Review of EcologyWhat do you need to know?1. Ecological Hierarchy: Terms ( Know definition of each of the terms)

Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biomes, Biosphere, Ecosphere Populations are species groups ( define) affected by abiotic and biotic limiting factors (competition,predators, parasites,) Population Sampling: Transect Sampling, Quadrat Sampling. What is population density? Communities are influenced by food chains, food webs and food pyramids, define biodiverstiy Ecosystems are influenced by fluctuations in the physical environment ( eg’s) Biomes : Know characteristics of Tundra and Taiga Biomes: What is the difference between habitat , range and niche Biosphere: What is a closed system / open system ( which is our biosphere) Ecosphere: comprised of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere

2. Atmopshere: Composition of Atmospheric Air Radient Energy : How it is reflected, absorbed, Albedo Effect

3. Hydrosphere: The Hydrologic Cycle Characteristics of Water: Polar Molecule, Intra and Inter molecular bonds, Adhesion, Heat Capacity

4. Lithosphere: Generalized cycling of matter: abiotic resources, photosynthesis, biotic resources, cellular respiration, dead organic matter,

decomposition. Rapid vs Slow cycling of matter , Nutrient Resevoirs

5. Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon / Oxygen Cycle (include: detritus) Sulfur Cycle ( include: acid deposition) Nitrogen Cycle ( include; nitrogen fixation, denitrification, ammonification) Phosphorus Cycle ( include: algal bloom)

6. Interactions within Ecosystems Terms (define) : Autotroph vs Heterotroph, Producer, Chemosynthesizer, Photosynthesizer, Consumer, Carnivore, Primary/ Secondary/

Tertiary/Quarternary Consumers, Herbivore, Decomposer. 2 Laws of Thermodynamics , Trophic Levels, Rule of 10 Food Chains Food Webs Food Pyramids : a) Pyramid of Numbers b) Pyramid of Biomass c) Pyramid of Energy , Biomagnification

7. Classification of Organisms History and Basis of Taxonomy 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya ( Characteristics and Examples) 6 Kingdoms : Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista, Monera, Archaebacteria

( Characteristics & Eg’s) Hierarchical System of Classification:

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Binomial Nomenclature : Scientific Name = Genus name + species name ( rules for writing) Dichotomous Keys : Construct and Use one

8. Adaptations and Change Define and give an example of a structural, physiological and behavioral adaptation Define Variation, identify how variations arise ( explain mutations) What is Evolution , Selection Pressure Who is Charles Darwin and what is his contribution to Evolutionary History Explain how the theory of Natural Selection works – Identify all 5 components of Darwin’s Theory

9. Evidence for Evolution: Fossil Evidence: Law of Superposition, Transitional Fossils, How fossils tell us about phylogeny Biogeography: Comparison of organisms on the continents and how that relates to their origins Comparative Anatomy: Homologous vs Analogous organs Comparative Embryology: Identifying similarities in developmental stages of different species to assess origins Comparative Biochemistry: How DNA, Homologous Proteins and Karyotypes are used to identify species origins.

10. Speciation Define: Transformation , Divergence and Adaptive Radiation Mechanisms causing Speciation: Define Geographical vs Reproductive Isolation Pace of Evolution: Define Gradualism and Punctuated Equillibrium

Practice Questions1

1.a) Place the following ecological terms in the chart from smallest scale to largest scale Word List: Biome, Biosphere, Community, Ecosphere, Ecosystem, Population b) Then Identify the definition that matches with each term from the definition list

2. Fill in the chart regarding populations:Factor Affecting Population Size Abiotic or Biotic Effect on Population Size

(increases / decreases)Competition Biotic DecreasesParasites Biotic DecreasesPollution Abiotic DecreasesPredators Biotic DecreasesSevere Weather Abiotic DecreasesIntraspecific Competition Biotic Decreases3. Identify the names of the following biomes from their descriptions:Biome: Description:Taiga Mostly coniferous forest, acidic soil, diversity in weather, moose, caribou Tundra High snow cover, short growth season, moss, lichen, polar bears4. Read the following clip on the mountain pine beetle and answer the questions below:

a) Identify the relationship between the mountain pine beetle and the lodgepole pine: Type of Relationship Name of Mountain Pine Beetle within

relationshipName of Lodgepole Pine within relationship

Parasitism Parasite Hostb) Identify and describe a method that forestry officials could use to sample the population of lodgepole pine seedlings. They could use the Quadrat Method. Laying down a Frame and counting seedlings in the areac) Identify with an or The effect of Mountain Pine Beetle infestation on the following:

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Definitions:A All life on earth and interactions with the physical

environmentB A region of ecosystems with characteristic factors that

define itC Organisms of the same species defined by space and

timeD A community and its physical environmentE All life on earthF Interacting population groups

The lodgepole pine grows in the North American west, as far north as the Yukon. It tolerates most soil conditions; cold, wet winters; and warm, dry summers. Seed cones can withstand freezing temperatures and most insects. The trees have fairly thin bark and a shallow root system, making them susceptible to damage by fire and insects; however, the high temperatures of fires release the seeds to quickly regenerate trees after a forest fire. During the last hundred years, forest fires have been controlled and suppressed. The mountain pine beetle is a common parasite of the lodgepole pine. Adult beetles bore through the thin bark to lay eggs and deposit a fungus carried on their bodies. The larvae live in and feed on the bark during the winter, as does the fungus. The bark damage usually kills the host tree, although sustained temperatures of –25 °C during the early fall or late spring or temperatures of –40 °C during winter can kill the larvae. Infestations usually last 5 to 7 years and happen in 20- to 40-year cycles.The pine beetle infestation began in British Columbia in 1993, and over a decade later residents in affected areas are reporting: small mammals such as squirrels have disappeared song birds have left the area trap lines are increasingly empty cougars are coming to settled areas and preying on family pets devil’s club, a plant used for Aboriginal medicine, is increasingly hard to find

Ecological Term definition 1 Population C2 Community F3 Ecosystem D4 Biome B5 Biosphere E6 Ecosphere A

Biodiverity:Population Density

5. Identify the % of each component in atmospheric airCarbon Dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen0.03%- 0.04% 21% 78%6. a) Identify the partially positive and partially negative ends of this water molecule as well as its intramolecular bonds

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8. Identify the type of nutrient reservoirs that would go into the missing blanks

9. Fill in the blanks into this carbon-oxygen cycle:

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Fill in the blanks on the following diagram of the Hydrologic Cycle

b) Identify 3 other properties of water in the chart below:

It is the Universal Solvent- Dissolves and transports other substancesHas strong intermolecular attractions ( hydrogen bonds) that allow molecules to stay in close proximity of each other ( cohesion)Water has a high heat capacity, as a result it can store up a great deal of heat.

Neg End

Pos End

10. Identify 2 parts of this cycle which are part of rapid carbon cycling and 2 which are part of slow carbon cycling:Rapid Cycling:Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, Decomposition, ConsumptionSlow Cycling: Formation of Fossil Fuels that are later combusted, Energy stored up in trees11. Fill in the blanks into this sulfur cycle:

12. Fill in the blanks to this nitrogen cycle:

13. Fill in the blanks to this phosphorus cycle:

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14. How do algal blooms form, and how do they influence a fresh water lake ecosystem? When there is excess Nitrogen ( and Phosphorus) in the runoff. More of these chemicals find their way into bodies of water.The high Nitrogen & Phosphate levels encourage algae to proliferate ( reproduce, increase in number)Algae have a life cycle. When algae die in large quantities, decomposers are attracted to the area. The process of decomposition requires a great deal of oxygen. The result is that the water in the area will be oxygen deprived.

15 . Fill in the blanks to review the cycles:a) In the hydrologic cycle, transpiration refers to water loss by plants. Loss of water from a lake or ocean is evaporation. The hydrologic cycle is driven by energy from the Sun.

b) At each step in a biogeochemical cycle, substances are temporarily stored in nutrient reservoirs . When substances cycle between these relatively quickly, they are said to be part of the rapid cycling of nutrients.

c) Plants and algae use sulfur in the form of sulphate ( SO42- ) , which dissolves readily in water. Sulfur compounds spend the

least amount of time in the air / atmosphere . Acid deposition returns sulfur in the air to the soil and water.

d) Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonium in a process called nitrogen fixation . The process known as denitrification converts nitrite or nitrate back into nitrogen gas.

e) Phosphorus does not cycle through the air / atmosphere Excess phosphorus in an aquatic ecosystem can result in algal blooms causing eutrophication.16. Use this food chain to answer the following questions:

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a) Use the following terms to fill in the blanks underneath each organism. Top carnivore, secondary consumer, primary consumer, tertiary consumer, producerb) Which organisms would be classified as herbivores: grasshopper and the protists that eat the algae c) Identify 3 carnivores: mouse, small fish, snake, halk, large fish, whale d) Which organisms are autotrophs?____ The flowering plant and the algae ( diatoms) _ e) Identify 3 heterotrophs: ‘Other-Feeders’= all consumersf) Are there any decomposers?_not in this food chaing) What would a decomposer do in a food chain? Break down dead organic matterh) Identify the trophic levels in the center of the food chain.

algae wheat grass

minnow paramecium rabbitfield mouse

crayfish water spider

snake

weasel

trout

basswolf

17. Use the following food web to answer the questions below;

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Top carnivore

Tertiary consumer

Producer

Top carnivore

Tertiary consumer

Producer

Trophic Level

5

4

3

2

1

Secondary consumer

Primary consumer (herbivore)

Secondary consumer

Primary consumer ( herbivore)

a) The following organisms in the food web are producers: algae and wheat.Producers are also known as autotrophs ( ‘self feeders’) .

b) A paramecium / minnow is an example of an aquatic herbivore in the food web. A _ rabbit / field mouse is an example of a terrestrial herbivore.

c) Water spiders are classified as _secondary _ consumers and occupy the 3 rd trophic level.

d) Field mice are classified as _primary consumers and occupy the _2 nd trophic level.

e) The highest trophic level the bass could occupy is the _5 th _trophic level.

f) The snake population in this community has been decreasing due to loss of habitat. As a result, the weasel population will grow and the field mouse population will shrink

18. What is the ‘rule of 10’ in regard to energy transfer in ecosystems? Only 10% of the energy at one trophic level will be passed on to the next trophic level. This means that about 90% of the energy at any trophic level is lost ( heat, uneaten organisms, inedible parts etc)

19. Identify what type of pyramid is depicted in the next 3 diagrams and give a description of each type:A: pyramid of numbers B: pyramid of biomass C:pyramid of energy

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Description Description DescriptionA pyramid of numbers identifies the number of organisms at each trophic level needed to suppor the next trophic level

A pyramid of biomass identifies the mass of the tissue of the organisms at each trophic level needed to support each trophic level above

A pyramid of energy identifies the energy available in the tissue at each level that is required to support each trophic level above.This pyramid most accurately depicts the rule of 10.

20. Answer the following questions regarding energy transfer in pyramids.a. What happens to the energy in each trophic level as one moves up the pyramid? There is less and less usable energy, as more energy is lost as heat or unusable matter along the way.b. What type of pyramid depicted in the diagram below? An inverted pyramid of numbers c. Is it possible for a pyramid of energy to be inverted? No

21. What is the difference between a habitat, range and a niche? Habitat= Where an organism lives Range= All the areas where an organism has been spotted Niche= The organisms role in its environment. It is shaped by what it eats (interactions and competition within its community)22. Under each domain record the characteristics that apply.

Archaea Bacteria EukaryaProkaryotic or Eukaryotic: Prokaryotic Prokaryotic ProkaryoticUni/Multi Cell or Both: Unicellular Unicellular Uni or MulticellularSexual /Asexual Reproduction or Both

Asexual Asexual Asexual or Sexual

Heterotrophic / Autotrophic or Both

Both Both Both

Simple / Complex Flagella or None

None Simple Complex

23. List the 6 Kingdoms and give 2 examples of organisms that would be found in each kingdom.Kingdom Name1. Archaea (Archaeabacteria) Geothermal Bacteria, Salt Lake Bacteria2 .Monera ( Bacteria/Eubacteria)

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria, Decomposers

3.Protista ( Protoctista) Amoeba, Paramecium4. Fungi Mushrooms , Moulds5.Plantae Trees, Grasses, Algae6. Animalia Worms, Insects, Jellyfish,

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24. Using the dichotomous key below identify the kingdom name for each of the following and state the steps taken in the dichotomous key to arrive at your answer:A: Kingdom Protista B:Kingdom Plantae C:Kingdom Fungi D:Kingdom AnimaliaSteps Taken: 1a Steps Taken:

1b,2aSteps Taken:1b, 2b,3a

Steps Taken:1b, 2b, 3b

Key to the Kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya

Description Kingdom or Next Step in the Key

1a. Organism is unicellular, colonial or multicellular; lacks complex tissues or systems

1b. Organism is unicellular or multicellular; once considered to be part of the Kingdom Plantae because it is sessile (does not move)

Kingdom Protista

Go to step 2

2a. Organism uses photosynthesis to make its own food; it is sessile but is complex with specialized cells

2b. Organism does not use photosynthesis: it is a heterotroph

Kingdom Plantae

Go to Step 3

3a. Organism absorbs nutrients after digesting them externally; it has cell walls made of chitin

3b. Organism ingests food and digests it internally; it is complex and has specialized cells

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

25. a) Fill in the following chart classifying Humans:Taxa from largest to smallest: Classification of HumanDomain EukaryaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapien

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b) What is the scientific name for humans? Homo sapien

26. Create a dichotomous key to classify the following tree species. Ensure that you list both the common and scientific names when classifying

Planning: Preparing a Spider Key

Trees

Dichotomous Key:1a. The tree has broad leaves……………………………………………….Go to 21b. The tree has needle-like leaves………………………………………….Go to 32a. The leaf spade shaped…………………………………………………………. Trembling Aspen ( Populus tremuloides)2b. The leaf lance shaped…………………………………………………………. White Birch ( Betula paprifera)3a. The needles are short……………………………………………………………… White Spruce (Picea glauca)3b. The needles are long…………………………………………………………………Go to 44a. The cone has spikes?.......................................................................................... Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)4b. The cone does not have spikes………………………………………………………… Tamarack (Larix laricina)

27. Adaptations Chart ( Fill in) Adaptations allow an organism to survive there are 3 types of adaptationsType of Adaptation Description Example1. Structural Adaptation An anatomical part of an organism Arm, Wing, Binocular Vision2. Physiological Adaptation Mechanism of how a body part works A closed circulatory system3. Behavioural Adaptation How an organism responds/reacts in its

environmentFlee, Freeze or make loud calls when in the area of a predator.

28. a) What is the source of variation within a population? _From mutations in the DNA b) Are all mutations bad mutations? No, they may be detrimental, beneficial or neutral c) Give an example of a beneficial mutation. In our history (Family Hominidae) some organisms had a more erect posture which enabled them to spot predators when walking through the savannah plains in Africa.

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catkins

Has broad leaves

Has needle-like leaves

Leaf is spade shaped

Leaf is lance shaped

Trembling Aspen ( Populus tremuloides)

White Birch ( Betula paprifera)

Short needles

Long needles

White Spruce (Picea glauca)

Cones with spikes

Cones without spikes

Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)

Tamarack (Larix laricina)

29. Matching Terms. Use the best term to describe the circumstance.Ans Term Desciption / Circumstancec Mutation a)The horns of male rocky mountain bighorn sheep are different sizes. This is an

example of ____________ in the population.e Natural Selection b)The plumage of a bird such as the American bittern helps to camouflage the bittern

so that it blends in with its environment. Protective coloration is an example of ________ that helps the organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

b Adaptation c) Some species of mosquito can quickly adapt because the form of the gene they possess may provide a selected advantage to some individuals. This is an example of _________, which is a change in the genetic material of an organism.

d Selective Pressure d) The horns in a population of rocky mountain big horn sheep are getting progressively smaller year after year. One hypothesis behind the overall shrinkage of bighorn ram horns is that steady hunting of trophy animals is slowly removing the gene for bigger horns. This is an example of:

a Variation e) This is a process that results when the characteristics of a population of organisms change because individuals with certain inherited traits survive local environmental conditions, and, through reproduction, pass on their traits to their offspring.

30. Describe in your own words Lamarck’s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Traits: Organisms are not born necessarily with a desired trait, however if there is a need an organism will use and create the desired trait during their life time. Any traits that one acquires during their lifetime are then passed on to offspring.31. What are the 5 key point that make up Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

a. Overproduction ( Overpopulation) b. Competition ( Struggle For Existence) c. Variation d. Natural Selection ( Survival of the Fittest) e. Speciation ( Origin of a New Species)

32. Compare How Lamarck and Darwin would have explained how Giraffe’s came to have long necks.Lamark Giraffe’s are born with short necks, however they stretch their necks during their lifetime and eventually

‘acquire’ long necks. They pass on this long necked trait to their offspring.Darwin: Giraffes are born with variation in the length of their necks. The ones with the longer necks have a survival

advantage of being able to reach their food source. The long neck giraffes survive, they reproduce with other long necked giraffes and this eventually leads to a population of ‘long-neck-only’ giraffes.

33. Explain using the Theory of Natural Selection how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria likely arose” Some bacteria have a mutation that prevents them from being affected by antibiotics ( eg: extra thick cell wall). These bacteria survive when penicillin is taken. The surviving bacteria (with the advantageous mutation) mate and lead to the next generation of bacteria mostly having the advantageous mutation which also makes them resistant.34. Evidence For Evolution Terminology. Identify the type of scientific study used to provide evidence for evolution given the descriptions belowName of Field of Research: Description of type of work done in this fieldEmbryology Compares the developmental stages an organism undergoes before birth. The more similar the

stages are between 2 different species the more related the 2 species are.Comparative Biochemistry By comparing DNA or Proteins; one can identify the similarities in sequencing. The more

similarities in sequencing, the more related.Biogeography By comparing similar organisms on different continents, it is possible to determine ancestral

origins and relatedness.Comparative Anatomy By comparing structural adaptations of present day organisms it is possible to determine that

they are more related through having similar body parts, even if they do not perform the same function.

Fossil Evidence By comparing Remains of organisms and looking at changes that occur to that species through various strata, one can determine the ancestral origins and the development of new species

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35. Using the study of fossil evidence arrange the following organisms from ancestor to present day. Hint, fossil evidence suggests that modern, aquatic , toothed whales evolved from a terrestrial ancestor.

36. Answer questions based on the diagram below:

a) Are the limbs represented above analogous or homologous? homologousb) define this term: Having similar structures although the functions may be different ( comes from common ancestor)c) What would make 2 species more related, having a greater number of analogous or a greater number of homologous structures? A greater number of homologous structures _37. Identify in order which organisms are most to least related to human using the images of embryology below.

38. Define the term speciation: When the gene pool of a population is significantly different from the gene pool of its origin population, the population has undergone speciation.39. Use the information in the box below to answer the question All of the native finch species living in the Galápagos Islands may be descended from a single species that arrived there from South America. The species now found there were geographically isolated from each other on the many different islands. Suppose that there is a shipwreck, and two populations of the same species of rabbits arrive on two different islands in the ocean. The following scenarios illustrate how the two populations could be affected by their isolation.

a) One island has predators that eat rabbits and the other does not. How might natural selection change the two rabbit populations after several generations?

The population that encounters the predator would under go rapid gene pool changes, the faster or more camouflaged rabbits would have a survival advantage. As a result only the survivors would mate and pass on their traits to the next generation’s gene pool. That would make the population with the predator consist of faster or more camouflaged

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1 Pakicetus attocki2 Ambulocetus natans3 Rodhocetus kasrani4 Modern toothed whale

1 Human2 Pig3 Chicken4 Fish

rabbits than the population without the predator.

b) Suppose that the climate of one island is hot, but the climate of the other is cold. How might the two rabbit populations become adapted to the different climates?

The cold climate island would probably result in more rabbits with thicker fur surviving and reproducing, while those living on the hot island would probably result in more rabbits with thinner fur surviving and reproducing. Over time the thickness of fur on each of the island’s rabbits would be very different.

39. Using the two patterns of speciation identify the names of eachA: Transformation B: Divergence

40. Using the diagrams, identify which pace of evolution is being depicted in eachA: Punctuated Equillibrium B: Gradualism

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41. Barriers that lead to speciation can be geographical or biological. There are two general categories of biological barriers: prezygotic and postzygotic. Use the following information to answer the questions below

Prezygotic barriers are mechanisms that prevent the fusion of the egg and the sperm so that no zygote can form. Pre-zygotic barriers include:

Habitat Isolation: When two closely related species live in entirely different habitats, they will seldom encounter each other and therefore there will be few opportunities to mate.

Behavioural Isolation: Each species may use different signals to attract a mate. If one species does not recognize the signals of the other, the two species will not mate.

Temporal Isolation: If two species breed at different times of the day or in different seasons, they cannot mix their gametes because when one species is ready to breed, the other is not.

Mechanical Isolation: Many species cannot mate because their reproductive anatomies are incompatible. Gametic Isolation: This mechanism is due to the incompatibly of sperm and eggs from different species. The

gametes do not fuse because they do not recognize each other.

Postzygotic barriers are mechanisms that prevent a zygote from developing into a fertile adult offspring. Post-zygotic barriers include:

Reduced Hybrid Viability: Genetic incompatibility between the two species may abort the development of the embryo at an early stage.

Reduced Hybrid Fertility: If two species can produce hybrid offspring that are viable, reproductive isolation is intact if these offspring are sterile and cannot breed.

Hybrid Breakdown: When some species cross-mate, the first generation of offspring is viable and fertile. However when these hybrids mate with each other or with either of the parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile.

For each of the following scenario’s identify if the barrier is prezygotic or postzygotic. Then identify the specific type of isolation depicted under those two categories of barriers ( Note: it is possible that more than one isolation is at play). Scenario Prezygotic or

Postzygotic BarrierSpecific Isolation in this category

Several species of frogs of the genus Rana can live in the same pond.Sometimes hybrid zygotes form, but these fail to develop.

Postzygotic Barrier Reduced Hybrid Viability

Two distinct species of ant live in the same national park. Little is knowabout their natural history, but they have been observed working duringthe day and resting at night in similar habitats. These species lookdifferent, and scientists have discovered that they produce differentpheromones.

Prezygotic Barrier Mechanical IsolationOrBehavioural Isolation

Bats in the genus Myotis look identical and have always been classified as one species, even though behavioural differences have been observed. Recently, scientists using molecular biology techniques have discovered that there are many different and genetically distinct species within this genus. In one case, two genetically distinct species of Myotis were found sharing the same roost over a period of years.

Prezygotic Barrier Behavioural IsolationOrTemporal Isolation

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