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Webinar
O Nutricionista
Webinar - O Nutricionista
14 de outubro 19:00
(segunda quarta feira do mês)
John Goeser – PhD – Rock River Laboratory/3rlab
O que o laboratório pode medir para ajudar o nutricionista
a ter mais precisão na fazenda.
www.3rlab.com.br
Overview • Lipid digestion & metabolism background
• Effect of FA chain length
• Effect of specific SFA
• Effect of degree of (un)saturation
• Interactions with other dietary components
• Effect of production level
• Meta-analysis
My roots
US Market trends… • As a consultant and advisor? Help Dairies and
Feedlots find opportunity…profit!
US Market trends… • As a consultant and advisor? Help Dairies and
Feedlots find opportunity…profit!
Adapted from MarginSmartTM
weekly newsletter.
Oct 5, 2015, Vol 3, Issue 40.
www.marginsmart.com
Where does feed testing fit in the world?
Confidential- Not for distribution
Where does feed testing fit in the world?
•Feed nutrition & Formulation
Confidential- Not for distribution
Where does feed testing fit in the world?
•Feed nutrition & Formulation
•Beyond formulation???
Confidential- Not for distribution
“Lab” techniques
Beyond Formulation?
Beyond Formulation?
Managing beyond the formulated diet
• Start at the soil
• Soil / plant tissue
• Variety and seed selection
• Harvest decisions / management
• Silage preservation
• Efficiency / stability / shrink
• Buying feed
• Delegate feed to groups
• Anti-Nutrition Factors
• Why didn‟t we see expected response?
• Feeding program opportunities?
• Field research / farm trials
• Advancing the field
Soil & Plant nutrition
ipipotash.org
aesl.ces.uga.edu
• Poor soil cannot produce
healthy plants.
• Poor plants produce poor
feed.
• Regular soil testing can help
to ensure a high yield of a
quality crop
Potassium deficiency
Boron deficiency
Soil & Plant nutrition
• Field fertility is inherently
variable
• GPS grid sampling can
help maximize fertilizer
dollars
• Use in-season tissue
testing to verify nutrient
uptake
Variety / Hybrid Selection
• Understanding info available
• Measure and select for what‟s
heritable
• NDF / Starch
• CHO digestion potential
• Farm plots and evaluation
Harvest Management
• Dry matter
• Maturity
• Cut timing
• Cut height
• Processing
• Soil, yeast, mold,
Clostridium spp.,
aerobic bacteria
contamination
CSPS / KPS Opportunities
Kernel Processing Scores
2013 Crop 2014 Crop 2015 Crop
Silage preservation
• Oxygen transmission
rates
• Fermentation end
products
• Shrink ???
• Environmental
impact???
• Feed-out stability
Beyond Feed Quality and Variation…
• Harvest 100 tons? Want to feed out 100
tons!
• Best silos feed out 98 tons per 100
• Some feed out < 75 ton!!!
What is Preservation Shrink?
• High quality water soluble carbohydrate (sugar and
starch) – some protein as well
• Must be replaced with corn or similar energy value
ingredient
•3% Shrink with 1 ton Silage = how
many bushel???
What is Preservation Shrink?
• High quality water soluble carbohydrate (sugar and
starch) – some protein as well
• Must be replaced with corn or similar energy value
ingredient
•3% Shrink with 1 ton Silage = how
many bushel???
Where does Shrink happen?
Fermentation! …Shrink?
Another approach? Meta-Analysis! Goeser et al. (2015)
Another approach? Meta-Analysis! Goeser et al. (2015)
Factors found related to fermentation
shrink (Goeser et al., 2015)
• DM
• Agrees with Buckmaster et al. (1989) dry matter based
equations
• pH
• Lactic acid
• Acetic acid
• Forage type
• Fermentation length
• Preservative treatment
Fermentation Shrink reality (Goeser et al.,
2015)
Par. Legume Mixed Forage
Grass Corn
Silage Small Grain
Mean 4.26 4.83 4.44 3.15 3.94 Median 2.98 3.41 3.04 2.42 3.07 Min 0.50 2.13 1.26 0.50 0.85
Goal (15th %)
2.17 2.65 1.80 1.53 2.11
Max 45.19 41.39 18.47 48.26 35.75 Std Dev 4.17 4.56 3.77 3.36 3.59
Anti-Nutrition!?
Anti-Nutrition? Mold & Yeast Thumb Rules
0% Spoiled 100% Spoiled
Mold & Yeast Count Benchmarks
Dev. Jan. 2015
Feed Corn Silage Legume/Mixed Forage
Anti-Nutrition Compound Mold Yeast Mold Yeast
Mean 565,000 6,058,000 264,000 1,218,000
Median 2,000 270,000 2,000 10,000
Goal (15th Percentile) < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000
Upper Limit (85th Perc.) 300,000 14,700,000 100,000 1,000,000
Feed Corn Grain TMR
Anti-Nutrition Compound Mold Yeast Mold Yeast
Mean 956,000 7,375,000 316,000 5,942,000
Median 100,000 1,300,000 70,000 1,800,00
Goal (15th Percentile) < 1,000 < 20,000 < 2,000 < 200,000
Upper Limit (85th Perc.) 1,700,000 20,900,000 400,000 13,600,000
Mold & Yeast Count Benchmarks
Dev. Jan. 2015
Feed Corn Silage Legume/Mixed Forage
Anti-Nutrition Compound Mold Yeast Mold Yeast
Mean 565,000 6,058,000 264,000 1,218,000
Median 2,000 270,000 2,000 10,000
Goal (15th Percentile) < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000
Upper Limit (85th Perc.) 300,000 14,700,000 100,000 1,000,000
Feed Corn Grain TMR
Anti-Nutrition Compound Mold Yeast Mold Yeast
Mean 956,000 7,375,000 316,000 5,942,000
Median 100,000 1,300,000 70,000 1,800,00
Goal (15th Percentile) < 1,000 < 20,000 < 2,000 < 200,000
Upper Limit (85th Perc.) 1,700,000 20,900,000 400,000 13,600,000
Recent Mold & Yeast Ct. Trends
Aug „15 July „15 Oct „15
Mycotoxin Benchmarks
Revised Jan. 2015
Dairy Feedlot Swine Poultry Equine
Toxin Values listed in yellow are PPM all other listed in PPB
Aflatoxin 20 20 20 20 20
Deoxynivalenol (DON or Vomitoxin)
0.5 to 1 10 1 2 500
Fumonisin 2 7 10 20 500
T-2 Toxin 100 500 100 100
Zearalenone 400 5 300 10 50
Ochratoxin 5 5 700 700 35
Ergot toxins (combined) 500 500 500 750 300
Energy!?
Is the feed there?
Can your dairy meet the gold standard for nutrient variability? Goeser, 2014 Progressive Dairyman
Ingredient Cost / ton As-Fed DM DMI Expected DMI Actual As-Fed Intake Cost / Cow
Prescribed Diet
Corn Silage 50.00$ 35.0% 22.0 22.0 62.9 1.57$
Alfalfa 300.00$ 85.0% 7.0 7.0 8.2 1.24$
Corn 165.00$ 87.0% 8.0 8.0 9.2 0.76$
Protein and Mineral Mix 500.00$ 90.0% 16.0 16.0 17.8 4.44$
53.0 53.0 98.1 8.01$ Actual Diet
Corn Silage 50.00$ 32.3% 22.0 21.0 64.9 1.62$
Alfalfa 300.00$ 85.0% 7.0 7.2 8.5 1.28$
Corn 165.00$ 87.0% 8.0 8.3 9.5 0.78$
Protein and Mineral Mix 500.00$ 90.0% 16.0 16.5 18.4 4.59$
53.0 53.0 101.3 8.27$
DM Variation impact on IOFC
Looking for additional profit per cow? Dial in on-farm moisture. Goeser
and Meyer, 2014 Progressive Dairyman
Ingredient Cost / ton As-Fed DM DMI Expected DMI Actual As-Fed Intake Cost / Cow
Prescribed Diet
Corn Silage 50.00$ 35.0% 22.0 22.0 62.9 1.57$
Alfalfa 300.00$ 85.0% 7.0 7.0 8.2 1.24$
Corn 165.00$ 87.0% 8.0 8.0 9.2 0.76$
Protein and Mineral Mix 500.00$ 90.0% 16.0 16.0 17.8 4.44$
53.0 53.0 98.1 8.01$ Actual Diet
Corn Silage 50.00$ 32.3% 22.0 21.0 64.9 1.62$
Alfalfa 300.00$ 85.0% 7.0 7.2 8.5 1.28$
Corn 165.00$ 87.0% 8.0 8.3 9.5 0.78$
Protein and Mineral Mix 500.00$ 90.0% 16.0 16.5 18.4 4.59$
53.0 53.0 101.3 8.27$
DM Variation impact on IOFC
Looking for additional profit per cow? Dial in on-farm moisture. Goeser
and Meyer, 2014 Progressive Dairyman
Are the Nutrients there?
Are the Nutrients there?
Protein
Are the Nutrients there?
Protein Carbs
Are the Nutrients there?
Protein Carbs
Fat
Are the Nutrients there?
Protein Carbs
Fat Ash
Feed Variation – Starch!
Can your dairy meet the gold standard for nutrient variability? Goeser, 2014 Progressive Dairyman
Feed Variation – Starch!
Can your dairy meet the gold standard for nutrient variability? Goeser, 2014 Progressive Dairyman
Are you feeding 70 or 100 bu. silage?
20 ton per acre…
• 35% starch
• Yields 100 bushel!
• Digestibility???
How many bushels
are you actually
feeding?
Heuer and Goeser, 2015 Progressive Forage. Accessed online: http://www.progressiveforage.com/forage-production/management/did-you-harvest-optimal-rumen-starch-digestion
What about concentrates?
Feed Assayed Recent RRL Forages 84 % of Total Concentrates 16 % of Total
n = 100,000+ ?
What about concentrates?
Feed Assayed Recent RRL Forages 84 % of Total Concentrates 16 % of Total
n = 100,000+
“Same Feed”
First Nutrients, Second Nutrient Availability…
• How Nutritionists think…and ration programs work
Nutrient % (CP, NDF, etc)
Nutrient Digestibilities (NDFD, etc)
Total Digestible Nutrients, TDN
MILK Weiss, 1998
The nutrients are there, but…
• Seed / genetics
• Dry matter content
• Growing environment
• Fermentation / preservation
• Crop / feed processing
• Rumen dynamics
• Interactions with other
ingredients
• Passage rate
• Dry matter intake
• Production level / stage
• Body size
• Forage to Concentrate ratio
• Anti-Nutrition?
Factors Affecting Digestion
Finding digestion opportunities
• Fecal starch / in vivo TTSD prediction (Fredin et al., 2014)
• TMRD (Schalla et al., 2012)
• In situ or in vitro TMR nutritive disappearance
• Under controlled conditions
• In vitro TTNDFD
• In vitro intestinal digestion
Fecal Starch Content, % of DM
2% Aim
Total Tract Starch Digestibility? (Fredin et al., 2014
equation)
98+% Aim
Cow level in vivo digestion
TMR-D Basics
(Schalla et al., 2012.)
TMR-D Basics
(Schalla et al., 2012.)
TMR-D Basics
Nutrient % & Indigestible
Marker
(Schalla et al., 2012.)
TMR-D Basics
Nutrient % & Indigestible
Marker
(Schalla et al., 2012.)
TMR-D Basics
Nutrient % & Indigestible
Marker
Nutrient % & Indigestible
Marker
(Schalla et al., 2012.)
TMR-D Basics
Nutrient % & Indigestible
Marker
Nutrient % & Indigestible
Marker TMR-D in vivo apparent digestion
(Schalla et al., 2012.)
What do Cows have to say?
TMR - Fiber
- Starch Rumen in vivo
NDF = 42.0 ± 24
Starch = 59.3 ± 31
Total Tract in vivo NDF = 48.5 ± 22
Starch = 92.4 ± 6.5
(Goeser, 2014)
Rumen in situ digestion
Dairy Cattle RSD & kd ?
Rumen Starch Digestion, in vivo or derived from 7 h in situ (RRL Data, 2014)
Dairy Cattle RSD & kd ?
Rumen Starch Digestion, in vivo or derived from 7 h in situ (RRL Data, 2014)
Rumen or intestinal in vitro digestion
TTNDFD (Combs, 2015)
Awareness, Opportunities, IOFC…
Manage for precision – beyond the Lab
References
• Buckmaster, D.R., C.A. Rotz, and R.E. Muck. 1989. A comprehensive model of forage changes in
the silo. Trans. ASAE 32:1143-1152. (As Cited by Savoie and Jofriet, 2003).
• Combs, D.K. 2013. TTNDFD: A new approach to evaluate forages. 2013 Cornell Nutrition Conf.,
Syracuse, NY.
• Fredin, S.M., L. F. Ferraretto, M. S. Akins, P. C. Hoffman, and R. D. Shaver. 2014. Fecal starch as
an indicator of total-tract starch digestibility by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 97:1862-1871.
• Goeser, J. 2014. What do cows have to say about NDF and Starch digestion? Proc. 4-State Dairy
Nutrition Conf. Dubuque, IA.
• Goeser, J.P. and D. Meyer. 2014. Looking for additional profit per cow? Dial in on-farm moisture.
Progressive Dairyman Magazine.
• Goeser, J.P., C.R. Heuer, P. Crump. 2015. Forage fermentation product measures are related to dry
matter loss through meta-analysis. Prof. Anim. Sci. 31:137-145.
• Savoie, P and J.C. Jofriet. 2003. Silage Storage. Ch. 9 Pages 405 – 467. In Silage Science and
Technology. D.R. Buxton, R.E. Muck and J.H. Harrison, eds. ASA – CSSA – SSSA Publishers,
Madison, WI.
• Schalla, A. L. Meyer, Z. Meyer, S. Onetti, A. Schultz, and J. Goeser. 2012. Hot Topic: Apparent total-
tract nutrient digestibilities measured commercially using 120-hour in vitro indigestible NDF as a
marker are related to commercial dairy cattle performance. J Dairy Sci 95:5109-5114.
• Weiss, W. 1998. Estimating the available energy content of feeds. J Dairy Sci. 81:830-839.
Contact – John Goeser PhD, PAS & Diplomate ACAN
• Office: 920-261-0446
• @johngoeser on Twitter
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Excelente material para treinamento de equipes/grupos de estudos
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100 tons Mais que95 tons
Mais que90 tons
Mais que80 tons
Não sei
Brasil
EUA
Argentina
Estocamos 100 tons, recuperaremos
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Produção deleite será a
mesma
Se consumo foro mesmo
produção será amesma
Dig.,especialmenteamido e FDN,fará diferença
Dig,especialmenteamido e FDN,
não farádiferença
Não sei
Brasil
EUA
Argentina
Duas dietas idênticas, mesmo V:C, PB, EE FDN e amido.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mudançana MS nãoimpactará
lucro
Mudançana MS
impactarálucro um
pouco
SomentefazemosMS na
abertura dosilo
Deveríamosfazer MStodos os
dias ecorrigir a
dieta
Não temostempo para
fazer MS
Brasil
EUA
Argentina
30 kg de silagem de milho
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Devem estardoentes
Funcionáriosnão estão
alimentandoos animais
direito
Dietas nãoestão
misturadascorretamente
Forragemdevem estar
comcomposição
diferente
Precisamosselecionar
tourosmelhores
Brasil
EUA
Argentina
Dieta para 40 kg e produção 35 kg