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Plants Chaps 21-23

True/False (1 point each)Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____ 1. Like plants, green algae store food as starch.

____ 2. A landscaper has several choices of trees for you to pick from to plant in your yard. You have narrowed the choice to two—a male conifer and a female ginkgo. Because you have allergies to pollen, the ginkgo is your better choice.

____ 3. During the evolution of plants there has been a transition from a dominant sporophyte plant to a dominant gametophyte plant.

____ 4. Leaves of a tropical rain forest plant would have fewer stomata per square centimeter of surface than leaves of a cold climate plant.

____ 5. The rate of photosynthesis decreases when a plant’s stomata close.

____ 6. The primary function of meristematic tissue is plant growth.

____ 7. The life cycle of mosses does not exhibit alteration of generations.

____ 8. Male flowers release pollen grains.

____ 9. The gametophyte generation of anthophytes is dominant and supports the sporophyte generation.

____ 10. The style directs the growth of the pollen tube.

Multiple Choice (2 points each)Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Figure 21-1

____ 11. Refer to Figure 21-1. Removing which structure would cause this plant to starve?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 12. If the plant described in Figure 21-1 has 16 chromosomes in the gametophyte stage, how many chromosomes does it have in the sporophyte stage?a. 4 c. 16b. 8 d. 32

Figure 21-2

____ 13. Which structure in Figure 21-2 is analogous to a human fetus?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 14. Which structure in Figure 21-2 is analogous to a yolk in a chicken egg?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 15. Which structure in Figure 21-2 is analogous to an egg’s shell?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 16. Which is the latest characteristic to appear in the evolutionary divergence of plants from green algae?a. seeds c. vascular tissueb. flowers d. embryo protection

____ 17. An annual plant is an anthophyte that completes its life cycle in one year. Which of the following adaptations would you expect to find in an anthophyte with such a short life cycle?a. deep roots c. many flowersb. large leaves d. low growth

____ 18. A plant that is characterized by steady vegetative growth after germination, producing seeds early the next spring, and then dying, has which type of life cycle?a. annual c. vascularb. biennial d. perennial

____ 19. Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds?a. angiosperms c. mossesb. gymnosperms d. ferns

____ 20. The mobile reproductive parts of all nonvascular seedless plants are

a. rhizoids. c. spores.b. cones. d. epiphytes.

____ 21. In the alternation of generations, the haploid stage is generated by meiosis and the diploid stage is generated bya. mitosis. c. seed production.b. fertilization. d. gametes.

____ 22. Which is the list of three nonvascular plant divisions?a. Pterophyta, Bryophyta, Anthocerophytab. Bryophyta, Anthocerophyta, Hepaticophytac. Lycophyta, Anthocerophyta, Hepaticophytad. Bryophyta, Cycadophyta, Hepaticophyta

____ 23. The plants in which division can live as long as 2,000 years?a. Cycadophyta c. Anthophytab. Gnetophyta d. Lycophyta

____ 24. Identify the correct descriptors of the flowering plants commonly called carrots.a. biennial, eudicot, Anthophytab. perennial, eudicot, Ginkgophytac. annual, nonvacsular, Bryophytad. perennial, eudicot, Lycophyta

____ 25. Which category of life cycle is a plant that dies back to the junction between stem and root every year, and then regrows every subsequent season to bloom again?a. gametophyte c. coniferb. haploid d. perennial

____ 26. Which statement best explains why a row of annual marigolds grows and blooms profusely every year?a. Marigolds are really perennials.b. The plants are reseeding themselves.c. Marigolds have complex life cycles.d. The plants are cross-breeding with perennials.

____ 27. Of the divisions of gymnosperms, which one might be chosen to use as wood for making wood carvings or fine furniture?a. Cycadophyta c. Ginkgophytab. Gnetophyta d. Coniferophyta

____ 28. Of the five divisions of vascular, seed-bearing plants, how many are gymnosperms?a. two c. fourb. three d. five

____ 29. Seeds without fruit are produced by plants in Divisiona. Coniferophyta c. Anthophytab. Lycophyta d. Pterophyta

____ 30. Gymnosperms, the naked-seeded plants, fall into the following four living divisions:a. Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Anthophytab. Pterophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophytac. Pterophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Anthophytad. Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta

____ 31. With regard to the alternation of generations, how are lycophytes, or club mosses, similar to the seed-bearing vascular plants?a. They reproduce by mitosis.b. In both, the sporophyte is dominant.c. In both, the gametophyte is dominant.d. Neither have alternation of generation life cycles.

____ 32. The sporophytes of ferns are similar to those of seed-bearing plants in that both a. are independent forms. c. are dependent on moisture.b. live inside cones. d. produce spores.

____ 33. A seedless vascular plant’s roots are analogous to which structures in a nonvascular plant?a. cuticles c. stemsb. sporangia d. rhizoids

____ 34. In the process of the evolution of plants, liverworts appeared after green algae, but before seedless vascular plants. With this information, predict where liverworts would most likely be found.a. rocky coastlines c. moist, shady placesb. the bottom of ponds d. dry, grassy areas

____ 35. Which is the best explanation for why vascular plants can grow tall on land, and nonvascular plants remain small and bound to water?a. They occupy different niches to avoid competition.b. Osmosis is a very slow transport system for water.c. Vascular tissues are involved in their reproductive strategies.d. Nutrient availability allows vascular plants to grow tall.

____ 36. A stem with tiny leaf-like extensions is characteristic of which division of nonvascular plants?a. bryophytes c. pterophytesb. hepaticophytes d. anthocerophytes

____ 37. You are given a nonvascular plant to identify as either a moss or a liverwort. Which characteristic is unique to only one, and can help you identify the plant?a. grows on a log or along a streamb. has unicellular rhizoidsc. absorbs and transports water by osmosisd. grows close to the ground

____ 38. Club mosses and ferns have unique characteristics that place them on a different branch of the evolutionary tree from the bryophytes. Below are listed several characteristics of club mosses, ferns, and bryophytes. Which two are characteristic of only club mosses and ferns?1. have a form of embryo protection2. low-growing in moist environments3. have simple vascular systems4. reproduce with spores5. possess true roots and leaves6. are the most primitive land plants

a. 1 and 2 c. 3 and 5b. 2 and 4 d. 5 and 6

____ 39. Which of the evolved characteristics below is not an evolutionary milestone first observed in club mosses and ferns?

a. strobila for spore dispersal by the windb. vascular tissue for water and nutrient uptakec. vascular components for growth support to compete for sunlightd. stomata for gas exchange and to retard dessication by closing the cuticle opening

Figure 22-1

____ 40. Which structure shown in Figure 22-1 is not found in animal cells?a. A c. Db. C d. F

Figure 22-2

____ 41. Which picture shown in Figure 22-2 is the most likely outcome?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 42. Which of the following tissues would limit the rate of transpiration the most?a. cuticle c. trichomesb. phloem d. xylem

____ 43. An experiment is designed to test the following hypothesis: The rate of transpiration will increase with air humidity. What do you think the conclusion of the experiment will be?a. The hypothesis is correct because high humidity would promote transpiration.b. The hypothesis is incorrect because high humidity would most likely inhibit transpiration.c. The hypothesis is correct because roots are able to absorb more moisture during humid

weather.d. The hypothesis is incorrect because there is no relationship between air humidity and

transpiration.

____ 44. A plant cell’s cytoplasm increases in acidity. Which of the following hormones is most likely acting on the cell?a. auxin c. ethyleneb. cytokinins d. gibberellins

____ 45. A nursery manager wants to grow a dwarf variety of lemon trees using the seedlings of regular lemon trees. She sprays the seedlings with a chemical that inhibits gibberellins. Evaluate her decision.a. To produce a dwarf plant, she should attempt to inhibit both the cytokinins and auxins.b. Dwarf plants often lack gibberellins, so the spray will most likely work as planned.c. It would be more effective if she sprayed the seedlings with a chemical that inhibits auxin.d. Rather than inhibiting gibberellins, she should spray the seedlings with synthetic

gibberellins.

____ 46. Which of the following hormones does not affect plant growth?a. auxin c. ethyleneb. cytokinins d. gibberellins

____ 47. Evaluate the common expression, “One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel.”a. The expression is true because all of the apples most likely came from the same tree.b. The expression is false because one apple cannot affect the freshness of another apple.c. The expression is false because cytokinins would protect the cellular integrity of the cells

in the other apples.d. The expression is true because a rotting apple gives off ethylene, which would speed the

ripening of the other apple.

____ 48. The stems of a plant growing out of the side of a cliff will grow upward because ofa. gravitropism. c. phototropism.b. photoperiodism. d. thigmotropism.

____ 49. Changes in the shapes of guard cells result in the opening and closing of stomata. Which of the following ideas would most likely explain how a guard cell can change its shape?a. Heat causes the guard cell to expand or contract.b. Water moving into and out of the guard cell causes it to swell or shrink.c. The cuticle around the guard cell thickens when auxin binds with the cell’s hormone

receptors. d. Sugar crystals in the walls of the guard cells can move from a pentagonal shape to a

hexagonal shape.

____ 50. A scientist has invented a plant fertilizer that promotes the growth of collenchyma cells. What would be the most appropriate time for a gardener to use this fertilizer?

a. during the winter c. when the plant is a seedlingb. if the plant is injured d. if the plant loses too many leaves

____ 51. Sagebrush grows in regions that receive little annual precipitation. Which type of root structure would a sagebrush most likely have?a. adventitious c. pneumatophoresb. fibrous d. taproot

____ 52. The api-api putih shrub grows in swamps in western India. What type of root system does it most likely have?a. adventitious c. pneumatophoresb. fibrous d. taproot

____ 53. Based on your knowledge of stem structure in a plant, why will removing the bark of a tree kill the tree?a. Removing the bark removes phloem, preventing nutrient movement to the roots.b. Removing the bark removes cambium and prevents further growth of the tree.c. Removing the bark allows pathogens into the sensitive tissues beneath.d. Removing the bark destroys the ability of the tree to draw water from the ground.

____ 54. Why do plants grown in a heated greenhouse in winter rarely grow as fast as the same type of plant grown outside during the summer?a. There is less solar energy available during the winter.b. Most plants can only grow in a very narrow temperature range.c. Greenhouse plants don’t get the same nutrients as plants growing in the ground.d. Plants go through growing cycles whether the environment is conducive towards growth

or not.

____ 55. How could you increase the bushiness of a plant?a. Trim the plant’s apical meristems.b. Trim the plant’s lateral meristems.c. Trim the plant’s intercalary meristems.d. Trim the plant’s cork cambium meristems.

____ 56. Which of the following cells are part of a plant’s dermal tissue?a. ground cells and collenchyma cellsb. sieve-tube members and companion cellsc. tracheid cells and parenchyma cellsd. trichome cells and guard cells

____ 57. A researcher notices that the cells of the stem have elongated in a plant she is observing. Which hormone(s) might cause this to occur?a. auxin only c. auxin and gibberellinsb. gibberellins only d. cytokinins and gibberellins

____ 58. Which of the following plant hormones would not be found in a growing seedling?a. auxin c. ethyleneb. cytokinins d. gibberellins

____ 59. A scientist does a chemical analysis of a wilted flower that just dropped from a plant. Which hormone would most likely be found in the flower?a. auxin c. ethyleneb. cytokinins d. gibberellins

____ 60. Which function do stems and roots share?

a. transpiration c. support of the plant bodyb. photosynthesis d. intake of water and nutrients

____ 61. The cells of the root cap produce a slimy substance toa. attract water molecules.b. soften up the soil around the root.c. reduce friction between the growing root and the soil.d. fixate nitrogen gas in the soil before it is absorbed by the roots.

____ 62. A potted plant is tipped on its side. Within a few days, the plant stem bends upward by around 90 degrees. Which hormone is most likely responsible for this change?a. auxin c. cytokininsb. ethylene d. gibberellins

____ 63. Which of the following hypotheses about plant responses is most likely true?a. Trees do not experience the plant response thigmotropism.b. The growth of plant roots is affected by the movement of the moon.c. A change in air temperature will cause a tropic response in deciduous plants.d. Plants in tropical areas experience faster growth rates than plants in temperate areas.

____ 64. How does the spacing of the cells in the spongy mesophyll aid in a leaf’s function?a. The loosely packed cells allow the leaf to be flexible so that the leaf can bend in the wind.b. The tightly packed cells have a large surface area in which light energy can be collected.c. The loosely packed cells allow ingredients used for photosynthesis to move readily

through the leaf.d. The tightly packed cells form a barrier from the exterior environment and protect the leaf

from diseases and predators.

____ 65. A bud appears on a tree in the spring. What type of tissue is the majority of the bud composed of?a. dermal c. meristematicb. ground d. vascular

____ 66. What is the most likely seed-dispersal mechanism for a coconut?a. catch in animal fur c. waterb. eaten by animals d. wind

Figure 23-1

____ 67. What is the purpose of A and B in Figure 23-3?a. asexual reproduction c. sexual reproductionb. protection d. transpiration

____ 68. What is it called when new plants grow from parts of an existing plant?a. binary fission c. transplanting

b. sexual reproduction d. vegetative reproduction

____ 69. What does the fertilization of an egg form?a. flowers c. sporophytesb. sperm d. zygote

____ 70. Which of the following is true of flowering plants?a. the sporophytes depend on the gametophyte for supportb. the sporophytes depend on the gametophyte for foodc. the sporophyte lives independently of the gametophyted. the gametophyte lives independently of the sporophyte

____ 71. The prothallus is part of the life cycle of which group of plants?a. angiosperms c. fernsb. conifers d. mosses

____ 72. Conifers produce two types of spores that develop into male or female gametophytes; because of this, what term is applied to conifers?a. heterosporous c. incompleteb. coniferous d. prothallus

____ 73. What is the opening to the ovule of a conifer called?a. heterosporous c. micropyleb. megaspore d. microspore

____ 74. What is the underground stem that produces roots in a fern called?a. archegonium c. prothallusb. frond d. rhizome

Figure 23-2

____ 75. A diagram of a flower is included here. Which of the following letters corresponds to the male reproductive organs of a plant?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 76. What is the female reproductive structure of a flower called?a. petal c. sepalb. pistil d. stamen

____ 77. What type of flower has either functioning stamens or functioning pistils?a. complete c. heterosporousb. imperfect d. perfect

____ 78. Which type of flower has flower organs in multiples of three?a. dicot c. monocotb. eudicot d. perfect

____ 79. Flowers that produce large amounts of lightweight pollen are usually best suited for which type of pollination?a. insect pollination c. self pollinationb. bird pollination d. wind pollination

____ 80. Plants that thrive in tropical regions are most likely what type of plants? a. day-neutral plants c. long-day plantsb. intermediate-day plants d. short-day plants

____ 81. What is a plant that flowers over a range of daylight hours called?a. day-neutral plant c. long-day plantb. intermediate-day plant d. short-day plant

____ 82. Which of the following is actually a more accurate name for a short-day plant?a. day-neutral plant c. long-night plantb. long-day plant d. short-night plant

____ 83. When is a microspore a pollen grain?a. when it is a female gameotphyte c. when it is a male gametophyteb. when it is a female sporophyte d. when it is a male sporophyte

____ 84. Which term best describes fertilization in an anthophyte egg?a. double fertilization c. natural fertilizationb. facilitated fertilization d. single fertilization

____ 85. Strawberries are examples of what kind of fruit?a. aggregate fruit c. multiple fruitb. dry fruit d. simple fruit

____ 86. What is the name for the process that occurs when the embryo in a seed starts to grow?a. allelopathy c. germinationb. dispersal d. hypocotyl

____ 87. If a seed is produced at the end of the growing season, which state do they usually enter?a. dispersal c. germinationb. dormancy d. hypocotyl

____ 88. When can photosynthesis begin in a plant?a. after germinationb. when the hypocotyl breaks to the surfacec. when cells with chloroplasts appear above groundd. when the radicle appears from the seed

____ 89. What determines the length of the pollen tube?a. cotyledon c. pollen grainb. pistil d. stamen

____ 90. Which of the following provides nourishment for the plant embryo?a. seed coat c. endospermb. egg d. sperm

Problem (10 points each) Need to be thorough with responses.

91. Draw a simple diagram that illustrates the path of water through a plant.

Figure 23-4

92. A plant located near 35° north latitude flowers on the day indicated by the arrow in Figure 23-4. Classify this plant according to its photoperiodic response, describe its critical period, and explain your answers.

Essay (20 points each) Need to be very thorough in answering these questions.

93. A television special called The History of Earth presents information about the formation of Earth and early environmental conditions on the planet. During the presentation, the narrator explains that early Earth’s atmosphere did not contain free oxygen and free oxygen was added to the atmosphere after plants evolved and colonized the land. Use what you know about cellular biology and plant cells to write a short essay that assesses the validity of this statement.

94. Describe the life cycles of the mosses, ferns, and conifers with particular attention to the evolutionary transition in dominant generations.

Plants Chaps 21-23Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: TThis is one of the characteristics shared by present-day plants.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level A REF: 604TOP: 21-1

2. ANS: TMale gymnosperms release clouds of pollen that are incompatible with pollen allergies.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 618–619TOP: 21-11

3. ANS: FThe opposite is true, more recent plant groups have a dominant sporophyte, while more ancient groups have a dominant gametophyte plant.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 607TOP: 21-4

4. ANS: FTropical rain forest plants have leaves with many stomata. Leaves of plants in colder, drier regions have fewer stomata.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 636NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-2

5. ANS: TIf the stomata close, carbon dioxide will not be able to enter the plant. This would inhibit photosynthesis.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 636NAT: LS_1e TOP: 22-3

6. ANS: TMeristematic tissues make up meristems, which are areas of rapidly dividing cells.


7. ANS: FMosses are nonvascular plants and exhibit alteration of generations.


8. ANS: TThe plant’s stamen-containing, or male, flowers release pollen grains.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 671TOP: 23-4

9. ANS: F

In anthophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant and supports the gametophyte generation.


10. ANS: FThe tube nucleus directs the growth of the pollen tube.


MULTIPLE CHOICE

11. ANS: AThe food energy for the plant is produced by photosynthesis in the leaves.

FeedbackA That's right!B The branches do not produce food for the plant.C The trunk functions in support and transport.D The roots supply water, nutrients, and support for the plant.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level A REF: 606NAT: LS_1e TOP: 21-2

12. ANS: DThe gametophyte is haploid, while the sporophyte is diploid.

FeedbackA This is too few chromosomes.B Is the gametophyte diploid or haploid?C Review page 607.D That's right!

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 607NAT: LS_2b TOP: 21-3

13. ANS: CThe embryo of the seed is analogous to the human fetus.

FeedbackA This is not the embryo.B This is not a living part of the seed.C That's right!D Have a look at page 607.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 607TOP: 21-2

14. ANS: AThe yolk of an egg, like the structure indicated by A, provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

Feedback

A That's right!B This structure does not contain nutrients.C Have a look at page 607 for more information.D This structure does not provide nutrients to the embryo.


15. ANS: BThe seed coat protects the seed like the eggshell protects an egg.

FeedbackA Where is the shell of an egg located?B That's right!C This is inside, not outside, the seed.D Have a look on page 607.


16. ANS: BDivergent characteristics appeared in the following order: embryo protection, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

FeedbackA Seeds can be produced by plants with no flowers.B Right!C Vascular tissue came earlier than seeds.D Embryo protection is the earliest of all—not the latest. Try again.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 604NAT: LS_3d TOP: 21-1

17. ANS: CAnnuals are abundant flower producers so they may produce as many seeds as possible before the end of their one-year life span.

FeedbackA Deep roots are not unique to annual plants.B Large leaves are adaptations for gathering sunlight. Try again.C Yes!D Low growth is an adaptation for obtaining moisture.


18. ANS: BBiennials live out their life span in two growing seasons.

FeedbackA Refer to page 621.B Correct.C This answer choice does not describe a life span, but rather a structure.D These plants live several years.


19. ANS: BGymnosperms were the first plants, land or water, to reproduce with seeds and not spores.

FeedbackA See page 617 for more information.B This is the correct choice.C Mosses reproduce with spores.D Ferns make spores, not seeds.


20. ANS: CCones are reproductive parts, but not considered mobile. Spores are reproductive parts that are mobile.

FeedbackA Review the structures of nonvascular plants.B Review the structures of vascular seedless plants.C Correct.D Epiphytes are a type of plant, not a reproductive structure.


21. ANS: BWhen two haploid gametes fuse, the event is fertilization and a diploid organism results.

FeedbackA Review alternation of generations. Both stages undergo mitosis.B Yes!C The diploid sporophyte produces seeds.D Gametes are the resulting haploid structures.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 607NAT: LS_2b TOP: 21-4

22. ANS: BThese are the three divisions of nonvascular plants: mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.

FeedbackA Pterophytes are ferns, vascular plants.B That's right!C Lycophytes are clubmosses, vascular plants.D Cycadophytes are cycads, vascular plants.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 609NAT: LS_3e TOP: 21-5

23. ANS: BBecause of unusual structural adaptations, Gnetophyta are very long lived.

FeedbackA Cycads are old evolutionarily, but not in individual life spans.B Correct.C Most flowering plants are annuals.D Try again.


24. ANS: ACarrots are biennial, flowering in the second season, then dying. They are anthophytes.

FeedbackA Correct.B None of these descriptors go together.C Bryophytes cannot be described as annual.D Review beginning on page 609.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 609TOP: 21.5

25. ANS: DPerennials are anthophytes that have very long life spans—three or more years at a minimum. Examples of perennial anthophytes in this case are iris, chrysanthemums, and phlox.

FeedbackA This word identifies a stage in the alternation of generations.B This word describes the number of chromosomes in a gamete.C This is a type of seedless vascular plant.D Correct.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 621TOP: 21-12

26. ANS: BAnnuals grow, develop, bloom, and make seeds in one season, which is what marigolds do. Some seeds are disbursed, and some fall where the parent plant bloomed, making it seem as though the same plant is living forever. The parent plant dies, and the seedlings take its place.

FeedbackA The question states that marigolds are annuals.B This is correct!C Yes, but this does not explain the year-after-year survival of annuals.D Not possible. Try again.


27. ANS: DConiferophyta includes pines, cypress, and redwoods, all of which make beautiful, finished wood. This division contains the only gymnosperms with long woody stems suitable for woodworking.

FeedbackA Cycads produce herbaceous stems.B Review page 619.C Ginkgos are valued for their ornamental features, but not for woodworking.D That's right!


28. ANS: CCycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Coniferophyta are gymnosperms bearing naked seeds. Anthophyta are angiosperms and bear seeds inside fruits.

FeedbackA Review seed-bearing vascular plant divisions.B Close, but not correct.C Correct.D Anthophyta is not a gymnosperm.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 618–619NAT: LS_3e TOP: 21-11

29. ANS: AConifers produce “naked seeds.” Conifers are gymnosperms, which means “naked seed.” Naked seeds mean “without fruit.”

FeedbackA Right!B These don't produce seeds at all.C These produce seeds with fruit.D These produce spores.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 618–619TOP: 21-10

30. ANS: DThese are the four naked-seeded divisions.

FeedbackA Anthophytes have fruits; the seeds are not naked.B Pterophytes do not have seeds.C Pterophytes do not have seeds.D That's right!

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 618–620NAT: LS_3e TOP: 21-11

31. ANS: BClub mosses, which are seedless vascular plants, are unlike the true mosses in that the sporophyte is dominant as with seed-bearing vascular plants.

FeedbackA Review reproduction in alternation of generations on page 607.

B This is correct.C Try again.D No, both do.


32. ANS: DBoth produce spores. Seed plants are not dependent on moisture, some do not live inside cones, and are not all independent forms.

FeedbackA Review the life cycle of ferns.B Not all seeds live inside cones.C The development of seeds made plants relatively independent of moisture for

reproduction.D Right!

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 615 | 617TOP: 21-8

33. ANS: DRoots are analogous structures to a nonvascular plant’s rhizoids.

FeedbackA Cuticles perform a different function altogether.B Sporangia are reproductive structures.C Stems and roots are different structures.D Right!


34. ANS: CLacking vascular tissue, liverworts require close contact with moisture. They do not tolerate dessicating salinity, or anaerobic areas, such as coastlines or the bottom of ponds.

FeedbackA Too much salinity.B Not enough oxygen.C Right again!D Not enough moisture.


35. ANS: BNonvascular plants transport water and nutrients by osmosis and diffusion. Vascular plants evolved a more effective transport strategy that produced tall land plants.

FeedbackA This may be a true statement, but it does not answer the question.B This is it!

C Review reproductive strategies in vascular and nonvascular plants.D Not true. Try again.


36. ANS: AThis form of plant body is characteristic of the moss gametophyte, or the division Bryophyta.

FeedbackA That's right!B Liverworts have a flattened, broad thallus.C Pterophytes, or ferns, are vascular plants.D Hornworts have a thallus-like gametophyte and the horn-like sporophyte.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 610–612TOP: 21-7

37. ANS: BA, C, and D are common to mosses and liverworts. Mosses, however, have multicellular rhizoids, so the unicellular rhizoids are the identifying factor. The plant is a liverwort.

FeedbackA Both can live here.B Right!C Both do this.D Both grow low to the ground.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 610 | 612TOP: 21-7

38. ANS: CNonvascular bryophytes do not possess characteristics 3 and 5. Seedless vascular club mosses and ferns possess all but characteristic 6, which describes liverworts.

FeedbackA Both of these are characteristic of bryophytes and most club mosses and some ferns.B This is characteristic of all the organisms, not unique to club mosses and ferns.C Right!D One is true of bryophytes, and one is true of club mosses and ferns.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 613TOP: 21-9

39. ANS: DStomata are an evolutionary milestone for all land-dwelling plants, first observed in nonvascular plants. All other characteristics are first observed in club mosses and ferns.

FeedbackA Be sure you understand the question.B This is a characteristic of club mosses and ferns. The question wants to know which is

NOT a characteristic.C Review the evolutionary trees included at the beginning of each section.

D Correct. This adaptation appeared with the first land plants.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 606 | 613–616TOP: 21-9

40. ANS: A

FeedbackA Great job!B Check back at the diagram again.C Do you need a little more help? Check back at page 632.D Close but not quite.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 632NAT: LS_1a TOP: 22-1

41. ANS: B

FeedbackA No, this isn’t quite right.B Yes, you are right. The plant would move toward the light.C Do you really think the plant would move away from the light?D Check back at page 651 if you need a little more help.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 651NAT: LS_6b TOP: 22-8

42. ANS: AThe waxy cuticle limits transpiration. Xylem does carry water through a plant, but it does not affect how quickly transpiration occurs.

FeedbackA That's correct!B What is carried by phloem?C Where does the water go after it moves through the xylem?D Refer to page 636.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 636–637 | 645NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-3

43. ANS: BThe transpiration rate in plants increases during low humidity as water evaporates more quickly from plant leaves, causing water to move more quickly up the vascular tissues.

FeedbackA Think about the relationship between transpiration and evaporation rates.B That's correct!C Water absorption at the roots is affected by soil moisture, not air moisture.D Did you consider all the factors?

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 645TOP: 22-5

44. ANS: A

Auxin promotes a flow of hydrogen ions through proton pumps from the cytoplasm into the cell wall. This creates a more acidic environment, which weakens the connections between the cellulose fibers in the cell wall.

FeedbackA That's correct!B .Increased acidity helps a cell elongate, but cytokinin helps it divide more rapidly.C You're on the right trackD Try again.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 648–650NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-6

45. ANS: BDwarf plants are characterized by their short height. The hormone that most affects a plant’s height is gibberellins, so inhibiting gibberellins will produce a shorter plant.

FeedbackA Cytokinins affect the rate of cell division, not plant height.B That's correct!C Refer to page 648 for more information.D More gibberellins would increase plant height.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 648–650NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-6

46. ANS: CEthylene’s primary effect is the ripening of fruits.

FeedbackA Refer to page 648 for more information.B Refer to page 650 for more information.C That's correct!D Refer to page 649 for more information.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 648–650NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-6

47. ANS: DThis expression is derived from the observations of fruit growers and vendors. The ethylene that caused a fruit to ripen would escape as the fruit began to rot. Fungi and bacteria feeding off the rotten fruit would also be transferred to nearby fruit.

FeedbackA This assumption cannot be made.B Did you consider all the factors?C Cytokinins cannot stop a fruit from ripening.D That's correct!

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 648–650NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-6

48. ANS: A

Gravitropism is the response of a plant to gravity.

FeedbackA That's correct!B Photoperiodism is the response of a plant to the length of days and nights.C Phototropism is the response of a plant to light.D Thigmotropism is the response of a plant to touch.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 651NAT: LS_6b TOP: 22-8

49. ANS: BWater moves into a guard cell, causing it to swell. If both guard cells around a stoma are swollen, the stoma is open. If the water moves out of the cells, the cells shrink and the stoma closes.

FeedbackA The cells do expand and contract, but not because of heat.B That's correct!C A plant's cuticle does not affect the shape of its cells.D Cell walls are not composed of sugar crystals.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 636NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-1

50. ANS: BCollenchyma cells help to repair and replace damaged tissues. Therefore, the fertilizer would be most useful if it was applied to a damaged plant.

FeedbackA Many fertilizers should not be applied when the plant is dormant.B That's correct!C Did you consider all the factors?D A plant without enough leaves needs more parenchyma cells rather than collenchyma

cells.


51. ANS: DTaproots grow deep into the soil toward available water.

FeedbackA Refer to page 641 for more information.B Are you considering all the factors?C Pneumatophores are found in plants that live in marsh-like environments.D That's correct!


52. ANS: CThe api-api putih can grow to be a shrub or tree. Like other plants that live in water, it has pneumatophores that help supply oxygen to the roots.

FeedbackA Adventitious roots are common in very tall plants.B Did you consider all the factors?C That's correct!D Did you consider all the factors?


53. ANS: ABark consists of cork, cork cambium, and phloem. Phloem is the vascular tissue that transports sugars throughout the plant. When phloem is removed, especially from the entire circumference of a tree trunk, the tree can no longer transport nutrients to and from the roots.

FeedbackA That's correct!B This is true, but it would not directly lead to the death of the tree.C The tissues under the bark are actually not alive.D Xylem tissue (in the "wood" of the tree) transports water.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 638 | 642TOP: 22-5

54. ANS: AFor plants to grow, they need nutrients and energy. Plant energy comes from photosynthesis, and the rate of photosynthesis depends on the amount of solar energy that reaches the plants leaves.

FeedbackA That's correct!B Check back at page 644 if you are having trouble.C Nutrients can be artificially provided to a plant.D Plant growth is controlled by hormones that are not released in set cycles.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 644NAT: LS_1e TOP: 22-4

55. ANS: AAuxin produced by apical meristems inhibit the growth of lateral meristems. If you remove the apical meristems, you promote the growth of the lateral meristems, causing the plant to be bushy.

FeedbackA That's correctB Consider the affects of hormones on plant growth.C Refer to page 634 for more information.D Cork cambium is a type of lateral meristem.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 634 | 649TOP: 22-7

56. ANS: DA plant’s epidermis include guard cells as well as other types of cells such as trichome cells.

FeedbackA Review the different types of plant cells discussed in Section 22.1.B These cells are found in phloem.C Tracheid cells are found in xylem.D That's correct!


57. ANS: CBoth auxin and gibberellins are capable of causing cell elongation.

FeedbackA You're on the right track.B Try again.C That's correct!D Cytokinin typically causes cell division.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 648–649NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-7

58. ANS: CEthylene mainly acts on a plant during its reproductive cycle, causing fruits to ripen and flower structures to die.

FeedbackA Auxin is found in rapidly growing plant tissues.B Cytokinins are produced in rapidly dividing cells.C That's correct!D Gibberellins affect seed growth.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 648–650NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-6

59. ANS: CEthylene is found in plant tissues such as ripening fruits, dying leaves, and flowers.

FeedbackA Refer to page 649 for more information.B Try again.C That's correct!D Did you consider all the factors?


60. ANS: CThe roots anchor the plant in the ground, and the stem supports the leaf structures.

FeedbackA Transpiration occurs in leaves.B Photosynthesis does not take place in roots.C That's correct!

D Did you consider all the factors?

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D REF: 639 | 642TOP: 22-5

61. ANS: CThe slimy substance produced by root cap cells helps lubricate the root as it grows through the soil.

FeedbackA Refer to page 639 for more information.B You are getting close.C That's correct!D Bacteria and other microorganisms in the soil work to fixate nitrogen.


62. ANS: AUnequal distribution of auxin inside a plant cell can cause the cell to elongate on one end and shrink on the other end. If this occurs in stem cells, it will result in a bent stem.

FeedbackA That's correct!B Try again.C You're on the right track.D Did you consider all the factors?

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 648–649 | 651NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-6

63. ANS: BRoots have tropic responses to gravity. The moon’s gravity affects many processes on Earth, including plant growth. The lunar cycle causes the acceleration or slowing the growth of plant roots depending on the position of the moon.

FeedbackA Trees exhibit thigomotropism when they grow in the direction that wind is blowing.B That's correct!C A change in air temperature can cause a nastic response, not a tropic response.D Often, plants in cooler regions grow faster than plants in tropical regions. This is an

adaptation to help plants reproduce during the shorter growing season that occurs in a cool region.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 651NAT: LS_6b TOP: 22-8

64. ANS: CThe cells of the spongy mesophyll are irregularly-shaped and loosely packed. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are able to easily move through the spaces between the cells of the spongy mesophyll.

FeedbackA Flexibility is not a primary leaf function.B You're on the right track.

C That's correct!D This is the job of the epidermis.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B REF: 644NAT: LS_5d TOP: 22-4

65. ANS: CBuds are growth regions composed mostly of meristematic tissue.

FeedbackA Refer to page 634 for more information.B Most of an adult plant is composed of ground tissue.C That's correct!D Did you consider all the factors?


66. ANS: CSeeds can be dispersed in different ways. Some are inside spiny fruits that attach to animal fur. Some are in fruit that are eaten by birds. Some travel on the wind. A seed like a coconut is too big for these methods and will float.

FeedbackA Hold on. Remember that a coconut seed is rather large.B Check back at page 671 for more help.C Exactly!D Try again.


67. ANS: BSepals cover and protect the flower bud. Petals protect the stigma and anther and attract pollinators.

FeedbackA Not this one. Try again.B Very good!C This is not true of plants.D Not a bad guess but this is not correct.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level A REF: 668TOP: 23-4

68. ANS: DVegetative reproduction is a specific type of asexual reproduction that takes place in plants.

FeedbackA This occurs in bacteria.B Look back at page 662 if you are having trouble.C This is something gardeners do.D You’ve got it!


69. ANS: DThe fertilization of an egg, in a plant or animal, forms a zygote.

FeedbackA Not this one. Flowers have a different purpose in a plant.B Having trouble? Re-read page 663.C Try again.D Very good!

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level A REF: 663NAT: LS_2b TOP: 23-2

70. ANS: CIn flowering plants the sporophyte is an independent plant body.

FeedbackA Sorry. This answer is incorrect.B Be careful. This is backwards.C Very good!D This is only partly true in the case of pollen.


71. ANS: CFerns have a prothallus in their life cycle.

FeedbackA Check back at page 665 if you are having trouble.B Sorry. Try again.C That’s correct!D Mosses have protonema, not a prothallus.


72. ANS: ARecall that the prefix hetero- means different. So it would follow that a cone that could develop into male or female gametophytes would be heterosporous.

FeedbackA Good job!B This just means they bear cones.C This applies to some flowering plants.D Check page 665 if you are having trouble.


73. ANS: CThe opening to the ovule is called the micropyle.

FeedbackA Check page 666 for more help.B These are cells.C Good!D Try again.


74. ANS: DFerns have rhizomes under ground and fronds above ground.

FeedbackA Not this one. Try again.B This is the “leafy” part of a fern.C You are on the right track. Try again.D Good job!


75. ANS: DThe male reproductive organ in a plant is the stamen.

FeedbackA Look again. This is something different.B No, this is the part of the flower that gives it the color.C Check page 668 if you need more help.D Yes!


76. ANS: BThe female reproductive organ in a plant is the pistil.

FeedbackA Check the diagram on page 668 for more help.B Great job!C This structure isn't involved in reproduction.D Think again.


77. ANS: BRecall that there are incomplete, complete, imperfect, and perfect flowers. An imperfect flower has either functioning stamens or functioning pistils.

FeedbackA Be careful. This is not a complete flower.B Way to go! You got it right.

C Check back at page 669 if you are having trouble.D This one has both.


78. ANS: CMonocots have organs in threes. Dicots have organs in multiples of 4 or 5.

FeedbackA This is not true of a dicot.B A eudicot is very similar to a dicot.C Exactly!D Check page 669 if you are a little confused.


79. ANS: DLightweight pollen, as is found in a grass, is best transported by the wind. Heavier pollen must be carried by other methods.

FeedbackA No, this pollen is heavier.B Have a look on page 671.C This does not need lightweight pollen.D Yes!


80. ANS: BTropical regions have about equal amounts of day light and night. They would be intermediate plants.

FeedbackA Not quite. Try again.B Exactly!C Tropical regions don’t usually have these conditions.D If you are having trouble, look at pages 672–673.


81. ANS: APlant that are not sensitive to photoperiod are called day-neutral.

FeedbackA That is correct!B This has about equal number of hours of day or night.C Try again.D Have a look on pages 672–673.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 672–673

TOP: 23-882. ANS: C

The response is to the number of hours of uninterrupted dark, therefore this is a better way to express it.

FeedbackA What is the actual cue the plant responds to?B This is the opposite of a short-day plant.C Right on!D Have a look on pages 672–673.


83. ANS: CPollen is a male gametophyte.

FeedbackA Have a look at page 674.B Try again.C Great! You got it.D Not this one, but you are getting close.


84. ANS: ADouble fertilization is one option.

FeedbackA Way to go!B This is not a factor in plant fertilization.C Be careful. This seems like it could be right, but it is not.D Close, but not quite. Try again.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C REF: 676NAT: LS_2b TOP: 23-10

85. ANS: AThink of the structure of a strawberry. It is an aggregate, not a single fruit (as an apple).

FeedbackA Great job!B A strawberry isn’t “dry” like a walnut, is it?C Not this one. A pineapple is an example of a multiple fruit.D Check page 677 if you need additional help.


86. ANS: CThe beginning of growth into a mature plant is called seed germination.

Feedback

A Allelopathy is not the right answer.B This is the spreading of the seeds.C Yes! You’ve got it.D Check page 678 if you need more help.


87. ANS: BSeeds may last from season to season if they enter a state of dormancy.

FeedbackA Remember that dispersal is the spreading of the seeds.B Excellent!C If you are having trouble, check page 679.D Not this one. Try again.


88. ANS: CPhotosynthesis depends on chlorophyll. So it cannot begin until the chloroplasts develop.

FeedbackA Try again.B Check page 679 if you are having trouble.C Very good!D You are close.


89. ANS: BThe pollen tube must be the length of the pistil to reach the ovule.

FeedbackA Check page 676 again.B Great! You got it.C Not this one.D No, this is the male reproductive part.


90. ANS: CA plant embryo receives nourishment from the endosperm.

FeedbackA No, this protects the seed.B The egg is the female gamete in a plant.C Exactly! Good job.D This is the male gamete.


PROBLEM

91. ANS:Diagrams should show water entering the cells of the root by osmosis and traveling to the xylem tissue. Capillary action and transpiration pull water up through the stem of the plant into the leaves.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E REF: 637–642TOP: 22-2 | 22-4

92. ANS:The plant has flowered when the day is short, or more properly when the length of darkness is relatively long. This is a short-day plant. Its critical period is about 13 hours of dark.


ESSAY

93. ANS:Possible answer: Almost all plant cells have mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles that use oxygen molecules in a reaction to break down glucose or other simple carbohydrates to release energy. This energy powers cellular functions. So, while plants produce oxygen during the process of photosynthesis, they also use oxygen during the process of cellular respiration. Therefore, plants need both carbon dioxide and oxygen to survive. Because of this, plants could not have lived on early Earth when there was little or no free oxygen in the atmosphere. Therefore, plants must have evolved after free oxygen was present in the atmosphere. This means that plants could not have been responsible for the introduction of free oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere and the information presented in the television special is false.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 632NAT: LS_1e TOP: 22-1

94. ANS:In the mosses the gametophyte is the independently growing plant body. The gametophyte produces eggs and sperm from an archegonium and antheridium respectively. The sperm need a thin film of water to swim to the egg in the archegonium. The fertilized egg develops into the sporophyte plant, which grows on and is dependent for nutrition on the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores that develop into the gametophytes. In the ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant (largest) plant body, the gametophyte is a tiny plant, but one that grows independently of the sporophyte. The tiny gametophyte produces sperm and eggs in antheridia and archegonia respectively and the sperm swim through a thin film of water to fertilize the egg. The egg then develops into the fern plant, which produces spores on the underside of its frond. In conifers the sporophyte is the dominant plant body. It produces megaspores and microspores that grow into the female and male gametophytes that are dependent on the sporophyte plant. The female gametophyte produces eggs within archegonia. The male gametophyte, or pollen grain, is a tiny structure that produces nonflagellated sperm cells. The pollen grain is transferred on the wind to the female gametophyte where fertilization takes place. The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo, the seed, which subsequently develops into the mature plant.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F REF: 664–667

TOP: 23-3

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