Name______________________________________

Chapter 13 Urban PatternsKey Issue 1: Why Are Downtowns Distinctive? Pages 460-465

1. Define central city:

2. Explain the two types of urban areas.

3. What does the metropolitan statistical area include?

4. Define micropolitan statistical area:

5. Define the term CBD in one word.

6. List four characteristics of a typical CBD.

Using your knowledge of services from chapter 12, define each term and give an example of a typical downtown shop with that characteristic.

7. High Threshold

8. High Range

9. Why are these shops decreasing in the CBD?

10. Another type of shop in the CBD are those which provide services to downtown workers. Give three examples.

11. Why are these shops increasing?

12. _________________________________ and _______________________________ discourage

_________________________________and ________________________________ in the CBD.

13. What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?

14. Regarding residential uses – identify a factor pushing them out of the CBD and another that is pulling them elsewhere.

Pushing… Pulling…

15. How is the underground utilized in cities?

16. How is “land use” distributed within a typical skyscraper?

17. What is the only major U.S. city without skyscrapers? Why?

Key Issue 2: Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Pages 466-477

1. Read the following section of this key issue and for each of the three models, annotate the diagrams below and do the following:

a. Identify the model by nameb. Name the geographer who developed the modelc. Define the modeld. Identify and label key parts of the modele. Bullet important characteristics and/or features of the model

1. Define edge cities:

2. What is social area analysis?

3. What are census tracts?

4. What two things can we deduce by combining all three models rather than considering them independently?

5. List three points about the conditions of European suburbs, where the poor live.

6. List four ways that a European CBD differs from a North American CBD.

7. Draw and label a sketch of a “pre-colonial city”

8. Explain the Latin American City Model in the chart below as you did for the models above.

8. Define informal settlement:

9. What are the causes of squatter settlement?

10. Define squatter settlements.

11. Describe services and amenities in a typical squatter settlement.

12. Describe the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities.

13. Draw and label a sketch of a “pre-colonial city” in Mexico.

Key Issue 3: Why Do Urban Areas Expand? Pages 478-4871. Define suburb:

2. What is annexation?

3. What is smart growth?4. Describe how “smart growth” laws have been designed in the following states?

Maryland Oregon & Tennessee

5. Define sprawl:

6. List the elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model.

7. Describe the density gradient of an urban area.

8. In what two ways has the density gradient changed in recent years?

9. What is a Megalopolis?

10. What is the Megalopolis from Boston to D.C. called?

11. In what two ways are suburban areas segregated?

12. What is a zoning ordinance?

13. What is the strongest criticism of U.S. suburbs?

14. Bullet important information regarding:

Suburbanization of Consumer Services

Suburbanization of business services and

factories

15. What is rush hour and how much of a city’s traffic does it account for?

16. List four ways demand for congested roads is being reduced.

17. Briefly describe what has happened (or is happening) to each of the following modes of public transportation in U.S. cities.

Trolleys

Buses

Rapid Transit (subway & fixed

rail line)

18. List four ways in which public transportation is better than an automobile.

19. Briefly explain ways cars may become more energy efficient in the future.

Key Issue 4: Why Do Cities Face Sustainability Challenges? Pages 488-497

1. Define underclass:

2. List and give a detail of the 7 hardships that the underclass living in inner-city neighborhoods face.

3. What is the major problem faced by inner-city residents?

4. Describe the inner-city process known as filtering.5. What is the ultimate result of this process?

6. What is redlining and its result?

7. Define gentrification:

8. What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why?

9. Why has gentrification been criticized?

10. Complete the chart below regarding public housing.

Public Housing

Who builds & maintains it?

Percentage in the U.S.

Reasons high-rise public housing is unsatisfactory

How are recent public housing projects different?

11. Give three examples of some thriving CBDs that have been revived and explain why they’re doing well.

12. Define sustainable development:

13. What are the three main elements to reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependency?14. List and explain 2 ways congested roads are being reduced.

15. List and explain 2 types of alternative technologies.

FRQ Practice

North American metropolitan areas face many challenges. Discuss in detail a social, and economic, and a physical challenge for A, B or C, and D.

A. central business districts (CBDs).

B. inner city neighborhoods.

C. inner ring suburbs (1950s).

D. boomburgs ( commuter zone).

KEY TERMS

You will be required to know the following terms. For definitions that don’t have terms, research and identify the terms. You also have to provide an example and ESPEn.

Term Definition Example ESPEn

Urban morphology The study of the physical form and structure of urban places.

Agricultural village A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture.

Egalitarian nature Sharing of goods in common among the people.

Agricultural surplus One of two components that enable the formation of cities. Agricultural production in excess of hat which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her family and which is then sold for consumption by others.

Social stratification the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group

Leadership class Group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who control the resources, and often the lives of others.

First urban revolution The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five seperate hearths.

Acropolis Literally “high point of the city.” The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes.

Agora In ancient Greece, public spaces where

citizens debated. lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized and traded.

Forum The focal point of ancient Roman life combining the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora.

Second urban revolution

Had improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.

Trade area Region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant.

Rank-size rule Rule that states that the population of any given own should be inversely proportional to its ranks in the country’s hierarchy when the distribution of cities according to their sizes follows a certain pattern

Primate city A country’s leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

Central place theory A theory by Christaller that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.

Sunbelt phenomenon The movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions of the US.

Functional zonation The division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes of functions.

Zone Area of a city with a relatively uniform land use.

Central business district (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated

Central city The urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs.

Suburb Residential communities, located outside of city centers that are usually relatively homogenous in terms of population.

Suburbanization Movement of upper- and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions.

Concentric zone model Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from a central core, or central business district.

Sector model A model or urban land use that places the CBD in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.

Multiple nuclei model Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.

Edge cities cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment

Urban realm A spatial generalization of the large, late 20th century

city in the US. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on is own suburban downtown.

Griffin Ford model/Latin America Model

Cities that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization, and continual rapid increases in population.

Disamenity sector The very poorest of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

McGee model Model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia.

Shantytowns/squatter settlements

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exists on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants

Zoning laws Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas.

Redlining A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property predominantly in which neighborhoods.

Blockbusting Real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property

owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss by stroking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.

Commercialization The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

Gentrification The trend of middle-and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations, and changing the social character of the certain neighborhoods.

Tear-downs Homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes

McMansions Homes referred to as such because of their “super size” and similarity in appearances to other such homes.

Urban sprawl The process of expansive suburban development over large areas spreading out from a city, in which the car provides the primary source of transportation.

New urbanism A movement in urban planning to promote mixed-use commercial and residential development and pedestrian-friendly, community-oriented cities.

Gated communities Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited

to residents and their guests.

World cities Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

Node Geographical centers of activity.

Forward capital A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.

Megacities Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since WWII. They are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.