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Introduction to Adaptation and Evolution

Unit Learning Goals

C1 describe the process of evolution

1. describe the basic structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with reference to the following terms (text 47, 184-191 ):-double helix-sugar-phosphate backbone-nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G)-complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G)

2. explain the role of DNA in evolution3. explain the roles of sexual reproduction and meiosis in variation and evolution (text 141,142,143,

264-265)4. outline evidence for evolution (text 256 to 263; 297-299;306-307)

understand features of the Geologic Time Scale (text 298-299) (activity sheets)5. describe the five agents of evolutionary change: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random

mating, and natural selection (text 265-269,274, 270-275)6. differentiate among and give examples of:

-convergence, leading to analogous structures-divergence, leading to homologous structures-speciation (macroevolution)

7. compare the gradual change model with the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution8. identify the role of extinction in evolution (text 302 to 303, 225)

Evidence for Evolution

Adaptation and Evolution

-Read text 254 to 263 and complete the following notes.

The Blue Footed Booby! Clown, Fool or Simply Well Adapted? Your answer should be in full sentences.

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Darwin and the Theory of Evolution!

-Read about Charles Darwin on text 256-257.

-Complete the web activity Darwin and the Galapagos Islands (13.1) and answer the following questions.


1. Despite their volcanic nature, most of the islands have some vegetation - primarily grasses and shrubs, but several have trees, particularly in the higher locations. At the summits of the higher islands, water from the clouds that rest on the peaks condenses onto vegetation. How might this make the growing conditions quite different between the higher and lower elevations on these islands and how would this affect the variety of organisms on the islands? (Slide 5)

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2. Why do you think that the animals were tame and that there are many exotic species on the islands?

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3. How many distinct species of finches did he identify? _______________________________________

4. What did Darwin call the “Imps of Darkness”? _____________________________________________

5. Are these land or marine animals?

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6. Why do you think tortoises can grow so large despite being vegetarians?

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7. How do you think the ancestors of the plants and animals that currently inhabit the Galapagos Islands arrived there?

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8. Why are there so many unique types of plants and animals found on the Galapagos Islands?

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9. What was the most important step that Darwin had taken by the time his tour of the Galapaos Islands was complete?

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10. What is the name of Darwin’s famous book describing his ideas on evolution?

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-View the web activity The Voyage of the Beagle: Darwin’s Trip Around the World for interest only.

What is Evolution?

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What are Evolutionary Adaptations?

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Describe the evolutionary adaptations of one animal and one plant that you are familiar with.

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As a human, how are you well adapted to survive in your niche?

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The Role of DNA in Evolution

To understand how comparative biochemistry can be used as evidence for evolution, you need to understand the chemistry of the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins, and the relationship between these two groups of molecules.

DNA is a large molecule made of smaller sub units called nucleotides. (Reference text 46-47 for

homework).

What is a gene?

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DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. In the space below, create a diagram showing the basic

structure of a nucleotide (text 47).


How are these nucleotides connected to form a DNA double helix?

The nitrogenous bases are ____________________,

____________________, ____________________, ____________________. G pairs with _____ and A

to _____.

In RNA, T is replaced by __________________.

What are the two main function of DNA?

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You DNA is unique, unless you have an identical twin. DNA is found in your chromosomes. How could

one molecule of DNA differ from another?


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Genes express themselves by coding for proteins. The diagram below illustrates gene expression.

Proteins are long chains of amino acids. How do they differ from each other?

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-Complete the activity comparing amino acid sequences and evolutionary relationships: The Molecular

Connection.

Types of Evolution

Microevolution is ______________________________________________________________________

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Macroevolution is _____________________________________________________________________

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Sexual Reproduction and Evolution

View the DVD Why Sex?

Complete Activity: Genetic Variation from Sexual Recombination (13.8) on text website.

Read text pages 264 to 265 and 141 to 143. Complete the questions below.

1. The original and ultimate source of variation for evolution is:

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2. In sexually reproducing organisms, the cells that come together to form the zygote are called

_______________. Are these cells haploid or diploid?

3. Why is meiosis required before the gametes are formed?

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5. Sexual reproduction gives rise to a great deal of variation as a result of three different processes.

Identify each process and give a brief explanation of how it creates variation in offspring.

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c) ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Evidence for the Theory of Evolution

Learning Objective: C4 Outline the evidence for evolution and understand features of the Geologic

Time Scale.

Text pages: 260 to 263

Examine and understand Table 15.6 text page 299. This will be used as a reference.

Review Activities for interest only: The History of Life (15.4) and A Scrolling Geologic Record (15.6)

View the Great Transformations on Extinction DVD

1. Fossil Evidence

-Fossil Formation: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/course/session3/explore_a.html

-Read text pages 260 to 261 and examine the photographs of fossils.

a) What are fossils?

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b) What are Trace Fossils?

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c) The study of fossils is called __________________________ and scientists in this field are

__________________________ .

d) What are three different media in which fossils are found?

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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/course/session3/explore_a.html

-The diagram below shows the formation of sedimentary rock and the deposition of fossils from different

time periods.

e) Why don’t all organic remains (plants and animals) end up as fossils?

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-Because fossil formation is rare, the __________ __________ does not accurately represent the history

of life on Earth. The most prevalent fossils are ________________________________________ (bone

and shell animals). Plants are usually only found as __________ __________.

f) How do fossils provide strong evidence for evolution?

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2. Examine the Burgess Shale Fossils!


Evidence for the Theory of Evolution, Continued: Whale Evolution

Learning Objective: C4 Outline the evidence for

evolution and understand features

of the Geologic Time Scale.

Text page: 261

-Watch Great Transformations DVD, “The Evolution of

Whales” to answer the questions below.

-This information can also be found at

http://www.pbs.org

/wgbh/evolution/educators/course/session3/engage_a.html

1. What was special about the animal called Basilosaurus?

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2. How long ago did Synonix live?

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3. Apart from bones, what other evidence is there for whale evolution?

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4. How do whales and other mammals swim compared to fish?

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-http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whaleanat.html

is an interactive, fun way to find out more information about whale evolution.

-What are Transitional Links? Conduct your own research to answer this question.

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-Name and describe one transitional link found in the fossil record.

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http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whaleanat.html

-Read the article “The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time” on text page 298. Write your

own summary note on the dating of fossils .

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Evidence for the Theory of Evolution, Continued: Biogeographical Evidence


Time Scale.

Text pages: 262, 300 to 302

-Use the information found in the text and at http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_in

t_biogeography/ to answer the questions below.

1. What is biogeographical evidence?

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2. What is continental drift and how is it used as evidence for evolution? Use

the table to the right and the geological time scale to understand this type

evidence for evolution.

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http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_in%20t_biogeography/

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_in%20t_biogeography/

3. Provide some examples of how continental drift explains the distribution of related organisms today.

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Evidence for the Theory of Evolution, Continued: Anatomical Evidence


Time Scale.

Text pages: 262 to 263.

-View the Great Transformations DVD: How did Animals Form?

Comparative Anatomy

1. Why does the concept of common descent offer a plausible explanation for anatomical similarities

amongst organisms?

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2. What is Homology?

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3. The structures below are homologous. Why?

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4. Name some other homologous structures (use you text).

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5. What are Analogous Structures?

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6. Find some examples of Analogous Structures (use your text).

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7. Compare Divergent and Convergent Evolution.

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8. What are vestigial structures? Why can they

be explained by common descent? Provide examples.

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Evidence for the Theory of Evolution, Continued: Comparative Embyology


Time Scale.

Text pages: 262 to 263, 306.

-View http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3Lkac890c0 on embryo evolution.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3Lkac890c0

1. Examine Figure 13.5B on text page 263 (shown below)

a) What are the homologous

structures in the chick and human embryos pictures above?

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2. Read text page 306. Note the changes in eye structure from limpet to squid. Which structures were

added at each stage? Add humans to your list!

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Evidence for the Theory of Evolution, Continued: Biochemical Evidence (Molecular Biology)



Time Scale.

Text pages: 262 to 263.

1. What biochemical evidence is there for evolution?

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2. The information below shows evidence of haemoglobin homology. Comment.

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3. How does homology relate to molecular biology and evolution? (Text page 263)

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