Renaissance/Latin WestLeah Cordier, Leah Heit, Quinn Lawery, Hayley Monette, Abir Raza, Camille Wise

Key Concept 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks1. The growth of manufacturing and trade resulted in what changes?

● Urban growth around 1200 pg. 404● Eastern trade increased Western Europe’s prosperity and reduced dependency on eastern

goods pg. 4072. How did trade change the interactions within Western Europe?

● Venice conquered Crete and continued trade from Mediterranean to China● Northern trading cities banded together in the Hanseatic League● Flanders was a converging trade country for Genoa and Hanseatic League(Flemish

textiles)3. How did the conquering of Italy jumpstart the Renaissance? pg. 412

● Gave Latin Europeans access to Greek and Arabic manuscripts● Manuscripts have reason to start universities mand to be educated● Guilds included teachers and professors

4. How were humanists able to spread their beliefs and influence other ideas? pg.413-414● Humanists used local languages when writing● They were educators, advisers, and reformers and dominated secondary schools● Printing made their editions of ancient texts, literary works, and moral guides more

available; ex. movable type pieces, new ink, printing press

Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions5. Analyze the tension between monarchs, nobles, and the church.

● Church tried to retain traditional rights/independence; nobles with vast estates had important voice in matter pg. 417

● The Great Western Schism had one pope in France and another in Rome who battled for Christian loyalties

● Magna Carta of England confirmed independence of church and London; guaranteed nobles’ hereditary rights pg. 419

6. What political changes occurred as a result of the Hundred Years War?● Turning point for “new monarchies”

○ England reinforced control over British Isles; Parliament ○ France took power from strong noble families; Estates General○ Spain and Portugal took the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rulers

● Monarchs taxed the people to pay for war○ Some nobles replaced military service and taxes with money payments○ Trade was taxed; some merchants used loans to curry favor○ Churches had voluntary contributions to support wars

7. Describe how the Hundred Years War affected the military technology of the Latin West.● Welsh longbows used by the English were superior to Italian crossbows pg. 420● Firearms grew important: French cannons helped them secure victory● No more knights: armies depended on bowmen, pikemen, musketeers, and artillerymen

Key Concept 3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

8. In 1200, what caused the rapid population growth and what new agricultural technologies did it result in?

● Rapid population growth: reviving economy, less epidemics, and warmer temps pg. 400● Three field system: ⅔ of land cultivated and ⅓ left fallow● Watermills/windmills: originated in Roman times but Latin West used it on much larger

scale pg. 402○ Aided ironmaking and demand for iron stimulated mining

9. Why did the population decline around 1300 and how did it affect the people?● Great Famine: cold spell from 1315-1317● Black Death: bubonic plague from fleas on rats; Mongols to Kaffa to Genoa to Italy and

France pg. 401-402○ Killed ⅓ in Western Europe○ Some became religious; some reckless enjoyment○ Population recovery slow because of periodic returns pg.402

● Social rebellion: survivors wanted higher wages pg. 40210. How did guilds improve civic life? pg. 407

● Crafts specialists workers together to regulate business and set prices● Promoted city government's interests and protected family interests

Outside Sources:http://www.britannica.com/topic/Hanseatic-League The Hanseatic League was an organization founded by north German towns and merchant communities to protect their mutual trading interests. These leagues ensured trading safety against robbers and pirates. This organization became more extensive and regularized and eventually agreed on a common legislation for the defense of merchants and their goods in German towns.https://youtu.be/Vufba_ZcoR0?list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 John Green describes how the Renaissance was the rebirth of European culture through art, literature, and scholarly practices.

Historical Period Links: Japanese and English FeudalismSimilarities: hereditary class systems with little social mobility, constant warfare made warriors the most important class (knights in Europe; Samurai in Japan), women dominated by men, agriculture based societiesDifferences: Japanese samurai had to protect their peasants and villagers, and the peasants and villagers had to honor their warriors and pay taxes to them; European vassals were in a contract with their lord to serve while lords offered payment and protection; European knights paid with land from their lords for military service; Japanese samurai did not own land and were paid a salary, usually rice; Women could be samurais; European women were to be protected by chivalrous knights.Fall of the AztecsThe height of the Aztec Empire(1325-1521) was around the same time the Renaissance was occurring. They had already finished building their capital city, Tenochtitlan, and it was centre of expansion for almost two centuries. The Aztecs spoke Nahuatl, had formal systems for writing, and two different calendars, one solar calendar with 365 days in each year and one ritual calendar with a 260-day cycle. Their society was well organised. To support their empire, the

Aztecs had built up a large bureaucracy that enforced law and order. Their agricultural practices enabled them to have productive crops just right for the climate. However, none of this stopped Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes when he arrived in 1519; by 1521, Tenochtitlan and the empire had fallen.Fall of the IncasThe height of the Inca Empire(1438-1532) corresponds to the Renaissance. Their empire stretched from Pacific to the Atlantic and from Ecuador to Chile. Their capital, Cuzco, had palaces, pyramidal temples, sanitation, and a large water supply. The Incan peoples used knotted cords instead of writing as their record-keeping system. Francisco Pizarro captured the leader and defeated their armies, thus defeating the empire in 1532. The Ottoman EmpireThough founded in 1299 in Anatolia, the empire really took off in 1453 when Mehmet II the Conqueror captured Constantinople. He renamed it Istanbul and made it the capital of the Ottomans. The scholars and artists in Constantinople fled to Italy when it was conquered, further sparking the European Renaissance. The peak of the Ottoman Empire was with the ruler Suleiman the Magnificent. His reign from 1520 to 1566 was one of expansion, enabling the Ottomans to conquer Greece and Hungary.China’s Ming DynastyBefore the Ming Dynasty, China was ruled by the Yuan Dynasty set up by the Mongols. The Mongols were considered the enemy and were thus overthrown by a peasant uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang was leader of this uprising and became the first Ming emperor known as Emperor Hongwu. The third emperor of the Ming dynasty, Chengzu or Yongle, strengthened China by re-building the Grand Canal and establishing trade with other countries. The famous explorer, Zheng He, was sent out by Yongle to establish said trade and show the world the glory of the Chinese Empire. The Great Wall of China was almost completely rebuilt by the Ming Dynasty, including much of what is still standing today.

Key Vocabulary:Three-Field System - a rotational system for agriculture in which two fields grow food crops and one lies fallow (this system gradually replaced the two-field system in medieval Europe)Black Death - outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century that carried off many peopleWater Wheel - a mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery Hanseatic League- an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany founded in 1241 (trading cities)Guild - an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests Gothic Cathedrals - large churches originating in twelfth-century France with advanced architectureRenaissance - a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, a kind of “rebirth” of Greco-Roman culture (usually divided in two periods)Universities - degree-granting institutions of higher learning that appeared in the Latin West in 1200

Scholasticism - a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth centuryHumanists - European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, languages, history, and moral philosophy)Printing Press - a mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a wood-block or type to paper using ink (used movable type)Great Western Schism - a division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and AvignonHundred Years War - series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble familiesNew Monarchies - historians’ term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600Reconquest of Iberia - beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims Important Dates1200-1500 Latin West1210s Teutonic Knights, Franciscans, Dominicans1315-1317 Great Famine1348-1351 Black Death1390-1519 Renaissance artists

Multiple Choice Test Questions:1. What may have caused Western Europe’s population to double from 1100-1350?

a. Better hygiene c. Cooler temperatures killing germsb. Better medicine d. Hotter temperatures killing germs

2. Urban growth in Western Europe was primarily caused bya. growth in trade and manufacturing c. the need for more living spaceb. population growth d. peasants wanting new homes

3. Mongol decline resulted in the disruption of trade; how did Western Europe respond?a. People died without Eastern goods c. They became self-sufficientb. Europeans took over Eastern trade d. They explored new overland/sea routes

4. Humanists were able to spread their movement througha. talking in public squares c. tradeb. the use of the printing press d. government officials promoting it

5. Which of these occurred during the 13th century?a. Nobles tried to limit the monarch’s c. Churches gave control to noblespowerb. Overseas trade was replacing

d. England and France had parliamentsoverland trade

Maps:

Due to Mongol expansion and the reopening of trade routes, the Black Plague spread along routes, being carried and transferred to different areas, infecting much of the population.

There was much interregional trade during the later Medieval period; many different goods and foods, and even slaves, were traded at this time.

The end of the Renaissance was the start of centralized European governments that fought over borders and rulers.