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Protocols for Monitoring Copeland Creek and Associated Riparian CorridorResults of Fall, 2016, Surveys

WORK IN PROGRESS (WSJ)

These protocols were developed by students of ENSP 423, Restoration Ecology, under the supervision of Caroline Christian and Wendy St. John during the Fall, 2016, semester. The raw data from these surveys are available in the Excel file: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1kbgYpTB9j2WqjFHAa6gb8n1i4saYuhDbJ_y_8RJwoPU

Table of Contents

Water Quality and Aquatic Community: Michael Lutz and Niall OgburnStream Morphology: Jordan Deramo-deSilva and Jasmin PerdueCanopy Vegetation: Megan Gaitan and Brian McIsaacUnderstory Vegetation: Jana Johnston and Jessi LaughlingVertebrates and Wide-ranging Species: Paolo Solari, Amy Unruh, Danielle Wegner, and Beverly Wong“Problem” Species: Julianne Bradbury and Manuel Hernandez

Water Quality and Aquatic CommunityMichael Lutz & Niall Ogburn

Methods

Taking Water Quality Measurements

To take water quality measurements, we used a LabQuest 2 to measure temperature and dissolved oxygen. To measure pH and Nitrate, we used an API freshwater master test kit purchased from a local pet store. We tested temperature and dissolved oxygen on site, then collected water samples to test for pH and Nitrate off site. Getting temperature and dissolved oxygen readings were simply acquired by holding the LabQuest attachment rods in the water until the readings held steady. To test for pH, we filled a test tube with 5mL of water and added 5 drops of high range pH test solution. After mixing the solution, we compared the color to the test kit’s color chart. This gave us only an approximation of pH with intervals of point two (0.2). Earlier in our study period, we used an electronic pH device, but later determined that the machine was not giving accurate measurements due to having significant fluctuations in reading. Nitrate was acquired similarly by adding 10 drops of Nitrate test solutions #1 and #2 to 5mL of water and comparing the color of the solution to the color chart.

Materials:● LabQuest Computer

● LabQuest Temperature Rod Attachment● LabQuest Dissolved Oxygen Probe Attachment● Data sheet● Master kit which includes:

o 4 test tubeso pH solutiono high pH solutiono ammonia solutiono Nitrite solutiono Nitrate solution #1o Nitrate solution #2o Color match card

For this lab, you and your lab partner will need to collect data on different elements that collectively make up water quality. To begin, find the large pool that is the source of water for Copeland Creek during the dry season, located in the section of creek that is behind the ETC building. Before beginning to collect your data, fill in the date on the top of your data sheet. Begin by collecting the temperature and dissolved oxygen of the pool using the LabQuest device:

1. Turn on LabQuest2. Plug in the Temperature Attachment, make sure a reading appears on screen and the

device is measuring in Celsius.3. Walk to the middle of the pool and dip the temperature rod half way into the water

column. (WARNING: although the attachments and wires are waterproof, take care not to get the actual computer wet!)

4. Hold the rod in position until the reading on the LabQuest device remains at a consistent temperature.

5. Record your results in your data sheet

Next, get your readings for dissolved oxygen:6. Remove the temperature attachment and replace it with the dissolved oxygen probe,

make sure LabQuest is reading in mg/L7. In the same spot that you collected temperature, dip the probe halfway into the water

column and hold steady until it has a constant reading. (This will take longer than temperature to get an accurate reading, be patient).

8. Record your results in your data sheet and safely turn off and store the LabQuest and attachments

Now you need to get measurements for pH and Nitrate.9. Fill two of the test tubes with creek water to the 5mL mark, get it as close to this line as

possible, and cap the top. 10. Using the pH and Nitrate #1 and #2 solutions, follow the instructions located on the

inside of the color match card carefully to get a color reading for these two variables. 11. Compare the color of the water to the color on the card and record the closest match on

your data sheet. 12. Thoroughly rinse and dry test tubes and put them back in container.

To complete this assignment, you will need to measure and record your data over multiple days over the course of the semester. The more days you can collect and record data the better. Make sure that after each day of collection, you thoroughly rinse the LabQuest attachments and test tubes in clean, preferably distilled water.

Assessing the Aquatic Community

To assess the aquatic community, we implemented multiple techniques to capture invertebrate and fish species. We used a metal strainer that had fine wire mesh to scoop up substrate and leaf litter from the bottom to collect benthic macro-invertebrates. Material gathered from the bottom were carefully picked through and examined. Any new species that was collected was dropped in a jar of ethanol for future identification. Traps made of 2L soda bottles were made and baited with chicken meat. The traps were left in one to two-foot-deep water and left for 24 hours. New species that were collected were stored in ethanol for future identification. We also flipped rocks to catch invertebrates with our hands and caught fish using a standard aquarium net.

Materials:● Aquarium fish net● Metal strainer with fine wire mesh● Large white plate (optional)● Shovel (optional)● Multiple 2-liter plastic bottles● Knife or scissors● Stapler

● Bait (chicken meat. Liver, hotdogs, anything stinky)● Jars filled with ethanol ● Dichotomous key

It is important that as we move forward in the restoration of Copeland Creek we periodically check to see what species are present in the aquatic community. For native species that are already known to be in the creek, you are encouraged to simply record and release. If you think you are dealing with an unknown species, take a picture or preserve in ethanol for future identification. Although you are welcome and even encouraged to get creative with your sampling techniques, we have listed a few ways in which to collect aquatic species that have been shown to work.

Sifting and straining:This technique has been shown to work well with catching any invertebrates that are living in leafy litter or the stream substrate. For this technique, you will at the very least need a metal strainer and a pair of hands, although you might find that a shovel and a large white plate to be useful.

1. Simply scoop up dead leaves or substrate from the bottom of the creek using the metal strainer.

2. Take out the strainer so the water drains and leaves only the material you collected3. Pick through the material either in the strainer itself or by dumping it out on a large white

plate so you can spread the litter or substrate out4. Be as thorough as possible, many species are small and stuck to the material

Looking and capturing by hand:1. Carefully turnover rocks, causing as little disturbance as possible2. Record any species found, catch and identify only if species is unknown.

Trapping:This is a great method for catching a broad array of species, including native fish.

1. Using scissors or a knife, cut the tops of the 2L plastic bottles where the bottle first reaches its roundest section, usually right above the label on the bottle.

2. Place some bait in the open bottle, you may also want to put in a few small rocks to help weigh the bottle down

3. Take off the cap from the top if it still remains and discard. Depending on what size species you are looking to capture, you may cut off the cap section to create a larger entrance. Keep in mind that a large entrance will also make it easier for species to find their way out of the trap.

4. Invert the top of the bottle and fit it back into the open bottle5. Staple the two pieces together6. Find a spot deep enough so that the bottle trap can be completely submerged7. Fill with water and let the trap rest on the bottom8. Leave the traps in the creek for roughly 24 hours, then collect your traps9. Undo the staples and empty the contents into a strainer10. Record any species found in the trap.11. These kinds of traps can be reused many times, although it’s a good idea to switch out

the old bait for fresh bait.

Netting:This technique is by far the most effective for capturing California roach, just be patient and use the aquarium net to scoop mosquito fish out of the water.

Results

The first objective of our project was to find out if the nitrogen, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature levels in the creek were all at the levels they needed to be in order to sustain a habitat suitable for steelhead trout as well as other native taxa within the creek. The results that were found while testing for pH in the creek fell under the category of optimal for most aquatic organisms in the creek, which is a pH level of between 6.5 and 8.2. The average pH in the pool that we found was 8, which is considered suitable for organisms living in the creek. The dissolved oxygen levels in the creek were also at levels considered suitable for steelhead, which is about 4-15 mg/L. The average dissolved oxygen levels that we found in the pool were about 10 mg/L. Nitrate levels for freshwater aquatic ecosystems are considered to be normal at around 30 mg/L. The average nitrate levels that we found in the creek were about 80 mg/L. These levels are much higher than what is considered optimal, however, nitrate is also considered to be less of a problem within freshwater ecosystems because it can be found at higher concentrations and not be toxic for aquatic organisms. However, if nitrate levels are too high, it can cause algal blooms and eutrophication, which will become harmful to aquatic organisms. The final element we tested for in the creek pool was temperature. The optimal temperature range for steelhead varies with the stages in their life cycle. The ideal temperature range for steelhead eggs is between 9-12C, for juveniles it is between 18-20C, and for adults it is between 15-20C. The average temperature of the water we measured was about 19C.

The second objective for our project was to observe and trap mosquito fish, which are considered a problem species in Copeland Creek. After further observation at a later date in the project and identification help from a fish expert, we discovered that these fish were not invasive mosquito fish but were in fact the native California roach fish (Lavinia symmetricus). We observed about 100 juvenile forms of these fish while standing in the dry creek bed looking into the pool that came from a pipe culvert draining from on campus. After laying down fish traps and leaving them over night, we returned the next day to find that we had caught more than the roach fish we were originally searching for. We ended up finding two other types of fish in our traps, the Coastal Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and a Sculpin (Cottoidea). Both of these fish are native to California. We also viewed some larger fish swimming in the culvert releasing into the creek, which we were not able to identify at the time of the project, but after a later observation, we were able to identify the fish as a Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus). In addition to finding fish, we also found some members of the benthic macroinvertbrate community. Some of the invertebrates we found were a crawling water beetle (Haliplidae), an aquatic sow (Isopoda), an aquatic segmented worm (Oligochaeta), a gerridae (Hemiptera), and a juvenile crayfish (Astacoidea).

Date Nitrate Dissolved oxygen

pH Temperature

11/4/16 7.8 19.1C

11/7/16 8.6 mg/L 7.85 19.4C

11/13/16 120 ppm 13 mg/L 8 19.6C

11/14/16 120ppm 8

11/15/16 120ppm 9.8-10.3 mg/L 8 19.6C

Date Nitrate Dissolved oxygen

pH Temperature

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

COPELAND CREEK STREAMBED MORPHOLOGYJordan DeSilva and Jasmin Perdue

METHODS

We surveyed Copeland creek channel morphology and cobble size distribution along three perpendicular transect lines located within the portion of the creek running through Sonoma State University. We selected the transect lines using parameters useful in morphology surveying that include selecting places of obvious redirection or disturbance of the channel where impacts of erosion and sedimentation may have larger impacts, and locations with reliable structural data that can be used as references for relocating the locations (Mejia 2011). In addition, these locations have been influenced major grazing, urbanization, and pedestrian recreation, all which correlate with erosion rates (Karmaker 2015).

We animated the morphology of the Copeland Creek channel at the three transect lines using simple auto level and stadia rod measurements to calculate multiple elevations. We collected measurements and calculated elevations, excel was used to compare a table of elevations and their respective distances to produce three separate graphs that portray the morphology of the cross-sections for November 2016. We then compared the graphs to notice reasonable statements concerning thalweg elevation, bank peak elevation, and bank incise.

We took a cobble size distribution from the three transect lines (make table) along Copeland Creek. We took measurements of length, width, and thickness of cobbles along the transect lines. Once measurements were collected, we calculated volumes. The volumes were then used to determine a size class of cobbles, boulder, or bedrock. Cobbles were determined to be 100 cm3 or less, boulders 101-999 cm3, and bedrock 1000 cm3 or more. We created graphs to compare cobble size distribution. Copeland Creek Monitoring Plan: Copeland creek cross section

Objective: In this lab, you will be collecting data as part of a long term field experiment that examines the always changing geomorphology of Copeland Creek.

Learning objectives: The goals of today are to 1) learn basic surveying techniques to measure specific elevations at different distances along cross sections of a creek and 2) learn how to graph collected data, using excel, in order to visualize the physical morphology of the creek.

Background: Copeland creek was created to provide flood prevention for the cities of Cotati and Rohnert Park and in turn has become a corridor for riparian vegetation and wildlife as well as a site for recreation and aesthetic appreciation (Copeland creek master plan 2001). Before city limits began to encroach on the boundaries of the SSU campus and the creek, the land was home to grazing cattle. Degradation of stream banks and respective vegetation by cattle grazing has largely increased erosion rates and downstream sediment loads (Copeland Creek master Plan 2001). Increased erosion and sedimentation rates decrease water quality, cause hazards to flooding, destroy fertile land, and increase habitat loss, which has major effects of the areas biodiversity (Karmaker, 2016).

The purpose of this experiment is to monitor channel morphology in attempt to predict erosion and sedimentation rates. Research shows that erosion is a big problem downstream making life unlivable for aquatic biota and lending to the ‘filling-in’ of pools, which provide habitat to much aquatic life. By developing surveying techniques, you will be able to yearly/bi-yearly monitor the morphology of the creek channel to observe the changes in depth, width, and bank slope all of which affect water quality and available habitat. The ongoing monitoring will provide the data needed to plan for erosion management.

Equipment needed: 100 m measuring reel surveyor’s tri pod auto levelsurveyor’s stadia rod data sheets (attached) pencilpendulum loppers GPS unit

Locations:

Site 1 (Butterfly Garden)Backsite GPS = 38”20’34N and 122”40’19W The backsight measurement should be taken directly on the handle of the small man hole cover. Distance from PVC to backsite = 15.58mDistance from PVC to N.E. corner of garden shed = 19.44mDistance from PVC to the nearest Valley Oak east of the PVC = 3.38m

Site 2 (Ponds)Backsight GPS = 38 20”35’N and 122 40’20”WThe backsight measurement should be taken directly over the manhole cover handleDistance from PVC to backsight = 22.5mDistance from PVC to east corner of message board = 15.35mDistance from PVC to south edge of dirt path = 13.3mSite 3 (Art Building)Backsite GPS = The backsight measurement should be taken directly on the handle of the large manhole cover.Distance from PVC to backsight = 22.75mDistance from PVC to second drain pipe right of art building back door = 22.5mDistance from PCV to corner of art building that is nearest the reserved parking lot = 35.7m

Methods: Measurements (level the tri pod, stadia level

● In groups of four, gather all needed materials and locate the three transect locations given. The locations are marked with PVC piping that mark the beginning and end of the three separate transect lines. Permanent back sites were selected, along with two other permanent locations in order to triangulate the PVC location should they ever be removed (locations listed above).

● Once you have located your first location you will set up your equipment. All tripods must be placed directly centered over the south-most PVC piping. Attach the auto level to the tripod and hang the pendulum from the hook underneath the tri pod and move the tri pod until the pendulum hangs directly over top the PVC.

● Once the tripod is centered and firmly stable you will need to locate the permanent backsight and measure the height of the tripod from it. One person places the rod at the back site location for site #1. A second person looks through the auto level and read the number seen in the center of the cross hairs on the rod. A third person records the data. (NOTE: the height of the instrument is the reading plus 100m. This is important when calculating the elevations later.)

● Now that you have the instrument height you can run the transect line. One end will connect to the underside of the tripod and the other end will need to be held tight by a group member at the opposite PVC pipe for the entirety of the measurements. (NOTE: Loppers may need to be used to clear a straight path for the line.)

● With the line in place all four members will have to assume a role. 1. Hold the line 2. Move the rod 3. Read the rod and 4. Record the data.

● Begin taking and recording measurements every .5m, once the slope starts to increase (or when there is a peculiar element within the transect) take measurements every .25m. Record both the distance along the transect line and the foresight. Continue measuring until you reach the far PVC pipe.

● Repeat these steps for sites #2 and #3Calculating ElevationNow that you have all your instrument height readings, distance readings, and foresight readings you

Example of data sheet: Example of Excel graph:

are ready to calculate elevation.To calculate the respective elevation at each distance you will subtract each foresight reading from the height of the instrument.

EXAMPLE:Height of instrument = 113.8 mForesight #1 = 14.6 mElevation = 113.8 m – 14.6 m = 99.2 m

Calculate the elevation for each foresight reading at all three transects (NOTE: this can be done quicker using equations in EXCEL).GraphingUsing EXCEL make a data table with the distances from site 1 in one column and the respective elevations from site 1 in an adjacent column. Create a line graph using this data (distance on the x-axis and elevation on the y-axis). The graph should illustrate the shape of the transect. Repeat this process for sites 2 and 3.

Copeland Creek Monitoring Plan: Copeland Creek Cobble Size Distribution

Objectives: The objective of this lab is to collect quantitative data that will predict the stream characterization of Copeland Creek concerning cobble size distribution. To do so we will undertake a stream cobble count along 3 transects of the creek.

Background:Copeland creek was created to provide flood prevention for the cities of Cotati and Rohnert Park and in turn has become a corridor for riparian vegetation and wild life as well as a site for recreation and aesthetic appreciation. Before city limits began to encroach on the boundaries of the SSU campus and the creek, the land was home to grazing cattle. Degradation of stream banks and respective vegetation by cattle grazing has had major impacts on erosion rates and upstream sediment loads (Copeland Creek master Plan). Increased erosion and sedimentation rates decrease water quality, cause hazards to flooding, and increase habitat loss, which has major effects of the areas biodiversity (Karmaker 2015). Little has been done in the way of monitoring erosion. Streambed composition is important in influencing channel characterization, including form, hydraulics, erosion rates, and sediment supply.

Drawing from observation we can infer that streambeds with boulders and cobbles act differently than streambeds with sand or silt (Goman 2016). Pebble counts are a quick and easy technique for characterizing streambed materials (Potyondy 1994). The purpose of this lab is to quantify cobble distribution. By collecting data of pebble count we can determine whether or not land management practices or land disturbances are introducing fine sediment into streams (Potyondy 1994). The ongoing monitoring will provide the additional data needed to plan for erosion management.

Equipment:Rulers 100 m reel Data SheetsCallipers Flag Markers PVC pipes

Methods:Pebble Count1. Start a transect line at a selected point. Mark transect from one edge of the bank to the other with flag markers.2. Stand at the start of your transect and pick up the first pebble the touches the line. 3. Measure longest, intermediate and shortest axis with callipers. Use ruler if measurement is too large. 4. Note taker records pebble size on data sheets.5. Repeat this process until you reach the opposite side of your transect line.6. Establish a new transect across the creek and begin process

Figure1.2

over again.

Calculations & GraphingNow that you have gathered data for axis A, B, and C, you need to calculate the volume of the

pebbles. To do so use the equation for the volume of an ellipsoid V= 43

πabc. After calculating

the volumes for each transect you will need to determine the distribution class for each pebble. For these purposes we are determining pebbles with a volume less that 100 cm3 cobbles, 100-999 cm3 boulder, and more than 1000 cm3 bedrock. After determining distribution class you may then graph your data comparing all 3 transect lines. Count the number of pebbles in each distribution class and make a table comparing size class to the transects (see table 1.2).

Examples:

Table 1.1Figure1.1

Cobble Distribution Size

A = Longest Axis (Length) B = Intermediate Axis (Width)C = Shortest Axis (Thickness)

Substrate Determination:1. Bedrock 2. Boulder 3. Cobble

Name:_______________________

Date:________________________

Location:____________________

Figure 1.2 graph comparing site 1 elevations and distances

RESULTS

Cross Sections:

Site 1 (Butterfly Garden)

Figure 1.1 Data collected in field and calculated elevations for site 1 (Thalweg = 74.3m)


Figure 2.1 data collected in field and calculated elevations for site 2 (Thalweg = 74.7m)

Site 2 (Ponds)

Site 3 (Art Building)


Figure 3.1 data collected in field and calculated elevations for site 3 (Thalweg = 77.0m)

The data collected and results obtained during the auto level transect experiment will act as baseline data for further measurements to be compared to. This years results show thalwegs,

downstream, from site 1 to site 3 that were respectively 74.3 m (figure 1.1), 74.7m (figure 2.1), and 77.0m (figure 3.1), there was little gradient between the sights. Graph visuals indicate that the north bank of the creek channel at all three sites had steeper incise (figures 1.2, 2.2, 3.2)

Cobble Distribution:

Figure 4.1 graph comparing cobble size distribution along transect 1, 2, and 3.

Figure 4.1 displays the comparison of cobble distribution along 3 transects. As we go from transect 1 to 3, downstream, the number of bedrock increases, and the number of cobbles decrease. The highest level of sedimentation of cobbles is found up stream. The number of cobbles decreases as we head downstream, correlating with the increase of bedrock we head downstream. The data collected and results during the pebble count can later be used to predict erosion and sedimentation rates.

Table 1 data collected along transect 2.

Table 2 data collected along transect 1. Table 3 data collected along transect

3.

LITERATURE CITED

Goman, Michele. 2016. Geomorphology Lab: Exercise 8 River Channel Characterization. Sonoma State University.

Potyondy JP, Hardy T (1994) USE OF PEBBLE COUNTS TO EVALUATE FINE SEDIMENT INCREASE IN STREAM CHANNELS. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30:509–520:(In Press)

Karmaker T, Dutta S (2015) Stochastic erosion of composite banks in alluvial river bends. Hydrological Processes 29:1324–1339:(In Press)

Mejia AI, Reed SM (2011) Role of channel and floodplain cross-section geometry in the basin response. Water Resources Research 47:(In Press)

Copeland Creek Master Plan (2001) Sonoma State University https://www.sonoma.edu/cpdc/docs/copeland.pdf (accessed 6 December 2016)

Canopy VegetationMegan Gaitan and Brian McIsaac

Copeland Creek Monitoring Plan: Copeland Creek Canopy Vegetation Monitoring Project Methods: In order to obtain percent shade from estimates of canopy cover, we used a spherical densiometer model A. We also assessed structure and composition of the canopy layer by identifying tree species we encountered along the creek and taking measurements of their diameters at breast height (DBH). Using 6 predetermined locations that spanned the 4 zones of Copeland Creek, we established transect lines on the south bank and extended the reel facing north until we reached the bank’s edge. These points were marked with orange spray paint and PVC pipe to clearly identify their locations (Kelley & William, 2005). Beginning at 0 m, we used the densiometer to obtain canopy cover readings in 4 directions (N, S, E, W). By holding the instrument 12” – 18” in front of the body at elbow height, the operator was able to view canopy coverage reflected in the gridded, convex mirror of the tool and convey the count to the recorder (Warren et al., 2013). This process was repeated at 3 m intervals until we met the bank’s end. To avoid bias in shade estimations, the same individual conducted densiometer readings following the protocol outlined in Warren et al.

Using the same transects, we identified tree species and DBH measurements in order to provide an assessment of structure and composition and determine the quality of habitat present in the canopy (Newell & Rodewald, 2011). Beginning again at the 0 m mark, we walked along the reel with a meter stick and recorded the species name and location of those trees whose bases fell within 1 m of the reel to the left or right. Trees with overhanging branches whose base did not fall within this range were ignored. If a tree trunk was too small to measure (less than 1 cm), it was counted as a sapling. These procedures were repeated at each of the 6 locations. Objective: The goal of this long-term experiment is to obtain data that will allow you to assess responses of the management techniques being applied to Copeland Creek’s canopy layer that are reflected through structure and composition.

Learning objectives: The purpose of this monitoring project is to 1) practice various sampling techniques and data collection methods in the field; 2) understand how to quantify responses of canopy cover, species richness and composition; and 3) interpret current findings and compare with past data to make informed management decisions for the future. Background: It is well known that riparian corridors are an incredibly important resource for traveling species seeking refuge. The canopy layer is one of the most important aspects in

riparian ecosystems for it provides diverse benefits in the forms of habitat, shade, nutrients, and erosion control. The effect of the canopy and the tree species that compose it are important to the function of nearly all other biotic and abiotic factors in the environment that affect the overall health of the waterway.

The purpose of this project is to improve the canopy in order to provide a more suitable habitat for avian, vertebrate, and non-vertebrate species. Also, the human factor cannot be disregarded in a project such as this. As we are in a flood sensitive area on a public university, native willow (Salix spp.), our dominant tree species, lends itself towards causing unintentional damming of the waterway. It is essential that we understand the canopy dynamics of the creek before we can make decisions about the removal and replacement of willow species. Equipment needed:Map containing transect locationsSpherical densiometer (Model-A)Tally counter – clicker Measuring tapeMeter stickData sheets/pencil/clipboardCompassPVC pipe and bright spray paintTransect tape Flags/nailsMethods:

1) Gather all of the equipment listed above as well as a map containing the locations of the six transect points that run along the south side of the creek. Identify these sites and mark them with spray paint and a PVC pipe.

2) Once you’re standing at the beginning point of a transect, use your compass to face north. Hook your transect line onto a nail you place in the ground at this point and walk north with the tape until you come to the edge of the bank where the ground begins to drop off. This is as far as you will go with your transect tape. Set it down to mark the end of the line.

3) Before collecting data, make sure to fill out the top portion of your data sheet that includes information on the date of collection, the recorder, zone #, transect #, side of the creek and angle to creek. Be sure to fill out the sheet as thoroughly as possible and keep track of what cell you are entering data into.

4) One partner will record data while the other reads off densiometer counts, species names of trees and measurements of their diameter at breast height. Switch

responsibilities as you please.5) Begin shade measurements with your densiometer. These readings will be done at 3 m

intervals until you reach the end of your transect line. Start at 0 m. Face one direction (N, S, E, W) at a time and use your clicker to keep count of the dots you see at that point. Shout out the number recorded for each direction for your partner to record. Directions for the densiometer are included on the instrument.

6) Now, you will record tree species and their diameters at breast height (DBH). Walk along the transect line with your meter stick and tape measure beginning at 0 m. Shout out the scientific name of each tree you encounter whose base falls within 1 m to the left or right of the transect as well as its location on the line. Measure the DBH of each tree in centimeters with your tape measure. If a tree trunk is too small to measure (less than 1 cm), count as a sapling. Ignore overhanging branches of trees whose bases do not fall within range of the transect. Baseline DBH measurements were recorded by an individual standing 5’8”.

Analysis: Your group will now create 3 graphs that will allow you to visualize your data and determine the effectiveness of the management techniques in place. Two of these will be bar graphs. One showing the percent shade of each transect and the other average DBH of each transect. Your third graph will be a scatter plot representing average DBH against percent shade. To compare your data with that of previous years, additional bar graphs using both sets of data can be produced that can undergo statistical analyses for further interpretation.

Results:

Figure 1 displays the percent shade estimated along each transect line. The measurements for each fall within a fairly narrow range with a low of ~66% at transect 4’s location and a high of ~99% at transect 2. Measurements were taken in October and November 2016 and projected

shade levels of deciduous trees were not taken into account. Much of the shade accounted for in the densiometer calculations of percent shade comes from the surrounding trees whose bases fell outside the range of the transect lines.

Our graph produced for average diameter at breast height (DBH) has a larger range than that of Figure 1, spanning 2 cm to ~79 cm. Very few trees lied within range of each transect. Transects 2, 5, and 6 contained the greatest number of trees (3) whose DBH values contributed to the graph while transects 1 and 3 had the lowest number of trees (1) with contributing values. Transects 1 and 3 had a number of saplings (5 and 3, respectively) fall in range but these did not supply DBH measurements.

Figure 3 combined the data sets to plot average DBH against percent shade. The graph does not show a linear relationship but rather a random scatter of points. The assumption that increasing DBH values will result in greater percent shade estimations is not reflected.

Figure 1. Percent (%) shade calculated for each of the six transects.

Figure 2. Average diameter at breast height (DBH) measured in cm calculated for each of the six transects.

Figure 3. Average diameter at breast height (DBH) measured in cm represented as a function of percent (%) shade.

Kelley E. C, William CK (2005) Canopy Cover and Shade Determinations in Riparinan Zones. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41:37–46.

Newell FL, Rodewald AD (2011) Role of topography, canopy structure, and floristics in nest-site selection and nesting success of canopy songbirds. Forest Ecology and Management 262:739–749.

Warren DR et al. (2013) Comparing streambed light availability and canopy cover in streams with old-growth versus early-mature riparian forests in western Oregon. Aquatic Sciences 75:547–558.

Understory VegetationJana Johnston and Jessi Laughling

METHODSMaterials needed for understory data collection includes data sheets, a compass, rope, a clicker, measuring wheel, metal tape measure, meter stick, pvc pipe, spray paint, and a mallet. The same seven transects were used for all the following data collection methods. Copeland Creek was divided into four zones along the main pedestrian corridor of Sonoma State University. Some zones had more than one transect based on the size of the zone. We established six transects along the south side of the creek and one along the north side of the creek. Zone four was located to the west with zone one farthest to the east. Data was collected along the transects for herbaceous and shrub species.We used GPS coordinates and monumenting data to locate transect points. Once located we documented transects by staking a piece of pvc pipe into the ground and also by spray painting an arrow on the ground. To set up transects we used a measuring wheel extending from the creek trail to the top of the bank facing north. We used a compass to ensure transect was facing north. For all data collection we started measurements at 0.5m in to avoid edge effects.While collecting data we collected a sample and recorded any unknown species on our unknown species master list. The master list includes as many details as possible including a description, zone and transect number as well as location along transect. We collected a small sample of each plant, wrapped masking tape around stem, labeled with transect number and species number (Ex. 1-1) and placed in a plastic bag. We put all plant samples in a fridge to

ensure survival until we could properly identify them using a Jepson manual.To measure absolute and relative cover of herbaceous species we used a point intercept method. The point intercept method is commonly used to estimate species cover for understory herbaceous species (Abrahamson et al.). First we located and set up transect line perpendicular to creek facing north. We placed a flag at every half meter, starting at 0.5m, documenting what plant(s), if any, it touched. At same points, we used a tape measure to measure 5cm away from flag and recorded what plant(s), if any, were within 5cm radius of flag. To measure whole plot richness of herbaceous species we will be documenting species within one meter of the transect. To avoid bias we flipped a coin to decide which side of each transect to measure; we only measured one side of each transect. We walked along the designated side of the transect line holding a meter stick perpendicular to transect and recorded name of all herbaceous species present. To measure percent cover of shrub species we used a line intercept method. Along same transect line starting at 0.5m, we measured shrub species foliage overlapping the transect. ( Ex. 0.68m to 0.73m). We calculated total cover based on measurements (Ex. 0.73m - 0.68m = 0.05m). Using same transect line and a tape measure, we measured vertical height in cm of shrubs (if any) at every 2 meters. We used “Line Intercept Transect Calculations” form to calculate percent cover of each species. We did not collect this data in fall 2016 because we have yet to locate and identify all native plants with some plants to still be planted. For future data collection on invasion of Himalayan Blackberry use the following methods. To measure blackberry species near native plants first locate plants marked by fencing and pink flags. Measure a one meter radius around each plant using a meter stick and lay down a piece of rope circling the plant. Record the amount of blackberry canes within this radius. Using the clicker, have one person count the number of canes that occur in your plot. This includes canes that are rooted outside of your plot but are growing into them. Do not count the same cane twice. Dead canes are not included in this count, measure live growth only. In plots where there is excessive cover, this data will be measured after plots have been cleared of biomass by counting the number of canes extending from a clipped rootstalk (Christian 2016).

Copeland Creek Riparian Monitoring Project - Understory Vegetation:

Data Collection Protocol:1. Point Intercept Transect - Herbaceous Species:

- Set up transect line perpendicular to creek. Record date, time and recorder(s).

- Place flag at every half meter documenting what plant(s), if any, it touches. (Start at .5 to avoid edge effects).

- Use a tape measure to measure 5cm away from flag and record what plant(s), if any, are within 5 cm of flag.

2. Line Intercept Transect - Shrub Species: - Along same transect line starting at .5m measure shrub species

foliage overlapping the transect. ( Ex. .68m to .73m).- Calculate total cover based on measurements. (Ex. .73m - .68m

= .05m)- Using same transect line and a tape measure, measure vertical

height in cm of shrubs (if any) at every 2 meters.- Use “Line Intercept Transect Calculations” table to calculate %

cover of each species.

3. Whole Plot Richness- Herbaceous Species: - Walk along East side of transect line holding a meter stick perpendicular

to transect and record all herbaceous species present.

4. Unknown Species Master List: - Use this table to record any unknown species encountered during data collection.- Take small sample of plant, be sure to include all plant parts (leaves, stem,

flowers…) wrap masking tape around stem, label with transect number and species number (Ex. 1-1) and place in a plastic bag.

- Include as many details as possible in the description section.

Copeland Creek Monitoring Plan: Understory Vegetation Data Collection Objective: Our two objectives are to 1) increase ground cover of native species to 25% or greater by 2020 and 2) ensure a 1m radius around native plants with 0% Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) cover. Learning objectives: In this lab you will be collecting data as part of a long-term field experiment that will monitor the species richness and cover of understory vegetation. The goals of today’s lab are to 1) learn about the basics of experimental design and data collection in the field 2) learn basic plant identification skills and common riparian species and 3) to learn about techniques used to quantify plant responses to restoration approaches. Background: Creeks and other waterways are vital resources for not only humans but many other plant and animal species. Copeland creek provides recreational benefits, access to nature and flood protection for the community of Rohnert Park as well as vital linkages for fish and wildlife species moving through the human-dominated landscape. Creeks surrounded by urban

environments face many challenges including pollution, artificial water flows, and most importantly, invasive species. Many invasive species in the understory impede important ecological functions of the creek including choking other understory vegetation, impeding flows during storms, and inhibiting the growth of taller canopy tree species that shade the creek and keep water temperatures cool enough for passing fish. One of the most problematic species invading Copeland Creek is Himalayan blackberry, a non-native plant species that grows prolifically along most streams throughout central and northern California. Most restoration efforts on creeks focus on blackberry removal, only to find vigorous regrowth of this species within 2-3 years. The purpose of this lab is to quantify vegetation along 7 transects of Copeland Creek and measure invasion of Himalayan Blackberry. The success of restoration efforts of understory vegetation largely depends on the removal and long term control of Himalayan Blackberry. Herbaceous species’ absolute and relative cover will be measured using point intercept. You will also be measuring whole plot species richness of herbaceous species. Percent cover of shrubs will be measured by using a line intercept method as well as measuring average shrub height.

Equipment Needed:● Data sheets, pencil, and clipboard● Measuring wheel● Metal tape measure

● Meter stick● Compass● Rope

● Counter● 7 1-2 ft pieces of PVC pipe● Spray paint● Mallet

● Pin flags● Masking tape● Nails● About 10 Ziploc bags

Methods: Data Collection Protocol:1. Setting Up Transect Lines:

- Use GPS location, monumenting data and compass to locate point for beginning of transect line.

- Use a mallet to hammer a piece of PVC pipe into the ground to mark the location of your transect. Also use spray paint to paint an arrow pointing to your PVC pipe.

- Place a nail in the ground directly in front of the PVC pipe, hook the end of the measuring wheel onto the nail to hold it in place.

- One group member will use a compass to direct the group member with the measuring wheel north (should be relatively perpendicular to creek). The person with the measuring wheel will walk North until the top of the bank (where it starts to slope down into the creek bed).

- Lock the measuring wheel and leave it at the top of the bank. Record the length of the transect.

- Same transect lines will be used for all of the following data collection methods.

2. Point Intercept Transect - Herbaceous Species: - Use data sheet labeled “Point Intercept Transect - Herbaceous Species”. Be sure

to fill in all information at the top of the page.- Place flag at every half meter along the transect documenting what plant(s), if

any, it touches. (Start at .5m to avoid edge effects). If no plants are intercepted record as bare ground.

- Use metal tape measure to measure 5cm away from flag and record what plant(s), or bare ground, are within a 5 cm radius of the flag.

3. Line Intercept Transect - Shrub Species: - Use data sheet labeled “Line Intercept Transect - Shrub Species”. Be sure to fill in

all information at the top of the page.- Along same transect line starting at .5m, measure shrub species foliage

overlapping the transect. ( Ex. .68m to .73m).- Calculate total cover based on measurements. (Ex. .73m - .68m = .05m)- Using same transect line and metal tape measure, measure vertical height in cm

of shrubs (if any) at every 2 meters.- Use data sheet labeled “Line Intercept Transect Calculations” to calculate and

record percent cover of each species.

4. Whole Plot Richness- Herbaceous Species: - Use data sheet labeled “Whole Plot Richness- Herbaceous Species”. You

can use the same data sheet to record all transect lines, just be sure to properly label each one.

- Flip a coin or other item to decide whether you will be measuring the East or West side of the transect.

- Walk along the designated side of transect line holding a meter stick perpendicular to transect and record all herbaceous species present within this area.

5. Unknown Species Master List: - Use data sheet labeled “Unknown Species Master List” to record any unknown

species encountered during data collection.- Take small sample of plant, be sure to include all plant parts (leaves, stem,

flowers…) wrap masking tape around stem, label with transect number and species number (Ex. 1-1) and place in a plastic bag.

- Include as many details as possible in the description section. - Place all plant sample in a refrigerator until you can identify them. Use a Jepson

manual for plant identification when possible.

6. Invasion of Himalayan Blackberry:

- Use data sheet labeled “Invasion of Himalayan Blackberry”. Be sure to fill in all information at the top of the page.- To measure blackberry species near native plants first locate plants marked by fencing and pink flags. - Measure a one meter radius around each plant using a meter stick and lay down a piece of rope circling the plant representing the one meter radius. - Using the clicker, have one person count the number of Blackberry canes that occur in your plot. This includes canes that are rooted outside of your plot but are growing into them. * See below for more information on blackberry canes.- * A cane is simply a branch of blackberry. Dead canes are not included in this count, measure live growth only. In plots where there is excessive cover, this data will be measured after plots have been cleared of biomass by counting the number of canes extending from a clipped rootstalk.

Analysis: Provide a list of the figures, tables, images that need to be created with each lab write up. What else should future students report out on?

1. Setting Up Transect Lines: - Use this map and transect monumenting data to locate transect lines.

2. Point Intercept Transect - Herbaceous Species: - Use the following table to compile data to make graph.- Use data for plants within 5 cm radius NOT the plants actually intercepted by the flag.- You will create two graphs, one for absolute cover and one for relative cover.

Species # Intercepts Absolute Proportion

Absolute Cover

Relative Proportion

Relative Cover

#1 # (# intercepts for species/ total # intercepts)

(Absolute proportion X 100= %)

(# intercepts for species/ # of flag drops (including bare ground)

(Relative cover X 100= %)

#2 # (# intercepts for species/ total # intercepts)

(Absolute proportion X 100= %)

(# intercepts for species/ # of flag drops (including

(Relative cover X 100= %)

bare ground)

Totals: Total # of Intercepts (not bare ground)

(Total should be 1)

(Can exceed 100%)

(Total should be 1)

(Total should be 100)

Example graph:

Figure 1 – Absolute cover of species in zone 4, transect 1, south. Relative cover is identical.

3. Line Intercept Transect - Shrub Species: - Use the following table to compile data to make graph. - Use percent cover from “Line Intercept Transect Calculations” datasheet.

Species: % Cover:

Example graph:

Figure 2 – Shrub cover of species in zone 4, along transect 1, south.

4. Whole Plot Richness- Herbaceous Species:- Use the following table to compile data to make graph.

Transect #: # of Species:

Example graph:

Figure 3 – Overall species richness of the transects from each zone.

5. Unknown Species Master List: - Use the “Unknown Species Master List” to make the following table.

Zone #: Transect #: Sample #:

Copeland Creek Riparian Monitoring Project - Understory VegetationDate: Time: Recorder(s): Creek Side (N/S):

Zone #: Transect #: Transect Length: Angle to Creek:

Point Intercept Transect - Herbaceous Species: Location (m): Species Touching: Species w/in 5cm: Notes:

0 - -

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

Copeland Creek Riparian Monitoring Project - Understory Vegetation:Date: Time: Recorder(s):

Zone #: Transect #: Creek Side (N/S): Angle to Creek:

Line Intercept Transect - Shrub Species: Location (m): Shrub Ht (cm): Species Touching: Measurement of intercept (m): Total Cover (m):

0 - - - -

0.5 -

1 -

1.5 -

2

2.5 -

3 -

3.5 -

4

4.5 -

5 -

5.5 -

6

6.5 -

7 -

7.5 -

8

8.5 -

9 -

9.5 -

10

10.5 -

11 -

11.5 -

12

12.5 -

13 -

13.5 -

14


Line Intercept Transect Calculations:

Zone #: Transect #: Species: Sum of Total Cover (m):Transect Length (m): % Cover:


Whole Plot Richness- Herbaceous Species: Date: Zone #: Transect #: Species: Notes:


Unknown Species Master List:

Zone #:Transect #: Date: Location (m): Sample #: Description:


Invasion of Himalayan Blackberry:

Date:Person

Recording: Zone:Side of

Creek (N/S): Plant #:# of Blackberry

canes: Notes:

RESULTSIn zone 4 we established one transect, 6S (Fig. 1). The absolute cover was identical to relative cover for the herbaceous species. There is 44% Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus), 12% Stinging nettle (Urtica sp), and 12% bare ground (Fig. 4 and 5). For the shrub species there is 46% Himalayan blackberry cover and 1% cveag cover (Fig. 6). In zone 3 we established two transects. For transect 5S, the absolute cover of herbaceous species is 91% Himalayan blackberry, 30% Hemlock (Conium maculatum), and 35% Bromus sp (Fig. 7). The relative cover of herbaceous species is 58% Himalayan blackberry, 19% Hemlock, and 22% Bromus sp (Fig. 8). For the shrub species on transect 5S there is 60% Himalayan blackberry cover and 7% Hemlock cover (Fig. 9). For transect 4S, the absolute cover of herbaceous species is 25% Geranium mollis, 10% Bromus sp, 15% Himalayan blackberry, 30% euforb, and 45% bare ground (Fig. 10). The relative cover of herbaceous species is 20% Geranium mollis, 8% Bromus sp, 12% Himalayan blackberry, 24% euforb, and 36% bare ground (Fig. 11). For the shrub species on transect 4S there is 22% Himalayan blackberry cover, 6% Geranium mollis cover, and 62% Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) cover (Fig. 12).In zone 2 we established two transects. For transect 3S, the absolute cover of herbaceous species is 29% Unknown #2-3S-2 (Fig. 2), 8% Geranium mollis, 5% U#2-3S-4, 3% U#2-3S-5, 21% Himalayan blackberry, and 58% bare ground (Fig. 13 and 27). See Figure 27 for a list of all unknown species. The relative cover herbaceous species is 23% U#2-3S-2, 6% Geranium mollis, 4% U#2-3S-4, 2% U#2-3S-5, 17% Himalayan blackberry, and 47% bare ground (Fig. 14). For the shrub species on transect 3S there is 2% California wildrose (Rosa californica) cover, 5% California blackberry (Rubus ursinus) cover, and 5% U#2-3s-6 cover (Fig. 15). For transect 2S, the absolute cover of herbaceous species is 89% California pipevine (Aristolochia californica), 11%

Hemlock, 5% U#2-2S-2, 11% U#2-2S-3, and 11% bare ground (Fig. 16). The relative cover of herbaceous species is 71% California pipevine, 8% Hemlock, 4% U#2-3S-2, 8% U#2-3S-3, and 8% bare ground (Fig. 17). For the shrub species transect 2S there is 36% California pipeveine cover, and 12% U#2-2S-3 cover (Fig. 18).In zone 1 we established two transects. For transect 1N, the absolute cover of herbaceous species is 100% Himalayan blackberry, 25% Stinging nettle, 25% Prunus sp, and 12% Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (Fig. 19). The relative cover of herbaceous species is 62% Himalayan blackberry, 15% Stinging nettle, 15% Prunis sp, and 8% Fennel (Fig. 20). For the shrub species on transect 1N there is 95% Himalayan blackberry (Fig. 21). For transect 1S, the absolute cover was identical to relative cover for the herbaceous species. There is 32% Himalayan blackberry and 68% bare ground (Fig. 22 and 23). For the shrub species on transect 1S there is 0.12% U#1-1S-1 and 28% Himalayan blackberry (Fig. 24).Overall species richness greatest along transect 3S with eight different species present (Fig. 25).

FIGURES

Figure 1 – A map of Copeland creek and the seven transects established in fall 2016. They are listed as zone number, transect number, north or south. For example Z4, T6S is in zone 4, it is transect 6 on the south side of the creek.

Zone #: Transect #: Sample #:3 4S 13 4S 23 5S 33 5S 43 5S 52 2S 12 2S 22 3S 12 3S 22 3S 32 3S 42 3S 51 1S 1

Figure 2 – Table of unknown species located along transects. For more detailed description see following data sheets.

Code Scientific Name Common NameRUBAR Rubus armeniacus Himalayan

blackberryURTSP Urtica sp. Stinging NettleCVEAG

CONMA Conium maculatum HemlockBROSP Bromus sp. (Grasses)

GER Geranium mollis Wild geraniumEUFORBSYMAL Symphoricarpos

albusSnowberry

RUBUR Rubus ursinus California blackberry

ROSCA Rosa californica California wildrose

ARICA Aristolochia californica

Pipevine

PRUSP Prunis sp.FOEVU Foeniculum vulgare Fennel

U# n/a Unknown speciesBARE n/a Bare ground

Figure 3 – Code names were used in data collection and are reflected in our graphs.

Figure 5 – Relative cover of species in zone 4, along transect 1, south.

Figure 6 – Shrub cover of species in zone 4, along transect 1, south.

Figure 7 – Absolute cover of species in zone 3, transect 5, south.

Figure 8 – Relative cover of species in zone 3, transect 5, south.

Figure 9 – Shrub cover of species in zone 3, transect 5, south.


Figure 19 – Absolute cover of species in zone 1, transect 1, north.

Figure 20 – Relative cover of species in zone 1, transect 1, north.

Figure 21 – Shrub cover of species in zone 1, transect 1, north.


Figure 25 – Overall species richness of the transects from each zone.

Zone Data Sheet Final

Transects Transects1 12N 1N1 12S 1S2 10 2S2 9 3S3 8 4S3 6 5S4 1 6S

Figure 26 – Early in data collection, transects had random numbers that were later updated for consistency between groups and future data collection. Original data sheets will reflect old

transect numbers.

Zone Transect Date: Location Sample Code: Description:

#: #: (m): #:3 4S 11/4/2016 everywhere 1 U#3-

4S-1euforb

3 4S 11/4/2016 everywhere 2 U#3-4S-2

geranium

3 5S 11/4/2016 1.0 - 2.0 3 U#3-5S-3

wild radish

3 5S 11/4/2016 everywhere 4 U#3-5S-4

geranium

3 5S 11/4/2016 3.0 - 4.0 5 U#3-5S-5

willow - shrub like

2 2S 11/4/2016 everywhere 1 U#2-2S-1

harding grass? -symmetrical leaves

2 2S 11/4/2016 7.0 - 9.0 2 U#2-2S-2

shrubby - asymmetrical leaves

2 3S 11/17/2016 everywhere 1 U#2-3S-1

pointed lobes, fuzzy in center

2 3S 11/17/2016 everywhere 2 U#2-3S-2

grass

2 3S 11/17/2016 everywhere 3 U#2-3S-3

geranium sp?

2 3S 11/17/2016 3.5 4 U#2-3S-4

triangle shaped leaves w/ pointed lobes, thick stem

2 3S 11/17/2016 3.5 5 U#2-3S-5

fuzzy, palmate leaves, tall

2 3S 11/17/2016 4 6 U#2-3S-6

tan oak?

1 1S 11/17/2016 8.5 1 U#1-1S-1

small tree, oval thin leaves, asymmetrical

Figure 27 - List of unknown species encountered during data collection. Code for identification is used in results section.

Vertebrates and Wide-ranging SpeciesPaolo Solari, Amy Unruh, Danielle Wegner, and Beverly Wong

Copeland Creek: Measuring Species Richness & Abundance of Birds

Objectives: In this lab, you will be measuring the species richness and abundance of the avian community that exist in and along Copeland Creek. The goals of this lab are to 1) learn the basics of data collection and bird monitoring in the field and 2) become familiar with recognizing the appearance, behavior, and song of common native bird species that exist in Sonoma County.

Background: Creek habitats provide many resources, including shelter, food, and water for many of the wildlife in immediate and surrounding areas. Not only do they provide benefits for animal communities, but they also allow for many plant and bird species to thrive as well. These plant species that consist of different taller canopy tree species and shrubbery are very important for the survival of avian communities that make the creek their home. They allow birds with areas to build nests in, stable food sources, and areas to rest or escape from predators. The water that flows through the creek is important habitat for macroinvertebrates to thrive in, which in turn is another food source for bird species. However, many riparian habitats have become degraded or altered due to agricultural development, urbanization, the introduction of exotic species, and global climate change. In order to help maintain and restore biodiversity, it is necessary to collect baseline data of what species occupy habitat. A way to do that is to measure species richness and abundance. Birds are useful for indicating richness of a species and biodiversity because of the narrow link between species and habitat properties (Valverde et al. 2011). More specifically, bird population data allow practitioners, stakeholders, and scientists to have an insight on the types of species that are utilizing parts of a habitat, whether a habitat supports new, old, or threatened species, and ultimately, what needs to be done to restore bird populations.

The purpose of this exercise is to practice monitoring techniques and to learn how to perform a census of the avian community. Monitoring is extremely important in restoration because it tracks the progress of a project, as well as provide new information that can be used to make alterations to a restoration plan. In addition, you will be learning how to interpret data and present it in a graphical way. This is another important step in restoration, as you will need to be able to present and

show evidence to the community and stakeholder on why a restoration plan should be implemented.

Activities: In today’s lab, you will be working together in a team to observe and record the different bird species you see as you walk along Copeland Creek. You will be collecting data on what types of species of birds there are, how many birds there are, and where they were found (e.g. trees, brush, overhead, etc.) with as much accuracy as possible. You will also be counting the different number of bird calls you hear. This will allow future teams to get a good idea of what and how many birds are utilizing the creek.

Collecting field data on birds is a fairly straightforward task, however, there are tools you will need that will make the job much easier:

● 1-2 pairs of binoculars● A counter● A tape recorder● Data sheets, pencil, and clip board● A bird book, the Merlin Bird ID app (free to download on both iPhones and

Androids), and/or other internet resources

Break into groups of 3-4 students. You and your team will be assigned to collect data on different paths along the creek at different times of day. For example, two groups will go once in the morning, one on the main path of the creek and the other group on the north side of the creek. You will do the same walk again but in the afternoon. Including both morning and evening surveys into a standardized monitoring protocol provides added flexibility (Conway, 2011). Wendy and Caroline will also be helping to observe any birds that may be more difficult to identify or answering any clarifying questions.

Each person will have a different role in this activity. One student will record data, another will be focusing on carefully listening for each individual bird call, using the counter to tally up how many they hear, and using a tape recorder to record any bird calls. The other students will use binoculars and other resources to identify the birds along the walk. Vocalization recordings should be done simultaneously with the avian census (Lacher Jr., 2004). Before you begin, decide which member of your team is going to be responsible for which aspect of this lab.

Before the beginning the data collection, fill out all of the background information

portion of the data sheet (the name of the student collecting the data, the date, the path taken, weather conditions, etc.). This will provide us with further information when the data is analyzed.

Pick a starting area to begin your data collection, record the starting time, and begin. Walk at a reasonable pace so that you are not walking too quickly that you would miss any birds. Also, do not count any birds behind you once you pass an area and only document ones that are to either side (about 20m left and right) or directly ahead of you. If possible, identify bird species as soon as possible. If you are not sure, be sure to jot down any notes of its color, behavior, size, and etc. and then identify all of them after the walk by using a bird book, the internet, or the Merlin Bird ID app.

Analysis: After the data collection is complete, organize your data into a table by making a list of the species that were seen before (located in the Copeland Creek Masterplan) and checking to see what was absent and what was present during your walks. Then, analyze your data by making a clustered stacked column bar graph on Excel. The species should be stacked together, while morning and afternoon data should be organized by the habitat type that the bird species are found in. This graph should show the audience what species of birds are using what habitat types during which part of the day (morning or afternoon).In addition, create a pie graph that shows the audience the abundance of different bird species that exist in Copeland Creek.

Example of a Clustered Stacked Column Bar Graph: Habitat Type & Time of day vs. the Number of Individuals. Make sure to change the color scheme ‘Aspect’.

References:Conway, C.J. 2011. Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol.

Waterbirds 34(3): 319-346.

Lacher Jr., T. 2003. Avian Monitoring Protocol. Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM Initiative) v. 3.0.

Valverde, F.X.M, I. Torres, and J.R.T Marselles. 2011. Protocol for assessing bird abundance and richness in vineyards. A Case study in the Penedès Area.

Avian SurveyIf there are any other species spotted that are not on the table, please add them in

the empty columns below.

Data Collector: Date:Time: - Circle One: Morning AfternoonWeather Conditions:

Species Spotted Overhead Trees Ground Brush Other (please specify)

American Crow

American Robin

Anna's Hummingbird

Black Phoebe

Bushtit

California Quail

California Towhee

Canada Geese

Cedar Wax Wing

Chestnut-backed Chickadee

Golden-crowned Sparrow

Kingfisher

Lesser Goldfinch

Mallard Duck

Northern Flicker

Nuttal's Woodpecker

Oaktit

Raven

Red-shouldered Hawk

Red-tailed Hawk

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Scrub Jay

Song Sparrow

Spotted Towhee

Townsend Warbler

Turkey Vulture

kk

Notes:

Names:

Avian Species Present vs. AbsentOnce you have completed all data collection, use this sheet to analyze the abundance

of species found. Total up all individuals of the same species and rank their abundance level using the following parameters: Low (1-3 birds), Medium (4-7 birds),

& High (8+ birds)

Species Absent Present Abundance

American Crow

American Kestrel

American Robin

Anna's Hummingbird

Black Phoebe

Brewer's blackbird

Broad-wing Hawk

Brown Creeper

Bushtit

California Quail

California Towhee

Canada Geese

Cedar Waxwings

Chesnut-Backed Chickadee

Common Raven

Coot

Downy Woodpecker

Golden-crown Sparrow

Hermit Thrush

Lesser Goldfinch

Mallard duck

Northern flicker

Nuttal's Woodpecker

Orange-crowned warbler

Pacific-slope flycatcher

Peregrine Falcon

Red-shoulder Hawk

Red-tail Hawk

Ruby-Crown Kinglet

Scrub Jay

Song Sparrow

Spotted Towhee

Townsend's Warbler

Turkey Vulture

Vireo Hutton's

White Pelican

Winter Wren

Yellow-Rumped Warbler

RESULTS:

ENSP 423 - Restoration Ecology - Fall 2016Copeland Creek: Coverboard Sampling

Objectives: In this lab, you will attempt to establish 8 coverboards throughout Copeland Creek in order to provide nesting habitat for semi-aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. The purpose of this experiment is to determine which locations offer the most appropriate nesting habitat for these vertebrates, as well as to determine which vertebrates are present in the area. The goals of today’s experiment are to 1.) learn proper coverboard implementation methods; 2.) learn how to accurately document data; 3.) analyze data in relation to what we know about past and present vertebrate activity in Copeland Creek.

Background: The portion of Copeland Creek that runs alongside Sonoma State University offers prime habitat for a variety of wildlife species. These species are both wide-ranging and limited to habitats inside Copeland Creek. Rapid urban and agricultural growth and heavy anthropogenic pressures can profoundly impact this riparian habitat. In order to properly maintain and improve biodiversity in Copeland Creek, we must first understand what is currently present in the area. Coverboards have been used in amphibian and other terrestrial vertebrate studies for over half a century (Stebbins, 1954).

The purpose of this experiment is to develop effective coverboard sampling methods and data collection techniques so that we can properly account for wildlife in the Copeland Creek area. Coverboards are used to offer suitable nest sites for vertebrates (largely amphibians), offer protection from predators, and reduce nesting-site competition. Because amphibians and other terrestrial vertebrates’ have a heightened sensitivity to environmental conditions, they are optimal models for determining the effects of stressors on the riparian habitat. In addition, the limited mobility of these vertebrates means that creating easily accessible nesting habitats with coverboards is immensely important.

Activities: In today’s lab, you and your team will locate appropriate sites to place your coverboard.

1.) First, you will determine which site is appropriate based on the following criteria:● Make sure that coverboards are placed a minimum of five meters apart. ● Coverboards will be marked 1-10.● Using a permanent marker, label coverboards so that they do not get stolen

(“Property of ENSP. Do Not Disturb”).● Coverboards should be placed in cool, moist locations. Some studies report

significantly higher encounter rates of amphibians under coverboards placed on bare soil as opposed to leaf litter (Carlson and Szuch, 2007).

● It is recommended to place coverboards on level ground in order to avoid moisture loss.

2.) After reviewing your potential location with Caroline or Wendy, you must attempt to prevent possible disturbance by larger wildlife and people.

● This can either be done by placing rocks on top of the coverboards or by holding boards in place with aluminum tent stakes.

● After coverboards are placed and secured, make sure to mark your location with flagging tape.

● Take a picture of your coverboard and record the GPS coordinates so that you can more easily find it later. Finally, coverboards must be allowed to weather for three months. While this may seem like a long time, some studies suggest weathering coverboards for up to a year (Bonin and Bachand, 1997).

● Tools you will need:o Coverboard (1)o Flagging tapeo Aluminum tent stakes (2)o Permanent markero Camera (optional)o GPSo Courtesy Labels o Data Sheeto Camera

3.) After coverboards have weathered for three months, you will begin to collect data on a weekly basis. Studies suggest that coverboards checked daily result in significantly fewer vertebrates found (Marsh and Goicochea, 2003).

● Each group will have three roles: One person will be responsible for lifting the coverboard, one student will be responsible for taking pictures, and one student will be responsible for recording which animals were found.

● Datasheets provided will list all potential vertebrates in the area. ● In this experiment, we are attempting to determine species richness as well as

abundance. Make a note of which species were found, and how many of each were found.

Analysis: Once you have collected your data, organize it in table form in Excel. List all of the species found and indicate under which coverboard you found those species. How does data collected compare to the list of species found in the past (located in the Copeland Creek Master Plan)?

REFERENCESBonin, J., and Y. Bachand. 1997. The use of artificial covers to survey terrestrial

salamanders in Quebec. In D.M. Green (ed.), Amphibians in decline: Canadian Studies of a Global Problem, pp. 175-179. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, St. Louis, MO.

Carlson, T. A. Y., and E. J. Szuch. 2007. Un-weathered (new) artificial cover objects effectively sample plethodontid salamanders in Michigan. Herpetological

Review 38:412-415.

Marsh, D. M., and M. A. Goicochea. 2003. Monitoring terrestrial salamanders: biases caused by intense sampling and choice of cover objects. Journal of Herpetology 37:460-466.

Stebbins, R.C. 1954. Natural History of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina. University of California Publications in Zoology 54:47-123.

RESULTS:

No animals were located using coverboards in 2016. In the future, coverboards should be set up several weeks before sampling begins.

ENSP 423 - Restoration Ecology - Fall 2016Copeland Creek: Acoustic Frog Sampling

Objectives: In this lab you will attempt to determine the abundance of riparian frogs in Copeland Creek. The purpose of this experiment is determine whether frogs are able to acquire appropriate habitat in Copeland Creek or whether they suffer from various stressors. The goals of today’s experiment are to 1.) learn proper frog sampling methods; 2.) learn how to accurately document this data; 3.) analyze this data in relation to what we know about past and present frog populations in

Copeland Creek.

Background: Amphibians are extremely sensitive to pollutants as they have highly permeable skins. They live on both the land and in the water, and eat both animals and plant material. Some believe that if amphibian populations are abundant, the area is most likely free of detrimental pollutants. By studying the abundance of frogs in Copeland Creek, we may be able to more accurately assess the effects of pollutants on our native species. Similarly, we may determine the effects of light and noise pollution on wildlife in the area. Frogs produce relatively loud breeding calls. Therefore, acoustic monitoring can be the most efficient and realistic way to determine the health of their populations (Scott and Woodward, 1994).

The purpose of this experiment is to develop proper frog sampling techniques so that we can properly estimate their populations in Copeland Creek.

Activities: 1.) In today’s lab, you and your team will walk the length of Copeland Creek while conducting a call survey. This experiment should be conducted around sunset.

● We will be focusing on zones 1-4 (zone 1 is East near the footbridge, zone 4 is just outside the ETC building). The beginning of each zone will be marked with flagging tape.

● Air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall amount (if applicable) must be documented.

● You will be listening for frog calls and recording each individual call. ● Make sure to record which zone you hear each frog. ● Frogs often cease calling in response to disturbance (Redmer, 2000) so it is

important to walk as quietly as possible. If a significant disturbance occurs, wait where you are for one minute and resume your walk.

● Tools you will need:o Tally countero Data sheeto Thermometero Hygrometer

2.) After you have reached the end of Copeland Creek, record the number of frogs heard and which zone you heard them in on your data sheet.

Analysis: After you have collected your data, organize it in Excel. Include the number of frogs you heard in each zone and the air temperature, relative humidity, and

rainfall (if applicable). Make a bar graph to show the differences between zones. This data will be collected on a weekly basis to show how frog populations shift as temperature and other weather conditions change, as well as to determine if there are zonal differences in abundance in Copeland Creek.

REFERENCESRedmer, M. 2000. Demographic and reproductive characteristics of a southern

Illinois population of the Crayfish Frog, Rana areolate. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 107:128-133.

Scott, N. J., and D. B. Woodward. 1994. Surveys at breeding sites, p. 118–125. In: Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for

Amphibians. W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L.-A. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster (eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

RESULTS:

No 2016 results available.

ENSP 423 - Restoration Ecology - Fall 2016Copeland Creek: Small Mammal Trapping

Objectives: In this lab, you will be surveying the small mammal population that exists in Copeland Creek. The purpose of this experiment is to better understand the small mammal population that utilizes the creek that cuts across the north end of campus. The goal of this lab is to 1) learn how to perform small mammal trapping

utilizing Sherman traps 2) determine if there are small mammals present at Copeland Creek 3) expand knowledge of small mammal species and 4) analyze and present data graphical form.

Background: Small mammals play an important role in many ecosystem including the riparian ecosystem we will be performing our study today. They represent a dominant food source for many predatory species including both avian, mammalian, and snakes (Aschwanden et al. 2007). Small mammals also play a critical role in the distribution of seeds, helping shape the for plant community and structure(Laudenslayer et al. 2002). For this study we will be focusing on rodents specifically by utilizing Sherman traps to determine if the creek contains a healthy foundation for the Copeland Creek ecosystem. By determining species abundance of rodents, inference can be made for the population of other plant species and wildlife that may utilize the creek.

Activities: In today’s lab, you and your team will document the kinds of mammal species that inhabit Copeland Creek. To do that, you will be setting up Sherman traps, box-styled animal traps designed to capture small mammals.

The tools you will need include:● 10 Sherman traps● Soft bedding● Food (e.g. granola, seeds, nuts)● Gloves● Big plastic Ziploc bag or clear plastic container

1. Break up into small groups and decide on areas to place the traps. These areas are preferably places with good vegetative cover to hide the traps under. This is to avoid any tampering of the traps from pedestrians. However, make sure to place 5 traps on the north side of the bank and the other 5 on the south side of the bank to get good coverage. Also, make sure the traps are not too close together. Be sure to either record the GPS coordinates or take a picture of the site to jog your memory of where you placed them when you and your team go to retrieve them!

2. Once the locations have been decided on, begin to set up the Sherman traps. Do this in the evening so that the traps can be left overnight. The Sherman traps will come as a flattened box that need to be propped up into place so that it is a rectangular box. Open up the trap and place some soft bedding and food inside to attract any mammals to go inside. Next, close the trap and give

it a solid tap on the side. If it closes right as you tap it, it is ready. If it does not close, that means the trap is not sensitive enough and you will need to adjust the trigger bar by moving it toward you. If you move the trap slightly and it closes, that means the trap is too sensitive and you will have to adjust the trigger bar so that it is further away from you. It may take some to adjust it to the right sensitivity level.

3. Set the Sherman traps in the areas that were picked during Step 1. Leave them overnight and then come back in the morning to check on them. Make sure to wear gloves in case you handle anything that the traps may have caught. Carefully open the door and pour out the animal into a big Ziploc bag or a clear plastic container. After identifying the animal, release it back to the Creek.

Analysis: Record and document the species that were caught in the Sherman traps.

References:Aschwanden, J., Holzgang, O. & Jenni, L. 2007: Importance of ecological

compensation areas for small mammals in intensively farmed areas. Wildl. Biol. 13: 150-158.

Laudenslayer, F., William, and Fargo, J. Roberta. 2002:Small mammal populations and ecology in the Kings River sustainable forest ecosystems project area1. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. Vol 183.

RESULTS: No small mammals were successfully trapped in 2016.

ENSP 423 - Restoration Ecology - Fall 2016Copeland Creek: Western Pond Turtle Population Assessment

Objectives: The purpose of this lab you will be examining the presence and population dynamics of the western pond turtle, Actinemys marmorata, on Sonoma

State campus. The goal of this lab is to 1) determine if western pond turtles are present 2) learn how to sex and estimate age of western pond turtles 3) learn how to perform basking surveys and 4) learn how to use a hoop trap for live capture. Once data is collected, analysis will be performed on population density and dynamics.

Background: In California the western pond turtle is listed as a species of special concern and therefore receives resources as a protected species. The western pond turtle plays a key role in being an indicator for aquatic habitat along with the terrestrial habitat of its wide range. Due to their aquatic nature, western pond turtles can be sensitive to habitat degradation such as water pollution, habitat fragmentation, and invasive predators(Spinks et. al 2003). By examining if western pond turtles are present we can make inference to the degree of the health of aquatic habitat such as Copeland Creek on SSU. Another important determinate is the dynamics of the population to help determine if the population present is viable. Determining if the population is breeding can help bring insight if Copeland Creek is a source, sink, or a place for western pond turtles to rest along the movement of their range.Today you will be performing a basking survey to count how many turtles are resting along the bank of the commencement pond and the art pond. Visual surveys are best performed on warmer sunnier afternoons. It is important while performing this study to remain quiet to not startle turtles that may be basking. Turtles are only to be counted if they are observed laying out of the water along the edge of the pond to avoid miss identifying species.

Equipment:● Binoculars● Hoop trap● Flotation devices for hoop trap(should already be placed on hoop trap for you)● Can of sardines or clams as bait● A towel for holding bait● Can opener● Zip ties● Scissors● Rope● Leather gloves● Metal file● Flexible measuring tape● Scale● Camera

● Data sheets● Box/Bucket(in the chance of needing to remove a red eared slider from the

study site).

Activities : In today's lab, you will be working in a group setting to perform non invasive and invasive measurements to determine the population of the western pond turtle on campus. You will be performing visual basking surveys along with using a hoop trap to capture turtles. To do this you will be splitting the group in half to perform each task, with each person having a role. The location of study will be performed at the commencement pond and the art pond located on the north end of campus.

Western Pond Turtle Visual Surveys1. Divide into two groups with one group dedicated to counting the

commencement pond and the other group dedicated to counting the art pond.

2. At the commencement pond, 20 minutes will be devoted to counting western pond turtles basing along the edges of the pond. It is important to count turtles that are mostly out of the water so the head is visible to properly identify turtle species. The same method will be done at the art pond but only 10 minutes will be spent counting due to the pond being smaller.

3. Record only the quantity of turtles observed, no other aspects of the population dynamic will be recorded for this survey.

Western Pond Turtle Live Trap1. Check to ensure floatation devices are secure to hoop trap. A trial run will be

performed before baiting the trap to ensure there is enough air space within the trap. The location of placement for the trap should be close to the edge and in proximity to some stable object to tie the trap to with the rope.

2. Open the can of bait and place in small hand towel. Make sure towel has two small holes in order to secure bait to hoop trap using zip ties. It is important to remove any excess zip tie once bait is secured to trap.

3. After trap is baited, place the hoop trap in the pond. Make sure trap is safely fastened to secure object so it will not float away.

4. Return to check trap the following morning with metal file to mark scoots of turtle, camera for documentation, leather gloves for handling turtles, measuring tape, data sheets, and cardboard box in the off chance a red-eared slider is captured and needs to be transported to Sonoma County Wildlife rescue.

5. The following steps of taking measurements of individual turtles must be done with the assistance of a person with a permit from California Fish and Wildlife to handle western pond turtles.

6. Lift the hoop trap h from the water and safely remove the turtle, one at a time if more than one is capture at a time, and record the following measurements:

a. Weight of individual turtleb. Length of carpusc. Length of plastron from bridge

2. Use the file to create a unique notch in the marginal carapace scutes.3. Assign unique identification number for each individual.4. Take photographs of both the top and bottom of turtle. Include both date of

capture and I.D. number of individual. Also record any unique characteristics of the individual.

Analysis : Record counts of turtles, along with data on sex, size, and estimated age. Graphs will be prepared to showcase data.

References:Spinks, Phillip Q., Gregory B. Pauly, John J. Crayon, and H. Bradley Shaffer. 2003. “Survival of the Western Pond Turtle (Emys Marmorata) in an Urban California Environment.” Biological Conservation 113 (2): 257–67. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00392-0.

Basking Survey Data Sheet

Date: Time: Weather:

Commencement Pond Art Pond

Number Observed

Total:



Number of Observed

Total:



Number of Observed

Total:

Hoop Trap Data Sheet

I.D. #

Weight (g)

Plastron Length (mm)

Carpus Length(mm)

Notch Description (mm)

Other Characteristics

RESULTS:

ENSP 423 - Restoration Ecology - Fall 2016Copeland Creek: Identify Wide Range Species at Copeland

Creek

Objective: The purpose of this lab is to identify wide range species that utilize Copeland Creek as part of their habitat range. The goal of this lab is to 1) determine if wildlife is present on Sonoma State campus and what those species are 2) develop skills on how to use a camera trap and analyze photo data 3) learn how to use a field

manual to identify scat and tracks of various Sonoma County wildlife. Once data is collected, analysis will be performed to document the presence of species.

Background: The species that are being focused on this study are those that encompass a range beyond the creek itself. By understanding the species that are present within Copeland Creek, inference can be made on the different landscapes that may indirectly impact the creek itself, (Grey et. al 2015). Within the wide range species, we are focusing on the presence of apex species such as mountain lions, bobcats, and river otters. Apex species can play a critical role in shaping the interactions of the habitat they reside in. The absence of apex species can cause a trophic cascade in an ecosystem which can lead to a tipping point of an ecotype structure altering it from its previous state, (Estes et. al 2011). For this and other reasons, an important component to designing a restoration project is understanding the makeup of apex species within the site. Conducting track and scat surveys along with camera trap surveys are a non-invasive approach to assessing the species richness of a site. It is important to note that when conducting these type of surveys in more urban settings to account for an increase in human usage of the site.

Equipment:● Field Guide of Tracks and Scat of California● Camera● Gloves● Camera traps● Camera chips● White board or white paper● Dry erase marker or pen● Chains and locks for each of the camera trap(security purposes)● Camera chip reader● Pruning shears● GPS device

Assignment: In today’s lab we will be determining the species richness of Copeland Creek with an emphasis on wide range apex species. The experiment will incorporate zones 1-4 of Copeland Creek and will involve time throughout the semester. You will be performing both track and scat surveys along with camera traps to determine the species richness. Breaking into two groups, one group will be dedicating to performing timed track and scat surveys, while the second group will be setting up camera traps along the survey. Depending on the amount of data collected on the camera traps, the two groups may need to work together to process the data.

Track and Scat Survey1. Depending on the size of group, splitting into two teams may be beneficial in cover greater amount of distance in a shorter amount of time.2. Both teams will begin in zone 4 and walk east towards zone 1. One team will focus their search in the creek bed (if water level permits) and the upper bank on the north side, while the second team will focus on the south upper bank and trails leading into the creek.3. All tracks and scat will be documented on data sheets along and photos will be taken to have as reference if discrepancy of identification arises.4. 20 minutes will be dedicated to searching in each zone.

Camera Trap Survey1. Begin by surveying each zone for a potential location to setup each camera. It is important to take in account areas that have high foot traffic to eliminate unwanted triggering of the camera.2. After each location has been selected, use the camera straps to secure to a tree at eye level, if location does not have adequate tree structures to use, two pieces of rebar may be required to adhere camera to.3. Once camera is level, vegetation should be trimmed back to avoid triggering of camera due to wind.4. After device is set up, use a chain and lock to secure camera to the tree or rebar.5. Once device has been turned on, write time, date, and start on white board or paper. This note will be help in front of the camera to document the beginning of data taking for each round along with the date and time of completing the camera round.6. Record the GPS location of the camera.7. You will return to the camera the following day to check for photos, adjustments may need to be done to camera.8. Your group will have the opportunity to design your own timetable for how long you will be leaving the cameras up for along with how many rounds you would like to perform.9. After you have completed a round of camera trapping, camera chips will be collected and analyzed. Data should be recorded on species, number of individuals in picture, life stage of individual (if possible), and time of day of photo.10. Additional rounds may require changing the site of the camera trap, if that is the case repeat steps 2-7 listed above.

Analysis: Data collected for both survey methods will be recorded and presented in

list format on one excel spreadsheet.

References:Estes, James a, John Terborgh, Justin S Brashares, Mary E Power, Joel Berger, William J Bond, Stephen R Carpenter, et al. 2011. “Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 333 (6040): 301–6. doi:10.1126/science.1205106.Gray, Claudia L., Samantha L. L. Hill, Tim Newbold, Lawrence N. Hudson, Luca Börger, Sara Contu, Andrew J. Hoskins, Simon Ferrier, Andy Purvis, and Jörn P. W. Scharlemann. 2016. “Local Biodiversity Is Higher inside than Outside Terrestrial Protected Areas Worldwide.” Nature Communications 7: 12306. doi:10.1038/ncomms12306.

Scat & Track Data SheetsDate:

SpeciesTrack Location

Track Density

Scat Location

Scat Location Location Symbols Density

#-refers to zone S-single set

C-in creekbed D-two sets

L-lower creekbedM-multiple sets

U-in upper bank

E-beyond upper bank

Camera Trap Data Sheet

Dates Observed:

Camera Trap Zone Species

Common Name

# in Camera Trap

Life Stage

Track/Scat Observed

Time of day

RESULTS:

“Problem” SpeciesJulianne Bradbury and Manuel Hernandez

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