Edward R. Murrow High School Social StudiesA. Barge, Principal Ms. Qoku

AP US History – Homework Packet Directions: At the top of your homework page, write your name, band, date, and HW assignment number. All answers should be in complete sentences and IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Copying answers from your textbook or

elsewhere will not be accepted. Use ANALYSIS – discuss the hows and whys. Question homework assignments are not to exceed 3 pages in length (loose-leaf = 3 pages front and back; typed = 3,

1.5 spacing pages). It is an important skill to keep your thoughts clear and concise. Outlines w/ essay, 3-6 pages for the outline and no more than 2-3 pages for the essay. Outlines alone, can be 10 pages.

During the semester, I will randomly collect at least TEN (10) homework assignments. Therefore, you must thoroughly complete every assignment. Late homework assignments will NOT be accepted.

In the event of an excused absence, you are responsible for making up missed assignments. If you are absent on a day when homework is collected, you must hand in that homework assignment on the day you return to school. Please write the word “ABSENT” on the top of the page when submitting your makeup homework assignment. Check online weebly for updated assignments, due dates/announcements.

Each assignment includes reading selections from the text Out of Many (physical text), American Pageant, your sourcebook – American Spirit, and the review book; plus supplemental readings. If you need additional information you may have to do additional independent research to answer some of the questions.

Homework assignments will be graded using the following scale:10 – 9 points: Homework is completed thoroughly and handed in on time. Answers illustrate a strong understanding of

the material. All questions are answered, supported by relevant facts and details found in the reading. How and Why – analysis was used in your responses. Makes relevant and clear references to Sourcebook and documents provided.

8 – 7 points: Homework is completed thoroughly and handed in on time. Answers illustrate a good understanding of the material. All questions are answered, supported by relevant facts and details found in the reading. Some analysis was accomplished. Makes limited references to Sourcebook and documents provided.

6 – 5 points: Answers illustrate little understanding of the material. Answers are not supported by relevant facts and details, showing little effort to complete assignment. Lack of reasoning/proof for ideas.

0 points: No homework handed in; clear evidence of plagiarism.APUSH Exam

Themes Time Periods/Eras(1) Identity(2) Work Exchange and Technology(3) Peopling/Migration(4) Politics and Power(5) America in the World(6) Environment and Geography(7) Ideas, Beliefs, Culture

Period 1 1491-1607Period 2 1607-1754Period 3 1754 – 1800Period 4 1800 – 1848Period 5 1844 – 1877Period 6 1865 – 1898Period 7 1890 – 1945Period 8 1945 – 1980Period 9 1980 – Present

Multiple choice will be based on primary and secondary assessments (less pure fact recall!). There will be short answers, longer answers (called FRE – Free Response Essays or Long Essays), and a DBQ – MORE WRITING! *Economic History = 15% of the examSample Question: Analyze how changes in class identity and gender roles have related to economic, social, and cultural transformations since the late 19th century. When writing a HW Essay you are to focus on one or two themes from the above list, keep that in mind.

Homework Assignments: HW#1 Native Americans and Early Settlements in America – Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP New World Beginnings] and review book – read in entirety; Sourcebook 1D4, 2A1, 3A1; reading packet. DUE: Day 1!a) Create a chart that describes BOTH the issues and events that contributed to England’s desire to “settle” America AND the factors

that motivated individuals to go to Colonial America. Include both “push” (away from England) and “pull” (to America) factors in your answer.

b) Throughout the year you will often be asked to assess an argument or position. In your own words, what does assess mean? c) Summarize and assess the arguments presented by Hakluyt (refer specifically to 1D4) for promoting English colonization in

America. d) You will also encounter compare & contrast questions, in which you must discuss BOTH similarities AND differences between

events, periods, actions, etc. Compare and Contrast the conditions, challenges, and way of life between the early colonies in Virginia and Massachusetts (refer to Docs 2A1 and 3A1 and your text chapter in your response).

HW #2 Settlers of the Americas – Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Planting of English America, Settling the Northern Colonies] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 3D3, 3C2; DUE: Day 1!

a) Describe the cultural and economic responses of each of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750; include where they settled, and how this may have affected their relationship with the Native Americans: (i) Spanish (ii) French (iii) British Tip: You may use bullet points for this response.

b) OUTLINE Consider: Bacon’s Rebellion and the conflicts revealed within early colonial Virginia, the argument presented by Rev. Stoddard regarding the purchase of land from the Native Americans (SB - 3C2); Native Americans’ grievances against the English settlers as described by John Easton (SB - 3D3).

**HW #3 Southern Colonies - Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP American Life in the Seventeenth Century] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 2A2, 4C1; reading packet. DUE: 9/a. Create a chart in which you describe the economic, political, and social elements of colonial life in the South. Your entries MUST be specific (names, dates, policies, relevant charters/laws, events, etc.).

**HW #4 New England – Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Settling the Northern Colonies] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 3A2, 3C1, 4D1, 4D3, 5D1. DUE: 9/a. Create a chart in which you describe the economic, political, and social elements of colonial life in New England. Your entries MUST be specific (names, dates, policies, relevant charters/laws, events, etc.).

HW #5 Middle Colonies - Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP American Life in the Seventeenth Century] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 2C1, 3E2; reading packet. DUE: 9/a. Create a chart in which you describe the economic, political, and social elements of colonial life in the Middle colonies. Your entries MUST be specific (names, dates, policies, relevant charters/laws, events, etc.).

FRE Sample/ For Study Practice : Explain how patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World developed after European contact and shaped North American colonial-era societies.

HW #6 Review your notes and worksheets. DUE: 9/a. a. Thesis Activity: “A strong thesis statement is an essential part of every AP history essay…A thesis requires some

judgment and interpretation of the evidence…An effective thesis does not have to be complex or sophisticated [although it can be], but it must be focused on the question…For a thesis to be well developed it should have some power to explain the issue in question.”1 To practice writing an effective thesis, read the following question carefully and create a thesis statement you would include in an introduction if you were actually to write this essay. Remember, you are just creating a thesis statement. N.B. This essay topic includes multiple themes from the new exam - Work Exchange, Peopleing, Politics, Environment and Geography, and Ideas, Beliefs, Culture. Overarching Question: How did interactions with the natural environment shape the institutions and values of various groups living on the North American continent?

Environment and Geography and Peopling ESSAY THESIS for: “The geographical conditions of the three major areas of English settlement in America – New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South – account for the differences in the colonial way of life in these three areas.” Assess the validity of this statement.

For Study Practice: (A) Overarching Question: How have gender, class, ethnic, religious, regional, and other group identities changed in different eras? Identity ESSAY Explain how conceptions of group identity and autonomy emerged out of cultural interactions between colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the colonial era. (B) Overarching Question: Why have different labor systems developed in British North America and the United States, and how have they affected U.S. society? Work, Exchange, Technology ESSAY Explain the development of labor systems such as slavery, indentured servitude, and free labor from the colonial period through the end of the 18th century. (C) Overarching Question: How have events in North America and the United States related to contemporary developments in the rest of the world?America in the World ESSAY Explain how imperial competition and the exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic Ocean influenced the origins and patterns of development of North American societies in the colonial period.(D) Overarching Question: How have gender, class, ethnic, religious, regional, and other group identities changed in different eras? Identity ESSAY How did gender, class, religious, and regional identities contribute to ideas in favor or against independence in the colonial era?

N.B. For each theme there are "overarching questions" that more specific questions are based on. So, for example, the over arching questions for "identity" are:How and why have debates over American national identity changed over time?How have gender, class, ethnic, religious, regional, and other group identities changed in different eras?So you can tweak those two questions so that they "fit" in with the content of the textbook chapters. The chapter on road to the revolution can have the question: How and why did debates over whether or not colonies should seek Independence change by 1775? How did gender, class, ethnic, religious, regional, and other group identities contribute to ideas in favor or against independence in the colonial era?ESSAY EXAM

HW #7 British Control/Colonial Wars – French & Indian War/Colonial Unity - Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP American Life in the Seventeenth Century, Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution, and The Duel for North America] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 6C1, 7B1, 7B2,7B3. DUE: a. Describe the “Great Awakening.” Relevance? 1 John J. Newman and John M. Schmalbach, United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination

b. Identify AND explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution: Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act, Stamp Act (refer to 7B1), Declaratory Act, Quartering Act, Townsend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party (refer to 7B2), Intolerable (Coercive) Acts (refer to 7B3), and virtual representation. How did each contribute to the outbreak of the Revolution? (Keep each ID to 3-4 sentences.)

c. Introduction Activity : “An effective introductory paragraph contains three elements: (a) the background to the question or your thesis, (2) the thesis statement, and (3) an introduction to the main ideas or points of the essay to be developed in the body or supporting paragraphs…. By the end of the first paragraph, the reader should not only know your thesis but also have a clear idea of the main points to be developed in support of the thesis.” Write an introductory paragraph and thesis as if you were answering this essay question. Remember, you are only writing the introduction and thesis, not the entire essay. To what extent were the American colonies united by 1775?

For Study Practice: Overarching Question - How and why have different political and social groups competed for influence over society and government in what would become the United States?Politics and Power ESSAY Analyze the factors behind competition, cooperation, and conflict among different societies and social groups in North America during the colonial period.

HW #8 Declaration of Independence - Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Road to Revolution and America Secedes from the Empire] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 7C1, 8B1-4; Text of Declaration of Independence. DUE: (no outline or essay)a. Evaluate the arguments of Dean Josiah Tucker (Refer to 7C1) and Thomas Paine (Refer to 8B1) over whether

separation of the colonies from England was “common sense.” Choose a winner, be persuasive with your reasoning.b. 2 paragraphs: The Declaration of Independence contains a long list of grievances against the King of England. Was

separation from England justified? (Consider the themes when writing your answer). c. 2 paragraphs: To what extent were the ideas in the Declaration of Independence radical in 1776?

HW #9 American Revolution - Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP America Secedes from the Empire] and review book– read in entirety; Sourcebook 8D2. DUE: b. Identify a military turning point in the war between the colonies and England, and then defend your choice with

evidence.c. Create a cause and effect chart on the American Revolution. Use your knowledge and your notes from previous lessons

to briefly list the causes and use the assigned readings to help you list the effects.d. Overarching Question: How have debates over economic values and the role of government in the U.S. economy affected politics, society, the

economy, and the environment? How and why have different political and social groups competed for influence over society and government in what would become the United States? Politics and Power ESSAY: To what extent was the American Revolution a struggle for political freedom as well as economic freedom from the British government? (Remember: You must include clear topic sentences for each body paragraph, and ALL information in your essay MUST support your thesis.)

OUTLINES! Write outline using the format provided. Then, answer any questions added.At the top of each outline you are to write the chapter number and chapter title of those chapters you outlined. See separate sheet for outlining directions. Suggestion: read chapter, rough essay outline, outline chapter, thoroughly write essay.HW #10 Northwest Ordinances/Shay’s Rebellion and AOC {Sourcebook 9A1-3}; US Constitution and compromises {Sourcebook 9B1, 9B2 + read/skim Constitution}; Constitutional Amendments- Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Confederation and the Constitution] and review book– read in entirety. DUE: OUTLINE As you outline be sure to consider: How the Constitution attempted to correct the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Refer to specific weaknesses, and discuss differences in the two forms of government. (no essay)

HW #11 Debate Over Ratification – Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists {Sourcebook 9C3, 9D3}; The Bank {Sourcebook 10B1, 10B2, 10B3}; Political Parties {Sourcebook 10A2, 10A3, 10A4}; Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Launching the New Ship of State] and review book– read in entirety. DUE: a. OUTLINE As you outline be sure to compare the arguments of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists in the debate

over ratification of the Constitution; views of participants at the Constitutional Convention, views of average American and their reasons for support or opposition.

b. Overarching Theme How and why have debates over American national identity changed over time? AND How and why have different political and social groups competed for influence over society and government in what would become the United States?

Identity and Politics and Power ESSAY: To what extent were states’ rights sacrificed or protected in forming this new national government? (You should refer to Article I, Section 10 and Amendment #10 in your answer.)

HW #12 Foreign Policy - Washington {Sourcebook 10F1}; XYZ Affair/Adams {Sourcebook 10G1, 10G2; include Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in your outline}; Election of 1800, Jefferson, and the Louisiana Purchase {Sourcebook 11B2, 11B3}; Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Launching the New Ship of State and The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic] and review book– read in entirety. DUE: a. OUTLINE As you outline be sure to include: The Neutrality Proclamation; Jay Treaty; Pinckney Treaty; Washington’s

Farewell Address; how the XYZ Affair and the undeclared war with France contributed to political disagreement within the U.S.

b. Overarching Question How and why have different political and social groups competed for influence over society and government in what would become the United States? AND How and why have moral, philosophical, and cultural values changed in the United States? SHORT ESSAY To what extent were the Alien and Sedition Acts a necessary evil? A. Discuss 2 to 3 major ideas of the Alien and Sedition Acts. B. What arguments did Secretary of State Pickering offer in their defense? (Refer specifically to 10G1)]. Consider the

themes politics and power, and American in the World, Geography, and Ideas, Beliefs, Culture. C. Explain whether these acts were a necessary evil.

HW #13 DBQ ESSAY question: Read and analyze the documents given. You are to provide an analysis of each of the documents provided (keep your analysis to 3-5 sentences). Remember, analyzing a source is not the same as summarizing the source. When analyzing a source you should focus on some basic questions. What is the document telling us about the topic and/ or theme? What is the author’s point of view? Do you detect bias? What may have influenced this source? Is this point of view similar to another source’s point of view (Can you group some of these documents together?)? Draw conclusions – Make inferences. These questions are nothing more than guiding questions you should always ask yourself when analyzing a document. They are there to help you complete the task at hand. Answer the DBQ essay question; follow the guidelines when writing your essay. Be sure you include an introduction (with a specific thesis), several body paragraphs that support your thesis, and a conclusion. DUE: (no outline)

HW#14 War of 1812 Sourcebook 12A2, 12A4, 12A5; Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism] and review book– read in entirety; Reading Packet. DUE:

a. Create a cause and effect chart on the War of 1812. Be sure to refer to specific information from the documents (12A2, 12A4).

b. OUTLINE As you outline be sure to consider: Why the Federalists were opposed to the war (Refer to 12A5); How each of the following contributed to or reflected the economic prosperity which followed the War of 1812: Second Bank of the U.S., Henry Clay’s American System, the steamboat, Erie Canal, and the start of the Industrial Revolution.

c. Overarching Question How have different factors influenced U.S. military, diplomatic, and economic involvement in international affairs and foreign conflicts, both in North America and overseas? America in the World ESSAY The U.S. went into the War of 1812 because of British impressment of American seamen and the embargo policies of Jefferson and Madison. Assess the validity of this statement. (N.B. consider whether there are additional reasons…)

HW #15 Monroe and Latin America {Sourcebook 12D1, 12D2, 12D3}; Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism] and review book– read in entirety. DUE: OUTLINE While outlining consider: How did the Monroe Doctrine reflect nationalism of that era? (no essay)

HW #16 Jackson and Democracy/Election Process/Election of 1824; [AP The Rise of a Mass Democracy] and review book– read in entirety. DUE: a. OUTLINE Be sure to include the following in your outline: Worcester v. Georgia and the “Trail of Tears” + South

Carolina Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 opposition {Sourcebook 13E1, 13F1, 13F2, 14A1, 14A2, 14C1}; John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, and nullification {Sourcebook 13F1 & 13 F2}.

b. Politics and Power, Environment and Geography, Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture ESSAY Analyze to what extent Jacksonian economic policy influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840.

HW #17 READ ONLY Chapter on the National Economy [AP Forging the National Economy 1790-1860]DUE: Terms to pick up on (but should not limit outline to): Westward movement and self-reliance; Irish and German immigration, German Forty-Eighters; Industrial Revolution – Whiney cotton gin, increase in slavery need, patents and limited liability –

shifts in law; Commonwealth vs. Hunt –case over labor unions; Governor Clinton’s (NY) Erie Canal; RR and the transportation revolution; market revolution.

HW #18 Reformers; [AP Forging the National Economy and AP The Ferment of Reform and Culture] and review book – read in entirety. DUE: a. Work Exchange and Technology; Peopling/Migration; Environment and Geography; Ideas, Beliefs, CultureESSAY The social, political, and economic trends of the early to mid 19th century demonstrated a growing sense of nationalism and democracy. Assess the validity of this statement. (Keep in mind The Second Great Awakening and Transcendentalism!)

HW # 19 READ ONLY Chapter on Expansion and Sectionalism [AP The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793-1860] {Sourcebook 16D1} DUE: Must know about (but should not limit outline to) Nat Turner’s Rebellion, American Colonization Society/Liberia, American Anti-Slavery Society, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth; Gag Resolution, John Quincy Adams - and its significance.

HW #20 Manifest Destiny and the Mexican American War; [AP Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841-1848] and review book – read in entirety. DUE:

a. OUTLINE Be sure to include the following in your outline (but should not limit your outline to): annexation of Texas and the Oregon controversy{Sourcebook 17A2}; British view of America {Sourcebook 17A4}; “54° 40’ or Fight;” Moses Austin; Stephen Austin; Santa Ana; SamHouston; The Alamo. {Sourcebook 17B1}; Provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and the Wilmot Proviso. {Sourcebook 17B3, 17C1- Mexican War fought by a “divided people”, 18A1, 18A2}

THANKSGIVING…TAKE HOME ESSAY CHOICE of ONE: Overarching Question – How have Americans agreed on or argued over the values that guide the political system as well as who is a part of the political process? Politics and Power ESSAY Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787. (You are limited to the era’s we have already studied this semester.)

HW #21 Setting the Stage for War, Disunion {Sourcebook 18B1, 18B2 and Prep for War Sourcebook 20D3, 20F1, 20F2, 21E2, 21E3, 21E6}; Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Drifting Toward Disunion (ch. 19) and Girding for War: The North and the South (ch. 20)] and review book– read in entirety. (no essay) DUE: a. Create a chart with: (i) major political parties in the election of 1860? (ii) their priorities and platforms? b. Create a chart where you compare and contrast the Southern and Northern viewpoints regarding the legitimacy of secession in 1860. Refer specifically to 19F1 and 19F2 in your response. c. OUTLINE As you outline be sure to include: List of the provisions of the Compromise of 1850 and explain how they were designed to preserve the Union; Uncle Tom’s Cabin {Refer to Sourcebook19A1 &19A2}; Brooks beating Sumner, Kansas-Nebraska Act {Refer to Sourcebook19B1 & 19B3}; Fugitive Slave Act; Bleeding Kansas; Election of 1856; Dred Scott Case {Refer to Sourcebook 19C1}; Lincoln-Douglas Debates; John Brown’s Raid {Refer to Sourcebook 10E1 & 19E3}.

HW # 22 War Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Furnace of Civil War (ch. 21)] and review book– read in entirety. (no essay!) DUE: a. OUTLINE Simply outline! Always be thorough! b. SHORT ESSAY On the basis of his actions during the Civil War, would you call Lincoln an abolitionist? Give reasons for your answer and refer to the documents.A) Explain ONE argument as to why Lincoln was an abolitionist/not an abolitionist. B) Explain ONE contrasting argument to your above one, dispel the argument. C) Explain how the point of view you identified in Part A helped to shape ONE specific United States government action 1860 and 1877 (includes Civil War and Reconstruction). c. In a paragraph, describe the experience and controversies surrounding the recruitment and roles of African-American troops. (For further exploration, watch the movie Glory!)

HW #23 Reconstruction Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Ordeal of Reconstruction] {Sourcebook 22B2, 22B3, 22B5, 22D1, 22D2, 22E1, 22E2, 22F1, 22F2} (no outline/essay!) DUE: a. Create a chart comparing and contrasting the Reconstruction plans of President Lincoln, Congress’ Wade-Davis Bill, President Johnson, and the Radical Republicans. Which plan was most realistic in order to rebuild the nation? Give reasons for your answer. (Refer specifically to the documents.)

b. Identify each of the following AND explain how effectively each dealt with the problems that accompanied the abolition of slavery: Freedmen’s Bureau, Civil Rights Bill of 1866, 14th Amendment, 15th Amendment {Refer specifically to Sourcebook 22B5}, Wade-Davis Bill, Pacific RR Act, Tenure of Office Act, and Seward’s Folly, “carpetbagger” and “scalawag” and their roles in the process of Reconstruction, Ku Klux Klan {Refer to Sourcebook 22E1, 22E2}, Southern “redemption,” Slaughterhouse cases, Election of 1876.c. Summarize the debate between former Confederates {Refer to Sourcebook 22D2} and defenders of African Americans {Refer to Sourcebook 22D1} over the evaluation of new black legislators.d. Explain the changes in the composition of Southern state legislatures. What constitutional and political changes did they bring about?

HW #24 Political Conflicts and Southern Racism [AP Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869-1896 (ch. 23)] {Sourcebook 23B1, 23B2, 23B4, 23D1} *New Sourcebook starts with chapter 22 –same as 22 in Vol I* (no essay!)DUE: a. OUTLINE As you outline be sure to include: literacy tests, property requirements, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, Plessy v. Ferguson {Refer specifically to Sourcebook 23D1), lynching, sharecropping (crop lien system) and Jim Crow laws {Refer to Sourcebook 23B1 &23B2} and their effects on African Americans, Homestead Strike 1892. **Look at Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois from [AP America Moves to the City (ch. 25)], include them in your outline!**b. Explain the methods of each of the following to achieve racial equality: Tuskegee Institute, Niagara Movement, N.A.A.C.P. (Find this information on your own…from a reliable source!)

HW #25 Turner’s Frontier Thesis Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution 1865-1896] {Sourcebook on Native Americans 26A6, 26A2, 26A3, 26B1} *New Sourcebook (no essay!) DUE: a. OUTLINE As you outline be sure to include: Native American relations – Custer’s Last Stand, Chief Joeseph, Dawes Act, Ghost Dance, Massacre at Wounded Knee; mining, cattle, farmers Homestead Act, Turner’s thesis; Populists; strikes – Pullman; Gold Standard Act.b. Why did farmers move to the West in the late 19th century in such great numbers? Explain.

**HW #26 Industrialization and Populism Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900 and Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869-1896] {Sourcebook Big Business 24C1-2, Trusts 24B1-3, Labor Unions 24E3, 24E4, 24E5, 26E1-2, Populists 26D1, 26D2, 26F2} **Read these chapters very carefully.** (no outline/essay…but this HW has a LOT to it!) DUE: a. Identify each of the following and explain how each was related to government regulation of RRs: RR rates, Grangers, Farmers’ Alliance, Munn v. Illinois, Interstate Commerce Commission; vertical and horizontal integration;b. Identify each of the following and explain how workers organizing grew from having little public support to having public support: Great Strike of 1877, Haymarket Square Bombing, Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike (refer specifically to 26E1-2).c. Identify each of the following and explain its/his role in the development of the American labor movement: Knights of Labor & Terrence Powderly, American Federation of Labor & Samuel Gompers (refer to 24E5), Eugene Debs, Wobblies (IWW) & William Haywood.d. To what extent should the government regulate business? In your response, consider the actions taken against the RRs in the late 1800s. e. Create a chart - title and explain the arguments for the defenders and critics of trusts. BE SPECIFIC AND HAVE MANY ARGUMENTS on both sides!!!!!

HW # 27 Populists Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP sections of Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age; The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution 1865-1896, and Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900] {Sourcebook 26D1, 26D2, 26F2} (no outline/essay!) DUE:

a. Describe the problems faced by the farmers in the late 1800s (refer to 26D1).

b. Define “populism” and explain the major ideas of the Populist Party.c. Discuss the candidates, the issues, and the significance of the election of 1896. (Refer to the speech made by Bryan in 26F2 in your response.)

HW #28 Urbanization Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP America Moves to the City 1865-1900] {Sourcebook - none} (no essay!) DUE: a. OUTLINE – simply outline (not to be confused with a simple outline…remember format and be thorough!)

HW #29 Unions Refer to [AP Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869-1896] + Re-read HW #26!!!!! DUE:

HW #30 Immigration Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP America Moves to the City 1865-1900] {Sourcebook 25B1-5} (no essay/outline!) DUE: a. Describe the experience of the “New Immigrants” in America. (You must refer to at least two of the sourcebook

documents in your response.)b. Explain the major changes in immigration laws during 1860-1930.c. Re-read HW #28 Outline!!!!!

HW #31 Captains of Industry Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900] + Re-read HW #26!!!!! (no outline/essay!) DUE:

HW #32 Tammany Hall and Political Machines Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869-1896] {Sourcebook 29B2} (no outline!) DUE:

a. Identify and explain the role of “the boss” and “the machine” in urban politics during the mid to late 1800s. b. SHORT ESSAY Were political machines more harmful or useful to urbanites?

A) Explain 2 arguments as to why political machines were harmful/useful.B) Explain 1 contrasting argument to your above one, dispel the argument.C) Explain how the point of view you identified in Part A was a response to or responsible for ONE specific

United States government action.

HW #33 Progressive Era Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt 1901-1912] {Sourcebook 25E4, 29A1, 29A2, 29B1} DUE:

a. OUTLINE – simply outline (not to be confused with a simple outline…remember format and be thorough!)b. How did muckrakers contribute to the rise of the Progressive Era? (define the Progressive Era in your answer)

(refer to 29A1, 29A2), answer in paragraph form.c. SHORT ESSAY Was progressivism an answer to the problems of industrialization?

A) Explain 3 problems of industrializationB) Explain how the problems in A were solved by Progressive policies/practices (BE SPECIFIC); refer to the

practices of: recall, referendum, and initiative in your answer.

HW #34 T. Roosevelt Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt 1901-1912 and Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad] {Sourcebook 30A1, 30A2} (no essay!) DUE: a. Identify each of the following and explain how each reflected Theodore Roosevelt’s belief in a strong executive:

Northern Securities Case, “trust-busting,” the anthracite coal strike, The Hepburn Act, The Food and Drug Act, and The Conservation Commission.

b. Identify and explain how each of the following was intended to bring a “New Freedom” to the United States: Federal Reserve System, Federal Trade Commission Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act, Underwood Tariff.

c. OUTLINE - *Ch. on Wilson only! simply outline (not to be confused with a simple outline…remember format and be thorough!)

d. COMPARE and CONTRAST: Using the sources (30A1 & 30A2) briefly compare and contrast the differences between Roosevelt and Wilson.

HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT: Do your Gilded Age Project!!! DUE:

HW #35 Imperialism Look for corresponding topic chapter(s) in text [AP Empire and Expansion 1890-1909 Ch. 27 in 15th edition] {Sourcebook 28D3} (no outline! no essay!) DUE: a. Why did the U.S. undertake a policy of imperialism in the late 1800s? (Refer specifically to 28D3)b. Briefly explain U.S. interests and actions in the following: Mexico, Canada, and Hawaii.c. Was imperialism in the late 1800s a new U.S. policy or a continuation of U.S. policies from the past?

N.B. Overarching Questions are NOT to be answered they are to enable you to think about how to categorize questions into areas of study.

READING PACKET

USE WITH HOMEWORK 1 - The Planting of English America 1500-1733The Spanish were at Santa Fe in 1610.The French were at Quebec in 1608.The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Elizabeth Energizes EnglandIn 1580, Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, plundering and returning with his ship loaded with Spanish booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%. When the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, Spain's empirical dreams and fighting spirit had been weakened - helping to ensure the English's naval dominance over the North Atlantic. England on the Eve of an EmpireBecause an economic depression hit England in the later part of the 1500s and many people were left without homes, the stage was set for the establishment of an English beachhead in North America. England Plants the Jamestown SeedlingIn 1606, a joint-stock company, known as the Virginia Company of London, received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown on May 24, 1607.In 1608, Captain John Smith took over the town and forced the settlers into line.By 1609, of the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the "starving winter" of 1609-1610.

Cultural Clash in the ChesapeakeLord De La Warr reached Jamestown in 1610 with supplies and military. He started the First Anglo-Powhatan War.

The Indians were again defeated in the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644. By 1685, the English considered the Powhatan people to be extinct. Virginia: Child of TobaccoJohn Rolfe married Pocahontas in 1614, ending the First Anglo-Powhatan War.In 1619, self-government was made in Virginia. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgesses. King James I didn't trust the House of Burgesses and so in 1624, he made Virginia a colony of England, directly under his control. Maryland: Catholic HavenMaryland was formed in 1634 by Lord Baltimore. Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English government. The Act of Toleration, which was passed in 1649 by the local representative group in Maryland, granted toleration to all Christians. The West Indies: Way Station to mainland AmericaBy the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands. Sugar was, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands. To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were imported. By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. In order to control the large number of slaves, the Barbados Slave Code of 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves. Colonizing the CarolinasCivil war plagued England in the 1640s. In 1707, the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under William Penn promised better relations. Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could depart - in 1710.Rice became the primary export of the Carolinas. USE WITH HOMEWORK 2 - The Clash of Cultures

Relations between Indians and Europeans during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ran the spectrum from cooperation and accommodation to bitter conflict. Where the number of colonists was fewest, relationships were based on trade, and the Indians viewed the Europeans as potential allies, relations were friendliest. Where European numbers were greatest and their primary objective was Indian land or labor, relations were least friendly. By the early eighteenth century, however, it was already clear that friendly relations and cooperation would be the exception, since in areas as diverse as New Mexico, New England, Pennsylvania, and the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia and Maryland, European colonizers were encroaching on Indian lands and radically disrupting the Indian ways of life.

In Mexico and Central and South America, the Spanish, unlike the English or the French, viewed Indians as a usable labor force--to be put to work to raising crops, tending animals, and extracting valuable minerals from mines. In the early 1500s Spanish policy forced many Indians to work on Spanish estates. Under the encomienda system, colonists were granted the right to demand tribute from Indians living on a given piece of land. Often the colonists forced the Indians to farm or work in mines as payment. Gradually, the Indians became bound to the land because they had no other way to pay tribute.

North of Mexico, Spain's perspective changed. Relatively few Spaniards migrated to New Spain's northernmost frontiers, because the area lacked mineral riches. Here, Indians were viewed essentially as buffers to protect Spain's New World empire and as objects of religious conversion. Beginning in the 1560s, Jesuit and Franciscan priests established missions in what are now Florida and Georgia and then, starting in the early 1600s, in present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. In Florida and much later in California, missions were enclosed, self-sufficient communities combining farming with the manufacture of pottery, woven blankets, and other goods. In New Mexico, in contrast, where a large Pueblo population inhabited settled villages, Franciscan missionaries established churches on the edge of towns.

During the sixteenth century, cultural conflicts between Spanish missionaries and Indians periodically erupted into violence. The most dramatic uprising took place in New Mexico in 1680, after Franciscan missionaries sought to suppress traditional Pueblo religious practices by desecrating a Pueblo kiva--a special room where religious activities took place--flogging Pueblo priests, and destroying sacred Indian artifacts. A Pueblo holy man named Pope led a revolt which killed over 400 Spanish colonists and destroyed every church in the New Mexico. Six years later, Spain restored its authority. But in order to maintain peace, Spain reached an accommodation with the Pueblo. In return for a pledge of loyalty to the Spanish crown and attendance at Catholic religious services, Spain promised to protect Pueblo lands from exploitation, abandon force Indian labor, and tolerate the secret practice of traditional Pueblo religion.

The French and the Indians they encountered reached a different kind of accommodation. France's New World empire was based largely on trade. In 1504, French fishermen sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, looking for cod. Gradually, the French realized that they could increase their profits by trading with the Indians for furs. In exchange for pelts,

the French coureurs de bois (traders) supplied Indians with textiles, muskets, and other European goods. By the end of the sixteenth century, a thousand ships a year were engaged in the fur trade along the St. Lawrence River and the interior, where the French constructed forts, missions, and trading posts. Relations between the French and Indians were less violent than in Spanish or English colonies. In part, this reflected the small size of France's New World population. The French government had little interest in encouraging immigration and the number of settlers in New France remained small, totaling just 3,000 in 1663. Virtually all these settlers were men--mostly traders or Jesuit priests--and many took Indian wives or concubines, helping to promote relations of mutual dependency. Common trading interests also encouraged accommodation between the French and the Indians. Missionary activities, too, proved somewhat less divisive in New France than in New Mexico or New England, since France's Jesuit priests did not require them to immediately abandon their tribal ties or their traditional way of life.

English EncountersPopular mythology recounts many instances of cooperation between English colonists and Native Americans.

Grade schoolers learn about Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, an Indian chief in Virginia, who is said to have rescued Captain John Smith when her father was about to kill him. They encounter Squanto, a member of the Patuxet tribe of eastern Massachusetts, who taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn. They also hear about William Penn, the Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, who maintained friendly relations with the Indians. But there was another side to this story, missing from popular mythology: settlers poisoning Indians at peace parleys, offering them clothing infected with smallpox, and burning their villages and cornfields. In fact, encounters between the English and the Indian peoples were more problematic--and violent--than historical mythology suggests. Some English settlers dreamed of discovering gold or silver; others envisioned a lucrative trade in furs. But gradually the primary goal of the English was to acquire land. Unlike the French and Spanish, the English created self-sustaining settler colonies, populated with English, Scot, and Scots-Irish immigrants. And this meant displacing the indigenous inhabitants and expropriating their land.

In English eyes, the Indians held only an ambiguous title to the land. They may have had some vague rights due to discovery and prior occupancy, but they lacked true title since they failed to make improvements. As early as 1609, an Englishman insisted on the right of English colonists to "plant ourselves in their places." "The greater part" of the land, wrote Robert Gray, "possessed and wrongfully usurped by wild beasts, and unreasoning creatures, or by brutish savages, which by reason of their godles[s] ignorance, and blasphemous Idolatrie, are worse than...beasts."

The initial English-Indian encounters took place in the Southeast, where the Indian population was better prepared than elsewhere to resist English encroachments. On the eve of contact an estimated one million Indians lived in the region; and even though disease and warfare would soon reduce the indigenous population to just 75,000, these people revealed a remarkable capacity for resistance. In the Southeast, the Mississippian tradition of an urbanized population with centralized political authorities persisted. These people lived in villages, which were often quite sizable, with populations of a thousand or more, protected by wooden fences. In this region, the basic political unit was the chiefdom, consisting of a village or a group of villages ruled by a chief who gained his position through merit, and, in turn, distributed presents and other goods to the people he controlled. When the English entered their land, tribal chiefs in the Southeast were better able than elsewhere to mobilize their people against the outside threat.

The first permanent English settlement, Jamestown, was built in 1607 in a swampy area, along Virginia's James River. Approximately 30,000 Algonquian Indians lived in the Chesapeake region, divided into some forty tribes. Thirty tribes belonged to a confederacy led by Powhatan. Relations between the colonists and the Indians rapidly deteriorated. Food was the initial source of conflict. More interested in finding precious metals than in farming, Jamestown's residents got part of their food from the Indians, which they exchanged for English goods. When the English began to simply seize Indian food stocks, Powhatan cut off supplies, forcing the colonists for a time to subsist on frogs, snakes, and even decaying corpses.

Relations worsened after the colonists began to clear the land and plant tobacco. Since tobacco production rapidly exhausted the soil of nutrients, the English began to acquire new lands along the James River, encroaching on Indian hunting grounds. In 1622, the growing hostility erupted into violence. Powhatan's successor, Opechancanough, attempted to wipe out the English in a surprise attack. Two Indian converts to Christianity warned the English; still, 347 settlers, or about one third of the English colonists died in the attack. Warfare persisted for ten years, followed by an uneasy peace. In 1644, Opechancanough launched a last, desperate attack. After two years of warfare, in which some 500 colonists were killed, Opechancanough was captured and shot and the survivors of Powhatan's confederacy, now numbering just 2,000, agreed to submit to English rule.

Farther south, English settlers manipulated tribal rivalries to open land to white settlement. In South Carolina, the English effectively pitted groups like the Tuscaroras, the Cherokees, the Creeks, and the Yamasees against one another. The Tuscaroras had taken many Algonquians captive and sold them into slavery. Between 1711 and 1713, the English took advantage of intertribal hostility by convincing the Algonquians to join them in a war against the Tuscaroras. When the conflict was over, over 1,000 Tuscaroras (a fifth of the tribe) were sold into slavery. Half the remaining Tuscaroras then migrated to New York, where they became the sixth nation of the Iroquois League. Then, in 1715, the European settlers

succeeded in mobilizing the Cherokees against the Creeks and the Yamasees, forcing the Creeks to move westward and the surviving Yamasees southward into territory controlled by Spain, clearing valuable rice land of Indians in the process.

The migration of Puritan colonists into western Massachusetts and Connecticut during the 1630s provoked bitter warfare. Part of this land was claimed by the Pequots, the region's most powerful people. In 1636, English settlers accused a Pequot of murdering a colonist; in revenge, they burned a Pequot settlement on what is now Block Island, Rhode Island. In 1637, the Pequots struck at Wethersfield in Connecticut, killing several colonists. A force of Puritans and Narragansett Indians retaliated a month later by surrounding and setting fire to the main Pequot village on the Mystic River. Between six and seven hundred Pequot men, women and children were burned alive. The force's commander declared that God had "laughed at his enemies...making them as a fiery oven." The defeat of the Pequots allowed white settlers to move into the New England interior, where they intruded on Indian homelands. In 1675, the chief of the Pokanokets, Metacomet (whom the English called King Philip), forged a military alliance of two-thirds of the region's Indians. In 1675, he led an attack on Swansea, Massachusetts. Over the next year, both sides raided villages and killed hundreds of victims. Twelve out of ninety New England towns were destroyed. Relative to the size of the population, King Philip's War (1675-76) was the bloodiest in American history. Five percent of New England's population was killed--a higher proportion than Germany or Russia lost during World War II. Indian casualties were far higher; perhaps forty percent of New England's Indian population was killed or fled the region.

The colonists captured Philip's wife and son, and sold them into slavery. Metacomet was killed in 1676, ending the war in southern New England. Fighting in the north continued until 1678. When the war was over, the power of New England's Indians was broken. The region's remaining Indians would live in small, scattered communities, serving as the colonists' servants and tenants. Even in Pennsylvania, whose Quaker founder William Penn envisioned a "peaceable kingdom" where people of diverse backgrounds and religious beliefs could live together harmoniously, Indians were displaced from their lands. Before leaving England, he wrote to the Delawares, the dominant tribe in the region, expressing his hope that "we may always live together as neighbors and friends." True to his word, Penn met with the Delawares and told them that he would not take land from them unless sanctioned by tribal chieftains. Committed to treating Native Americans fairly in negotiating land rights, Penn purchased Delaware lands before reselling them to settlers and prohibited the sale of alcohol. Penn's policies were so unusual that they encouraged the Miamis, the Shawnees, and other peoples to move to Pennsylvania. However, after his death, Penn's own sons and agents reversed his policies, and Pennsylvania's colonists pushed the Delaware and other peoples off their land without compensation.

USE WITH HOMEWORKS 7-9 - The Duel for North America 1608-1763 The Clash of EmpiresThe earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists as King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain.The wars ended in 1713 with peace terms signed at Utrecht. France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay. The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America.The War of Jenkins's Ear started in 1739 between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known as King Georges' War in America. It ended in 1748 with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders.

George Washington Inaugurates War with FranceIn 1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres. His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come. The Virginians were forced to surrender on July 4, 1754.In 1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana. Global War and Colonial DisunityThe French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) started in 1754. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean.In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. The French wasted so many troops in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America.The Albany Congress met in 1754. Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up. It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime.

Braddock's Blundering and Its AftermathGeneral Braddock set out in 1755 with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne. His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army. (Braddock's Blunder) Due to this loss of troops, the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.In 1756, the British launched a full-scale invasion of Canada. Pitt's Palms of VictoryIn 1757, William Pitt became the foremost leader in the London government. He was known as the "Great Commoner." He attacked and captured Louisbourg in 1758.To lead the attack in the Battle of Quebec in 1759, Pitt chose James Wolfe. The two opposing armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French under Marquis de Montcalm.Montreal fell in 1760. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the battle and threw the French power off the continent of North America. Restless ColonistsIntercolonial disunity had been caused by enormous distances; geographical barriers; conflicting religions, from Catholics to Quakers; varied nationalities, from German to Irish; differing types of colonial governments; many boundary disputes; and the resentment of the crude back-country settlers against the aristocrats. Americans: A People of DestinyIn 1763, Ottawa chief, Pontiac, led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country. His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of that year and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians.The British countered these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians.London government issued the Proclamation of 1763. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (The Appalachian land was acquired after the British beat the Indians). It was made to prevent another bloody eruption between the settlers and Indians. Many colonists disregarded it.

The Deep Roots of RevolutionTwo ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid 18th century:

1. Republicanism- a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage.2. "Radical Whigs", a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the king's ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption.

Mercantilism and Colonial GrievancesGeorgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.The Navigation Law of 1650 stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers. The Stamp Tax UproarDue to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt.In 1763, Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.The Quartering Act of 1765 required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.In 1765, George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as the Stamp Act, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp ActThe Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation. The meeting's ripples began to erode sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one step towards intercolonial unity.Nonimportation agreements (agreements made to not import British goods) were a stride toward unionism.

The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements.The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in 1766.Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston MassacreIn 1767, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in 1768. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre was known as the Boston Massacre. The Seditious Committees of CorrespondenceLord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty).Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential.In March of 1773, the Virginia House of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance. Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined. Tea Parties at Boston and ElsewhereIn 1773, the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party) Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts"In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges). One such law was the Boston Port Act. It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.

The Continental Congress and BloodshedIn 1774, the 1st Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts. The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. (The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative body, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress.)After 7 weeks of deliberation, the 1st Continental Congress drew up several papers. The papers included a Declaration of Rights and solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people. The creation of The Association was the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.In April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to Lexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the "rebel" ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This incident was labeled as the "Lexington Massacre." When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had a war, rather than a rebellion on their hands. Imperial Strength and Weaknesses

The population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power.Unfortunately for the British, though, there was rebellion brewing in Ireland, and France, bitter from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to divert much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britain's army in America had to operate under numerous difficulties; provisions were short and soldiers were treated brutally. American Pluses and MinusesMarquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.The Articles of Confederation was adopted in 1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists.Due to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print "Continental" paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money. A Thin Line of HeroesAt Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, American men went without food for 3 days in the winter of 1777-1778.Baron von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British.Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In 1775, he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"America Secedes from the Empire1775-1783 Congress Drafts George WashingtonThe Second Continental Congress selected George Washington to head the army besieging Boston. Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsFrom April 1775 to July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by sincerely voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and killing redcoats.In May 1775, a tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. There, a store of gunpowder and artillery was secured. In June 1775, the colonists captured Bunker Hill. The British took it back with a large number of soldiers.In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted the "Olive Branch Petition", which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose to fight to become independent or to submit to British rule and power.In August 1775, King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hired German Hessians to bring order to the colonies. The Abortive Conquest of CanadaIn October 1775, the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine. In the same month, colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed when General Richard Montgomery was killed.In January 1776, the British set fire to Norfolk. Thomas Paine Preaches Common SenseThe Americans continued to deny any intention of independence because loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained; many Americans continued to consider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role; colonial unity was poor; and open rebellion was dangerous.Thomas Paine released a pamphlet called Common Sense in 1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism"Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically a republic, where power flowed from the people themselves. Jefferson's Explanation of IndependenceOn July 2, 1776, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia's resolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.

Thomas Jefferson was appointed to draft up the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans. Declaration of IndependenceWhen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offencesFor abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

Patriots and LoyalistsDuring the War of Independence, the Loyalists were called "Tories" and the Patriots were called "Whigs." Tory: "a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched."The Loyalists made up 16% of the American population. Many people of education and wealth remained loyal to England. Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican church was strongest. The Loyalists were well entrenched in New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. They were least numerous in New England.The Patriots were numerous where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished-mostly in New England. The Loyalist ExodusBefore the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled.They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses. General Washington at BayThe British concentrated New York City as a base of operation due to the fact that Boston was evacuated in March 1776.In 1776, General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at the Battle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island.General William Howe was General Washington's adversary.On December 26, 1776, Washington surprised and captured 1,000 Hessians who were sleeping. Burgoyne's Blundering InvasionGeneral Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga on October 17, 1777 to American general Horatio Gates (Burgoyne's Blunder). In the first Battle at Saratoga, the British lost two men for every one American casualty. In terms of ground gained, however, both sides fought to a draw. In the second battle, British losses were four to one. The rebels' victory was overwhelming. After protracted negotiations, Burgoyne officially surrendered on October 17. He returned to England in disgrace, and was never given another command. When news of the American victory reached Europe, France entered the war on the side of the patriots. Money and supplies flowed to the American cause, providing Washington's Continental Army with the support necessary to continue its fight against Great Britain. Britain's

loss at Saratoga proved disastrous, in that it signaled to the European powers that the rebels were capable of defeating the English on their own. More than any other single event, it would prove decisive in determining the eventual outcome of the War. (Turning point in war.) Strange French BedfellowsAfter the shooting at Lexington in April 1775, French secretly provided arms to the Americans.The British offered the Americans home rule after the Battle of Saratoga. The French didn't want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize the sugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, the French made an open alliance with the Americans in 1778, offering all the British did with the exception of independence. The Colonial War Becomes a World WarSpain and Holland became allies against Britain in 1779.The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City. The Land Frontier and the Sea FrontierThe Treaty of Fort Stanwix- (1784) the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation; signed with the Iroquois.George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779.John Paul Jones is known as the father of the navy. He employed the tactic of privateering.Privateering- when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc; it diverted manpower from the main war effort; it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale by providing victories in a time when victories were few.Yorktown and the Final CurtainFrom 1780-1781, the U.S. government fell nearly bankrupt. British General Cornwallis fell back to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking. Admiral de Grasse offered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along with Rochambeau's army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis. He was forced to surrender on October 19, 1781. Peace at ParisConditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1783: British formally recognized the independence of the United States; Florida is given to Spain; Britain granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south; Americans were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland; Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted. Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection.

USE WITH HOMEWORK OUTLINES 10 and 11The Confederation and the Constitution 1776-1790The Pursuit of EqualityThe Continental Army officers formed an exclusive hereditary order called the Society of the Cincinnati.Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom- created in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers; stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith.The Philadelphia Quakers in 1775 founded the first anti-slavery society.The 1st Continental Congress called for the complete abolition of the slave trade in 1774. Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. Constitution Making in the StatesThe 2nd Continental Congress called upon the colonies in 1776 to draft new constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people.As written documents, the state constitutions were intended to represent a fundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.In the Revolutionary era, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. Economic CrosscurrentsEconomic democracy preceded political democracy. Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad.

Creating a ConfederationShortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2nd Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation. The finished product was the Articles of Confederation. It was adopted by Congress in 1777 and it convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasn't ratified by all 13 colonies until 1781. The Articles of Confederation: America's First ConstitutionThe 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs.Congress had 2 major handicaps: It had no power to regulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation. Congress couldn't enforce its tax collection program. The states were NOT required to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked. Landmarks in Land LawsLand Ordinance of 1785- stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt.Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a uniform national land policy; created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states. The World's Ugly DucklingBritain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffield argued in his pamphlet that Britain could win back America's trade.The British remained in the Americas where they maintained their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to keep the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against future attacks on Canada by the Americans.Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans. It closed off the Mississippi river to commerce in 1784. The Horrid Specter of AnarchyShay's Rebellion- in western Massachusetts in 1786; when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers; led by Captain Daniel Shays. The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs. A Convention of "Demigods"In 1786, Virginia called for a convention at Annapolis, Maryland. There, Alexander Hamilton saved the convention from collapsing - delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but to fix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton was an advocate of a super-powerful central government.On May 25, 1787, 55 representatives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. (Constitutional Convention) George Washington was elected as the leader. Patriots in PhiladelphiaThe delegates hoped to save the revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong political structure. Hammering Out a Bundle of CompromisesSome of the delegates decided they would scrap the old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to revise it.The "large-state plan" was proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the arrangement in Congress should be based upon a state's population. New Jersey presented the "small-state plan." It centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a state's size or population. The "Great Compromise" of the convention was hammered out and finally agreed upon. It called for representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation in the Senate. Each state would have 2 senators. The new Constitution also called for a President. Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the "three-fifths compromise" was created. The new Constitution also called for the end of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgia's forbade overseas slave trade. Safeguards for Conservatism

The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property; and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalistsThe Anti-federalists were led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states' rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers - in general, the poorest class.Federalists were led by George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press.

The Great Debate in the StatesDelaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it.

The Four Laggard StatesVirginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constitution before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the last state to ratify it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because they wanted to but because they had to. They could not safely exist outside the fold. A Conservative TriumphThe architects of the Constitution contented that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people.By imbedding the principle of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order.

Washington for PresidentGeorge Washington was unanimously elected as President by the Electoral College in 1789. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. He established the cabinet. At first, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox served under Washington. Bill of RightsJames Madison wrote the Bill of Rights and got them passed by Congress in 1791.The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general.John Jay became the first Chief Justice.

USE WITH HOMEWORK OUTLINE 12 Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public CreditIn order to create a thriving federal government, Alexander Hamilton set out to create a plan to shape the policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. These wealthier groups would then gratefully lend their money and political support to the government. The wealth in the government would then trickle down through society.In this plan, Hamilton persuaded Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, meaning that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest. This would strengthen the national credit by creating public confidence in the small Treasury department. He then convinced Congress to take on the states' debts, which would create confidence in the government by the states. States with large debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted with Hamilton's proposal, but states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to assume state debts. Virginia did, however, want the forthcoming federal district, the District of Columbia, which would bring commerce and prestige. So Virginia made a deal with the government: the government would assume state debts if the District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac River. The deal was passed by Congress in 1790. Customs, Duties, and Excise TaxesOne of Hamilton's objectives was to keep a national debt, believing that the more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of the government.

In this objective, he expected tariff revenues to pay interest on the huge debt and run the government. The first tariff law, which imposed a low tax of 8% on the value of imports, was passed by Congress in 1789. Its purpose was to create revenue and to create a small protective wall around small industries.He passed additional internal revenue and, in 1791, convinced Congress to pass an excise tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey.

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a BankAlexander Hamilton proposed a Bank of the United States that could print paper money and thus provide a stable national currency. The national bank would also be place where the Treasury could deposit monies.Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed the Bank stating it was unconstitutional. He felt that the states had the right to manage their own money. Most of the opposition came from the south and most of the support came from the north.Hamilton prevailed and the 1st Bank of the United States was created in 1791. Its charter lasted for 20 years and was located in Philadelphia. Mutinous Moonshiners in PennsylvaniaThe Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1794 was lead by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791 excise tax on whiskey. The rebellion was ended when President Washington sent in federal troops. Although the troops faced no opposition, a strong message was sent by the government stating that it would enforce the law. The Emergence of Political PartiesPolitical parties had not existed in America when George Washington took office. What was once a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had developed into a full-blown and bitter political rivalry.In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program but confined it to Congress. In due time, this organized opposition grew and the two-party system emerged. USE WITH HOMEWORK OUTLINES 12, 14, and 15

The Impact of the French RebellionWhen Washington's first administration had ended in 1793, a formation of two political groups had ensued: Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and Hamilton Federalists.The French Revolution started in 1789. It began peacefully but entered a violent phase when France declared war on Austria in 1792. Things started to get worse when King Louis XVI was beheaded in 1793, the church was attacked, and the head-rolling Reign of Terror was begun. At first, the Federalists supported the revolution but that view suddenly changed when the attitude of the revolution changed. Washington's Neutrality ProclamationJeffersonian Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into the French and British War to fight for France. The Federalists were opposed.Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 stating the country's neutrality from the Britain-France war. He was backed by Hamilton. Embroilments with BritainFor years, the British had retained the frontier posts on U.S. soil, all in defiance of the peace treaty of 1783. The London government did not want to abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and British agents openly sold firearms to the Miami Confederacy, an alliance of 8 Indian nations who terrorized Americans.The Jeffersonians felt that American should again fight Britain in defense of America's liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because Hamilton's hopes for economic development depended on trade with Britain. Jay's Treaty and Washington's FarewellIn a last attempt to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London in 1794 to negotiate. Opposed by Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty, Jay's Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships. Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures or about supplying arms to Indians. The treaty also called for the U.S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts.

Jay's Treaty caused Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to strike a deal with the U.S. In Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 with Spain, Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida.In his Farewell Address to the nation, Washington urged against permanent alliances. He left office in 1797. John Adams Becomes PresidentJohn Adams beat Thomas Jefferson to become to the 2nd President in 1797.Hamilton became the leader of the Federalist Party, known as the "High Federalists." Unofficial Fighting with FranceFrance was upset with Jay's Treaty and it started capturing American merchant ships. President John Adams sent John Marshall to France to negotiate in 1797. Hoping the meet Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, Adams's envoy was secretly approached by 3 go-betweens, later referred to as X, Y, and Z (Mme de Villette, Jean Conrad Hottinguer, and Lucien Hauteral). The French spokesmen demanded a bribe of $250,000 just to talk to Talleyrand. Angered by the intolerable terms, Marshall and the envoy returned to the U.S.Infuriated with the XYZ Affair, America began preparations for war: the Navy Department was created; the three-ship navy was expanded; the United States Marine Corps was reestablished. Adams Puts Patriotism Above PartyBecause France did not want another enemy, it said that if the Americans sent another negotiator minister, then he would be received with proper respect.Napoleon Bonaparte was the dictator of France.Eager to free his hands of a potential enemy, the dictator of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, signed the Convention of 1800 with American representative John Jay. It annulled the peace treaty between France and America and called for France to pay the damage claims of American shippers. The Federalist Witch HuntIn order to decrease the number of pro-Jeffersonians, the Federalist Congress passed a series of oppressive laws aimed at "aliens", or foreigners who came to America and supported Jefferson. These Alien Laws raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from 5 years to 14 years. They also stated that the President could deport or jail foreigners in times of peace or hostilities.The Sedition Act stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) ResolutionsJefferson's Kentucky resolution and Madison's Virginia resolution concluded that the states had the right to refuse laws created by the government. Virtually no other state followed the two states' resolutions. Federalists versus Democratic-RepublicansHamilton Federalists supported a strong central government; they believed that the government should support private enterprise, not interfere with it; and they supported the British.Jeffersonian anti-Federalists demanded a weak central government and supported states' rights.

USE WITH HOMEWORK OUTLINE 16The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812 Federalist and Republican MudslingersThomas Jefferson became the victim of one of America's first "whispering campaigns." The Federalists accused him of having an affair with one of his slaves. Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to win the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 to 65 electoral votes; this is known as the "Revolution of 1800."

Jeffersonian RestraintJefferson quickly pardoned the prisoners of the Sedition Acts. The Naturalization Law of 1802 reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years. Jefferson also did away with the excise tax. Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson; believed that a national debt wasn't a blessing; he reduced the national debt with a strict economy.

The "Dead Clutch" of the JudiciaryJudiciary Act of 1801- passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. The new Republican-Democratic Congress quickly repealed the act and kicked out the 16 newly seated judges. One Federalist judge, Chief Justice John Marshall, was not removed. He served under presidents including Jefferson and others for 34 years. He shaped the American legal tradition more than any other person.James Madison was the new Secretary of State.Marbury vs. Madison (1803) - James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued James Madison for his pay; Marbury ended up getting his pay but the decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution.Samuel Chase- supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. Jefferson, a Reluctant WarriorJefferson preferred to make the military smaller. Jefferson was forced to bend his thoughts of not using military force when the leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States. Jefferson sent the new navy to Tripoli and after 4 years of fighting, a deal was reached. The U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans. The Louisiana GodsendNapoleon Bonaparte convinced the king of Spain to give Louisiana land area to France in 1800.Not wanting to fight Napoleon and France in western America, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in Paris in 1803 to buy as much land as he could for $10 million. Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World Empire for 2 reasons:

He failed in his efforts to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs.Because Britain controlled the seas, Napoleon didn't want Britain to take over Louisiana. So he wanted the money from the Americans. He also hoped the new land for America would help to thwart the ambitions of the British king in the New World.

Robert Livingston- along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million. The Americans had signed 3 treaties and gotten much land to the west of the Mississippi. 820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre.Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. The Aaron Burr ConspiraciesAaron Burr- Jefferson's first-term vice president; after being dropped from Jefferson's cabinet, he joined a group of extremist Federalists who plotted the secession of New England and New York; Alexander Hamilton uncovered the plot. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton accepted. Hamilton refused to shoot and he was shot and killed by Burr.General James Wilkinson- the corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory; made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida; betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot; Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by James Madison and he fled to Europe. America: A Nutcrackered NeutralJefferson was reelected in 1804, capturing 162 electoral votes, while his Federalist opponent (Charles Pinckney) only received 14 votes. England was the power of the seas, and France had the power of land.England issued a series of Orders in Council in 1806. They closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping. The French ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

The Hated EmbargoIn 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act. It banned the exportation of any goods to any countries. With the act, Jefferson planned to force France and England, who both depended on American trade, to respect America and its citizens,

who had been killed and captured by both countries. The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans.The act was repealed in 1809 and a substitute act was enacted: The Non-Intercourse Act. It opened up trade to every country except France and Britain.The embargo failed because Jefferson overestimated the dependence of the 2 countries on America's trade. Britain and France were not as reliant on America as Jefferson had hoped. Britain was able to trade with the Latin American republics and France had enough land in Europe to support itself. Madison's GambleJames Madison became president on March 4, 1809.Congress issued Macon's Bill No. 2. It reopened American trade with the entire world. Napoleon convinced James Madison to give Britain 3 months to lift its Orders in Council. Madison did, but Britain chose not to lift its Orders in Council, and Madison had to reenact the United States's trade embargo, but this time just against Britain. Macon's Bill No. 2 led to the War of 1812. Tecumseh and the ProphetTwelfth Congress- met in 1811; the "war hawks" wanted to go to war with the British and wanted to eliminate the Indian threats to pioneers.Tecumseh- Shawnee, along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British.Tenskwatawa- "the Prophet"; Shawnee, along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British.William Henry Harrison- governor of the Indiana territory; defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Mr. Madison's WarOn June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on the British and it agreed.The Democratic-Republicans who supported the war ("war hawks") felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world. They wanted to invade Canada, the Indians' stronghold, because the Indians were being armed by the British to attack the settlers.The Federalists were opposed because they supported Britain.

On to Canada over Land and LakesThe Americans tried to invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. All were beaten back by the Canadians.The Americans then attacked by sea and were more successful. Oliver Hazard Perry- captured a British fleet in Lake Erie. General Harrison's army overtook the British at Detroit and Fort Malden in the Battle of the Thames in October 1813.Thomas Macdonough- naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; he saved the upper New York from conquest. Washington Burned and New Orleans DefendedAndrew Jackson defended New Orleans.Francis Scott Key- American prisoner aboard a British ship who watched the British fleet bombard Fort McHenry; wrote the "Star Spangled Banner."Washington burned in 1814. The Treaty of GhentTsar Alexander I of Russia called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent for the signing. Both sides stopped fighting and conquered territory was restored. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford ConventionMassachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded:

Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos.Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared.The abolition of slavery.

That a President could only serve 1 term.The abolition of the 3/5 clause.The prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.

The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816. The Second War for American IndependenceThe War of 1812 showed other nations around the world that America would defend its beliefs. The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was heightened nationalism.The army and navy were expanded and the Bank of the United States was revived by Congress in 1816. "The American System"Congress instituted the 1st protective tariff, the Tariff of 1816, primarily for protection. British companies were trying to make American factories die off by selling their British goods for much less than the American factories. The tariff placed a 20-25% tax on the value of dutiable imports. Over time, the tax price continued to rise, creating problems of no competition between companies.Due to nationalism, Henry Clay developed a plan for a profitable home market. It was called the American System. It had 3 main parts:

A strong banking system, to provide easy and abundant credit.A protective tariff, behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish.A network of roads and canals.

President Madison vetoed the bill to give states aid for infrastructure, deeming it unconstitutional. The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were strongly opposed to building federally-funded roads because they felt that such outlets would further drain away population and create competing states beyond the mountains. The Erie CanalIn order to open the country west of the Appalachian Mountains to settlers and to offer a cheap and safe way to carry produce to a market, the construction of a canal was proposed as early as 1768. However, those early proposals would connect the Hudson River with Lake Ontario near Oswego. It was not until 1808 that the state legislature funded a survey for a canal that would connect to Lake Erie. Finally, on July 4, 1817, Governor Dewitt Clinton broke ground for the construction of the canal. In those early days, it was often sarcastically referred to as "Clinton's Big Ditch". When finally completed on October 26, 1825, it was the engineering marvel of its day.

The So-Called Era of Good FeelingsThe Federalists ran a candidate for the presidential for the last time in 1816. James Monroe won the election.The time during the administrations of President Monroe was known as the "Era of Good Feelings" because the 2 political parties were getting along. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard TimesThe Panic of 1819 was the first financial panic since President Washington took office. The main cause was the over-speculation in frontier lands. The Bank of the United States became a financial devil to western farmers because it foreclosed many farms. Growing Pains of the WestBetween 1791 and 1819, 9 states from the West had joined the United States. People moved out west because of cheap land.The Land Act of 1820 authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.Slavery and the Sectional BalanceThe House of Representatives slowed the plans of the Missourians of becoming a state by passing the Tallmadge Amendment. It called for no more slaves to be brought into Missouri and called for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. The amendment was later defeated by the slave states in Congress. The Uneasy Missouri CompromiseHenry Clay introduced the compromise that decided whether or not Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Congress decided to admit Missouri as a slave state in 1820. But, Maine, which was apart of Massachusetts, was to be admitted as a separate, free state. Therefore, there were 12 slave states and 12 free states.The Missouri Compromise by Congress forbade slavery in the remaining territories in the Louisiana Territory north of the line of 36° 30', except for Missouri.

James Monroe was elected again as President in 1820. John Marshall and Judicial NationalismMcCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes. John Marshall declared the U.S. Bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. He strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank.Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) involved the Cohens appealing to the Supreme Court for being found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets by the state of Virginia. Virginia won and the conviction was withheld. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. (Meaning that no other company could use the waterway.) New York lost. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic ExcessesFletcher vs. Peck (1810) Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres to private speculators; the next legislature cancelled the bribery-induced transaction. John Marshall let the state give the acres to the private speculators calling it a contract and constitutional. The decision protected property rights against popular pressures. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) Dartmouth College was given a charter by King George III but New Hampshire wanted to take it away. John Marshall ruled in favor of the college.Daniel Webster- "Expounding Father"; served in both the House and Senate. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida John Quincy Adams- Secretary of State to James Monroe.The Treaty of 1818 permitted the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with the Canadians and provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country without a surrender of the rights or claims of either America or Britain.With the many revolutions taking place in South America, Spain was forced to take many of its troops out of Florida. General Andrew Jackson went into Florida saying he would punish the Indians and recapture the runaways who were hiding away in Spanish Florida. He did this, but captured St. Marks and Pensacola, the 2 most important Spanish posts in the area. The Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded Florida, as well as Spanish claims to Oregon in exchange for America's abandonment of claims to Texas. The Menace of Monarchy in AmericaAfter Napoleon's fall from power in 1815, the Europeans wanted to completely eliminate democracy.George Canning- British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.

Monroe and His DoctrineSecretary Adams thought the British feared that the Americans would one day seize Spanish territory in the Americas; jeopardizing Britain's possessions in the Caribbean.Monroe Doctrine (1823) - President Monroe, in his annual address to Congress, stated a stern warning to the European powers. Its two basic features were non-colonization and nonintervention. Monroe stated that the era of colonization in the Americas was over.

Monroe also warned against foreign intervention. He warned Britain to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, and stated that the United States would not intervene in foreign wars.

Monroe's Doctrine AppraisedThe Europeans powers were offended by the Monroe Doctrine; in a big part because of America's soft military strength.President Monroe was more concerned with the security of America when he issued the Monroe Doctrine. He had basically warned the Old World power to stay away. The Doctrine thrived off nationalism.

USE WITH HOMEWORKS 23-24

The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824-1840 The "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824There were 4 main "Republican" candidates in the election of 1824: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. No candidate won the majority of the electoral votes, so, according to the Constitution, the House of Representatives had to choose the winner. Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, was thus eliminated although he did have much say in who became president. Clay convinced the House to elect John Quincy Adams as president. Adams agreed to make Clay the Secretary of State for getting him into office. Much of the public felt that a "corrupt bargain" had taken place because Andrew Jackson had received the popular vote. John Quincy Adams was a strong nationalist and he supported the building of national roads and canals. He also supported education. Democracy and the Electoral ProcessThe caucus, a loose collection of members of a political group that had been used in local elections during the colonial period, was first adopted as a means of choosing candidates for local elections and for nominating governor and other state officials. The first "congressional caucus, " composed of members of Congress belonging to the same political party, was an informal meeting called by Alexander Hamilton in 1790 for the Federalist Party to choose candidates for the presidency and the vice presidency. It took the opposition ten years to officially form a similar group, a "congressional nominating caucus," which supported Thomas Jefferson in his bid for the presidency in 1800. Henry Clay, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party and Speaker of the House of Representatives, institutionalized the caucus as a means to foster congressional voting along the party line in 1811.In the absence of a unified national party structure, the congressional caucuses soon became the most important groups for coordinating the nomination of candidates for the presidency for both parties. As long as the first two-party system worked, and as long as each party was relatively homogeneous and could easily reach a compromise on its candidates, this system was effective. After the demise of the Federalist Party the nomination of the Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams was challenged in the campaign of 1824 by a number of strong competitors from within his own party, and the system began to break down. The caucus, favoring William H. Crawford, was boycotted by a vocal minority so that in the end only about one-fourth of its members participated. The other three candidates from the Democratic-Republican Party, Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson, were nominated by state assemblies or regional caucuses and staged regional trial votes to gain public endorsement. After the split of the Democratic-Republican Party, no new caucuses were established and the new parties continued to use the supposedly more democratic decentralized nominating process. Regional party conventions had been staged, and in 1831 the newly established Anti-Masonic Party, having no elected representatives to form a congressional caucus, came up with the idea of inviting delegates from regional party chapters to a national convention to nominate the presidential candidate. Within months, the National Republicans copied the concept. Soon, committees were created to devise delegate credentials, rules, and a party platform. Delegates were selected either by caucuses, party members who served in state legislatures, or regional party leaders. The Democratic Party decided that the number of delegates from the individual states should be equal to the number of that states' members in the electoral college, and in 1832, the Democrats devised a "two-thirds rule" for selecting candidates.

Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828Before the election of 1824, two parties had formed: National Republicans and Democratic-Republicans. Adams and Clay were the figures of the National Republicans and Jackson was with the Democratic-Republicans.Andrew Jackson beat Adams to win the election of 1828. The majority of his support came from the South, while Adams's support came from the North. Jackson was the first president from the West and 2nd without a college education. The Spoils SystemWhen the Democrats rose to power in the White House, they replaced most of the people in offices with their own people (the common man). These people were illiterate and incompetent. This system of rewarding political supporters with jobs in the government was known as the "spoils system." The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations"In 1824, Congress increased the general tariff significantly. The Tariff of 1828- called the "Black Tariff" or the "Tariff of Abominations"; also called the "Yankee Tariff". It was hated by Southerners because it was an extremely high tariff and they felt it discriminated against them. The South was having economic struggles and the tariff was a scapegoat. The South Carolina Exposition, made by John C. Calhoun, was published in 1828. It was a pamphlet that denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional. "Nullies" in the South

In an attempt to meet the South's demands, Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828. It fell short of the South's demands. The state legislature of South Carolina called for the Columbia Convention. The delegates of the convention called for the tariff to be void within South Carolina. The convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if the government attempted to collect the customs duties by force. Henry Clay introduced the Tariff of 1833. It called for the gradual reduction of the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over 8 years. By 1842, the rates would be back at the level of 1816. The compromise Tariff of 1833 ended the dispute over the Tariff of 1832 between the South and the White House. The compromise was supported by South Carolina but not much by the other states of the South. The Trail of TearsJackson's Democrats were committed to western expansion, but such expansion meant confrontation with the Indians who inhabited the land east of the Mississippi. The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded in 1787 in order to Christianize Indians. The five civilized tribes were the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. President Jackson wanted to move the Indians so the white men could expand. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. It moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi. The five "civilized" tribes were hardest hit. Black Hawk, who led Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois and Wisconsin, resisted the eviction. The Seminoles in Florida retreated to the Everglades, fighting for several years until they retreated deeper into the Everglades. The Bank WarPresident Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of the United States because he felt it was very monopolistic.The Bank of the United States was a private institution, accountable not to the people, but to its elite circle of investors. The bank minted gold and silver coins. Nicholas Biddle, the president of the Bank of the United States, held an immense and possibly unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs.The Bank War erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank's charter. Clay pushed to renew the charter in 1832 to make it an issue for the election of that year. He felt that if Jackson signed off on it, then Jackson would alienate the people of the West who hated the Bank. If Jackson vetoed it, then he would alienate the wealthy class of the East who supported the Bank. Clay did not account for the fact that the wealthy class was now a minority. Jackson vetoed the bill calling the Bank unconstitutional. The veto showed that Jackson felt that the Executive Branch had more power than the Judicial Branch in determining the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1833A third party entered the election in the election of 1832: The Anti-Masonic party. The party opposed the Masonic Order, which was perceived by some as people of privilege and monopoly. Although Jackson was against monopolies, he was a Mason himself; therefore the Anti-Masons were an anti-Jackson party. It gained support from evangelical Protestant groups.The Jacksonians were opposed to all government meddling in social and economic life.Andrew Jackson was reelected in the election of 1832. Burying Biddle's BankThe Bank of the United States's charter expired in 1836. Jackson wanted to make sure that the Bank would be exterminated. In 1833, 3 years before the Bank's charter ran out, Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from its vaults. Jackson proposed depositing no more funds in the bank and he gradually shrunk existing deposits by using the funds to pay for day-to-day expenditures of the government.The death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy. Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state banks that were political supportive of Jackson.Smaller, wildcat banks in the west had begun to issue their own currency. But this "wildcat" currency was extremely unreliable because its value was based upon the value of the bank it was issued from. In 1836, "wildcat" currency had become so unreliable that Jackson told the Treasury to issue a Specie Circular- a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with metallic money. This drastic step contributed greatly to the financial panic of 1837. The Birth of the Whigs

The Whigs were conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools. They called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines.The Whigs claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared the Democrats the party of corruption. The Election of 1836Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's choice as his successor in the election of 1836. General William Henry Harrison was one of the Whig's many presidential nominees. The Whigs did not win because they did not united behind just one candidate. Depression Doldrums and the Independent TreasuryThe basic cause of the panic of 1837 was the rampant speculation prompted by a get-rich scheme. Gamblers in western lands were doing a "land-office business" on borrowed capital. The speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves. Jacksonian finance also helped to cause the panic. In 1836, the failure of two British banks caused the British investors to call in foreign loans. These loans were the beginnings of the panic. The panic of 1837 caused many banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop, sales of public to fall, and the loss of jobs. Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill. Not passed by Congress, it called for the dividing of the government and banking altogether. The Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840. An independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked in vaults.

Politics for the PeopleThere were 2 major changes in politics after the Era of Good Feelings:

1. Politicians who were too clean, too well dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy was not liked by the American people. The common man was moving to the center of the national political stage.

The Two-Party System

2. There was a formation of a two-party system. The two parties consisted of the Democrats and the Whigs (the National Republican Party had died out). Jacksonian Democrats glorified the liberty of the individual. They supported states' rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. The Whigs supported the natural harmony of society and the value of community. They favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery.