baby up to the age

of 6 months. So results show that their knowledge and belief towards breast feeding

the child when the baby gets sick. These harmful beliefs should be well addressed and

minimized through continuous health education. 21

A comparative study was done between the Beliefs practice and social

support of exclusive and non-exclusive breast feeding mothers. Study revealed that

only 21.7% were exclusive and 78.3% were non-exclusive breast feeding mothers.

The proportion of mothers who had adequate knowledge was more in the exclusive

group than the non-exclusive group and there is no difference in beliefs and social

support between exclusive and non exclusive mothers. 22

STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE

REGARDING WEANING.

A prospective study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice

towards breast feeding in the rural mothers in Bangalore. The findings of the study

showed that 32% of the mothers started breast feeding after 24 hours, mothers with

family income less than as 1500 per month breast fed their babies earlier than mothers

with higher income mothers who delivered normally breast fed their babies within 24

hours earlier than mothers who underwent caesarian section and illiterate mothers

initiated breast feeding earlier. The main reason for delayed initiation of first breast

feeding was pain, tiredness, no milk, ignorance and advice by elders. The study

recommended that advantages of breast feeding and the ideal time for initiation of

breast feeding should be communicated to the mothers through health education. 23

A Study was done on behavioral aspects of development of eating behaviour

and nutritional status studies on the development of eating behavior in rural India”

indicated that mothers of young children made food choices that fit into their budgets,

10

and were also influenced by new information. Their choices were still immersed in

traditional beliefs, some of which had positive effects on nutrition. Specific

childrearing behaviors influenced positive deviance in the growth and psychosocial

development of infants and preschoolers need at each stage and linkages between

stages is necessary. Cost – benefit needs to be considered when devising strategies for

future intervention programs. 24

A study was conducted on mother’s views on feeding infants around the time

of weaning. The study aimed to describe women’s views about aspects of infant’s

diets around the time of weaning making comparisons. The survey design was

adopted for this study. 505 women’s were interviewed. The results showed there were

divergent views about the suitability of eggs, with many women concerned about

allergy. The majority of women (77%) that additives in food could cause health

problems, in particular hyperactivity and allergies, and half of the women reported

avoiding specific foods because of concerns about allergies. 20 women thought that

giving their child food that was high in fat would encourage a liking for “junk” food

or lead to fatness in adulthood. (3%)of women’s are giving adequate foods at right

age group. So the study concluded that women need health promotion education

needed to achieve good health in children. 25

A study was conducted on beliefs and practices related to the weaning among

mothers 52 mothers and infants were assessed in an urban community of Lahore by a

longitudinal study during the first year of life. The results showed that 97% infants

were bottle fed along with other solid feeds. 3%were bottle fed along with Breast

feeding. The study concluded that mothers were having inadequate practices

regarding weaning. 26

STUDIES RELATED TO BREAST FEEDING AND WEANING:

A study was conducted on practices related to breast feeding and

weaning. 80 mothers were assessed by using randomized sampling technique. The

study findings revealed that 72% of mothers had given pre – lacteal feeds, 28% of

mothers breast fed in the infant within three hours of birth 24% of mothers breast fed

the infant on demand, 57% of mothers initiated bottle feeding with in the first 3

months of child birth, 40% of mothers initiated semi solid foods at the age of 4

11

months. The study concluded that the mothers are having inadequate feeding

practices. 27

A study was conducted on breast feeding and weaning practices in rural areas

of Andhra Pradesh. A study aimed to assess the breast feeding and weaning practices

of rural women in Andhra Pradesh. Interviews and focus group discussion were used

to collect information. Women thought breast feeding was preferable to bottle feeding

80% initated breast feeding and 69% gave colostrums breast feeding was discontinued

early (mean age 4 months). The mean age at which children were introduced to other

liquids was 2 months (range 0-5 months) and to solids, 4 months (range 1-8 months).

Women’s decisions regarding infant feeding were influenced most by custom and

advice from doctors and family members. In some instances medical advice conflicted

with traditional practices. These findings suggest important avenues for intervention

in practices, education for health care workers and in the development of health

promotion services. 28

A study was conducted on to assess the prevailing breast feeding and infant

feeding practices in rural areas of Karnataka. The finding of the study showed that all

infants received pre-lacteal feeds, colostrums was rejected by 29% of mothers, 35% of

babies were not breast feed even at 48 hours of birth. The bottle feeding rate was

49.4% among infants below one year of age. The study concluded that infant feeding

practices are far below satisfactory in Karnataka. 29

STUDIES RELATED TO IMMUNIZATION

A study was conducted on mothers knowledge about vaccine

preventable diseases and immunization coverage” in application with high rate of

illiteracy. The findings were the mothers of fully immunized were better educated, of

a higher social class and were willing to actively seek immunization than mothers of

partially and non immunized children. 30

A study was conducted on postpartum Mother’s Attitudes, Knowledge

and Trust Regarding Vaccination. Aimed to examine attitudes and knowledge about

vaccinations in postpartum mothers. Multivariable analysis used to identify mothers

who were less trusting with regard to vaccines. Results of 228 mothers who

participated in the study, 59% of mothers worried about vaccinating their infants,

12

23% were worried the vaccines would not work, 11% were worried the doctor would

give the wrong vaccine, and 8% worried that “they” are experimenting when they

give vaccine. So study concluded that most of the mother worried about giving

vaccine to the infant. So clear explanation and education is needed. 31

A study was conducted on Mother’s knowledge and information needs

relating to childhood immunizations’. The study aimed to determine mother’s literacy

level and knowledge, information needs and information seeking behaviors related to

the vaccine(s) their children were receiving. A convenience sample of 15 mothers

with one child and 15 mothers with two or more children was recruited at a free,

urban, walk-in immunization clinic in Detroit. Structured interviews were conducted

to assess a mother’s knowledge, information needs and information - seeking

behavior relating to the vaccines. The average reading skills were at the 7 th to 8th grade

level. Only 4 mothers knew the name and purpose of the vaccine their child was

receiving. Information needs of the 26 mothers who did not know the name or

purpose of the vaccine were categorized as immediate or deferred according to

Krikelas’s model of information seeking. More mothers with one child had immediate

information needs, while more mothers with two or more children had deferred

information needs. Primary sources of vaccine information were physicians and

nurses. More research needs to be done to determine which nursing interventions

work best to satisfy a mother’s information needs. 32

STUDIES RELATED TO HYGIENE

A study was conducted on effect of STP on knowledge and practices related to

Hand washing technique among food handlers. The study aimed to assess and

compare the pre and post test knowledge score of hand washing technique of food

handlers in Ludhina, Punjab. The descriptive relational approach was adapted.

Purposive sampling technique was used for selection of sample. The data was

analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics and diagrams. The results

showed that the food handlers had poor knowledge and hand washing practice and

structured teaching had been significantly effective in increasing their knowledge and

practice score. The cause of it may be lack of awareness, non availability of things

like proper hand washing place soap, towel, negligent behavioral of the authorities

etc, 33

13

A study was conducted on knowledge attitude and practice study regarding

facts for life. This knowledge attitude and practice study was done in the married

women of aged 18-38 yrs in Gokarna village development committees of Katmandu

district to evaluate the knowledge of “facts for life” there were 510 married women

involved in this study. 28 questions were asked to each of the regarding the “facts for

life”. There was a significant increase in knowledge about hygiene and knowledge

regarding childhood immunization, than diarrhea and hygiene. A result shows that the

overall knowledge was at 62.8%. This shows that still more attention is needed t

Nepalese women. 34

STUDIES RELATED TO INFANT REARING

A study was conducted on infant rearing practices in Indian slum. The main

objective the study was to assess the knowledge regarding rearing practices in

mothers. Study has revealed the strong influence of tradition on infant rearing practice

in an Indian slum community. It is made clear that health education is essential to

correct malpractices. Though the mothers were knowledgeable about the

supplementary feeding they did not put the ideas into practice. 35

STUDIES RELATED TO CHILD REARING

A comparative study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of

adolescent and mature mothers regarding child rearing at selected urban slums, of

Indore. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of mothers regarding

child rearing. The mean percentage, “t”-test was used to analyze the data. The study

results showed that adolescent mothers have poor knowledge as well as practice of

rearing children.36

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on infant

rearing practices in terms of knowledge and practice among mothers with infants in a

selected community area at Bangalore .

OBJECTIVES

14

1. To assess the pretest knowledge and practice regarding infant rearing

practices among mothers with infants in experimental and control

group.

2. To assess the post test knowledge and practice regarding infant rearing

practices among mothers with infants in experimental and control

group.

3. To compare the pre test and post test knowledge and practice score

regarding infant regarding practices among mothers with infants in

experimental and control group.

4. To compare the post test knowledge and practice score regarding infant

rearing practices among mothers with infants between experimental

and control group.

5. To find the association between post test knowledge score regarding infant

rearing practices among mothers with infant with their demographic

variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Assess

Refers to evaluate (or) estimate the knowledge regarding infant rearing

practices.

Effectiveness

Refers to determining the extent to which teaching programme has effect in

terms of gaining adequate knowledge and practice in infant rearing practices.

Structure teaching programme

It is a systematically developed instructional design to provide information

about infant rearing practices regarding breast feeding, weaning, immunization and

hygiene by using flashcards.

Infant

15

A baby between the age group of 1 to 12 months.

Infant rearing practice

The usual way of caring the child between the age group of 1 to 12 months.

Knowledge

Refers to the level of understanding of mothers about infant rearing practices,

which is measured by structured interview schedule.

Practice

Refers to the verbal response of the mothers with infant regarding infant

rearing practices, which is measured by structured interview schedule.

Mothers

The mothers who are having only one child.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1 - The mean post test knowledge score of the experimental group

is significantly higher than the Mean post test knowledge score

of control group.

H2 - The mean post test practice score of the experimental group is

significantly higher than the mean post test practice score of the

control group.

H3 - The mean post test knowledge score of the experimental group

is significantly higher than the Mean pre test knowledge score

of the experimental group.

H4 - The mean post test practice score of the experimental group is

significantly higher than the Mean pre test practice score of the

experimental group.

H5 - There will be association between the post test knowledge

scores of mothers with infant with demographic variables in

experimental group.

16

ASSUMPTIONS1. The mothers who have only one child have inadequate knowledge and

practice on infant rearing practices.

2. Teaching enhances the knowledge and practice of mothers on infant

rearing practice.

DELIMITATIONThe study is delimited to

Sample size was 60.

The data collection period was only 4 weeks.

Mothers with infant who are living in community area.

7. 0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1.1 RESEARCH APPROACH AND DESIGN

An evaluative approach was selected for this study.

Quasi experimental design Non equivalent control group pre test and post test

design. Which is represented below:

Groups Pretest Intervention Post test

Group I

Group II

O1

O2

X

-

O1

O2

The symbols used

Group I - Mothers with infant in the experimental group.

Group II - Mothers with infant in the control group

O1 - Collection of demographic data. Pre test assessment of

knowledge and practice scores regarding Infant rearing

practice.

X - Structured teaching programme on Infant rearing

practice.

17

O2 - Post test done with the same pretest questionnaire.

Assess the knowledge and practice scores regarding

Infant rearing practices.

In this study, experimental group received structured teaching programme and

control group did not receive any kind of interventions.

7.1.2 SETTING OF THE STUDY

Study will be conducted in a selected community area, Bangalore.

7.1.3 POPULATION

In this study, the population selected for the study was mothers

who have one child below one year.

7.2. METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

Structured Interview schedule will be used for collection of data.

7.2.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Non probability purposive sampling was used.

7.2.2. SAMPLE SIZE

The sample selected for the study consists of 60 mothers with infants (30 each

in experimental and control group)

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

7.2.3 INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR SAMPLING

Mothers

Who are all having infant.

Who are all willing to participate in the study.

Who are all present during the period of data collection.

7.2.4 EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR SAMPLING

Mothers

Who are all having children more than one year.

18

who are ill

Who have got sick children.

Who are all not willing to participate in the study.

Who are all absent during the period of data collection.

7.2.5 DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Data will be collected by using structured interview schedule, which contains

section A, B & C

Section A

Items of demographic variables such as age, sex, educational status,

occupation, type of family, religion, income.

Section B

Items of knowledge regarding infant rearing practice mothers with infants

which consists of 30 questions.

A score of one will be given for each correct response and a score of zero will

be given for each incorrect response.

Score Interpretation

Adequate knowledge Above 75%

Moderately adequate

knowledge

50-75%

Inadequate knowledge Below 50%

Section C:

Structured interview practice questionnaire to assess the practice regarding

infant rearing practices among mothers with infant. It consists of 20 questions. Each

has got alternate response with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. A score of one (1) allotted to the correct

response and zero (0) to the wrong response.

Level Practice Scores Percentage

Inadequate 1-6 < 33%

Moderately adequate 7-12 34-66%

Adequate 13-20 67-100%

19

7.2.6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Permission will be obtained from concerned authorized in a selected

community area. Purposive sampling technique will be used for the study. Purpose of

the study will be explained to the samples and consent will be obtained. Data will be

collected by using structured interview schedule to evaluate the effectiveness of

knowledge and practice among mothers with infants in selected community area at

Bangalore.

7.2.9 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

The data collected from the mothers will be grouped and analyzed by stastical

measures in term of objectives

The plan of data analysis is as follows

1. Number and percentage distribution to explain demographic variables.

2. The significance of relationship between the selected demographic variables and

knowledge, practice scores will be analysed by using chi-squre test, “t” test.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INTERVENTION TO BE

CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMANS OR ANIMALS?

YES

7.4 HAS THE ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION?

Yes. Permission will be obtained from the Research committee of the National

College of Nursing, Bangalore.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Gulani(2006). Community Health Nursing.(1st ed). New Delhi-Kumar

publishing house.

20

2. Harjit Singh,(1996). Text Book Of Pediatric Nursing (1st ed). New Delhi :

Jaypee bothers publication.

3. Jacob and singh (2004). Pediatric Nursing (2nd ed). Indore:N.R brothers

publication.,

4. Eichton Walt (2002). Nelson’s Text Book of pediatrics (5ed). New York:

W.Bsaunders company.

5. Arun Gupta et. al., (2001). Breast Feeding And Complementary Feeding

(1st ed). Delh: B.P.N.I. publication.

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22

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9. SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

23

11. NAME AND DESIGNATION OF THE

GUIDE

11.1 .GUIDE

11.2. SIGNATURE

1.1.3. HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT

11.4. SIGNATURE

12. 12.1. REMARKS OF THE

CHAIRMAN AND

PRINCIPAL

12.2. SIGNATURE

24