weed management in winter wheat - ridgetown …€¢ good crop safety –mcpa is safer than 2,4-d...

Weed

management in

winter wheat

Peter H. Sikkema

University of Guelph

Ridgetown Campus

Sikkema, UG

Bourassa, Dupont

Winter Wheat – Weed Management

• Excellent crop to have in the rotation to address perennial weed problems

• Different growth cycle (planting and harvest times) helps to break the buildup of summer annual weeds

• Preplant, preharvest and postharvest herbicide application timings are extremely useful to address problem weeds

General Comments

Winter Wheat

Preplant

Postemergence (fall)

Postemergence (spring)

Preharvest

Post harvest

Herbicide Application Timings

Winter Wheat

Preplant

Application Timing

The most important thing farmers can do to

control weeds in winter wheat is to provide a

clean, weed-free seedbed before planting.

Dr. Bill Johnson, Purdue University

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bindweed, fieldChickweed, common

Chickweed, mouse-earedDandelionPlantains

Quack grassWirestem muhly

SowthistleThistle, Canada

Colt's-footDogbane

MilkweedClover, red

Lettuce, PricklyGround-ivy

MallowNutsedge

Carrot, WildVetches

Horsetail, field

GlyphosateSikkema, UG

Glyphosate - Preplant

Winter Wheat - Preplant

0 20 40 60 80 100

Roundup (0.33 L/ac)

Roundup (0.50 L/ac)

Roundup (0.67 L/ac)

Visual Weed Control (%)

PWW03A2A

Chickweed Control with Preplant Applications

Sikkema, UG

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bindweed, fieldChickweed, common

Chickweed, mouse-earedDandelionPlantains

Quack grassWirestem muhly

SowthistleThistle, Canada

Colt's-footDogbane

MilkweedClover, red

Lettuce, PricklyGround-ivy

MallowNutsedge

Carrot, WildVetches

Horsetail, field

GlyphosateSikkema, UG

Glyphosate - Preplant

Visual Crop Injury (8 studies)

0

1

2

2

3

8

12

24

0 5 10 15 20 25

Roundup (1.34 L/ac)

+ Refine (8 g/ac)

+ Banvel (0.25 L/ac)

+ 2,4-D amine (0.5 L/ac)

+ 2,4-D ester (0.5 L/ac)

+ Amitrol (2 L/ac)

+ Distinct (115 g/ac)

+ Classic (14 g/ac)

Visual Crop Injury (% - June 1)Sikkema, UG


Glyphosate Tankmixes Applied Preplant

Roundup (1.34 L/ac)


Roundup (1.34 L/ac)

+ Amitrol (2.0 L/ac)

Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG

Glyphosate Tankmixes Applied Preplant

Roundup (1.34 L/ac) + Classic (14 g/ac)

Sikkema, UG

Yield (8 studies)

100

99

97

95

94

92

86

73

0 20 40 60 80 100

Roundup (1.34 L/ac)

+ Refine (8 g/ac)

+ Banvel (0.25 L/ac)

+ 2,4-D amine (0.5 L/ac)

+ 2,4-D ester (0.5 L/ac)

+ Amitrol (2 L/ac)


+ Classic (14 g/ac)

Yield (% of check)Sikkema, UG



• Use glyphosate for the control of winter annual,

biennial and perennial weeds prior to seeding

• The tankmix of glyphosate plus Refine is safe to use

– Improved control of wild carrot

• Amitrol, Distinct and Classic result in unacceptable

injury and yield loss in wheat

– 8-24% crop injury

– 8-27% yield loss

Summary


• More research is needed on glyphosate tankmixes

with Banvel, 2,4-D amine and 2,4-D ester

– 2-3% injury

– 3-6% yield loss

• If there are perennial broadleaves

– Banvel or 2,4-D may be considered

• Use the ester formulation of 2,4-D

– Apply early to allow time for the herbicides to

break down

Summary

Winter Wheat

Postemergence (fall)

Application Timing

If wheat seedlings are emerging and they are

competing with weeds in the fall there is a risk

of the wheat not tillering. This may result in

reduced yields the following summer.

Dr. Bill Johnson, Purdue University

Winter Wheat - Fall Application

0

0

0.2

0.2

8

12

16

0 5 10 15 20

Banvel (0.12 L/ac)

MCPA Amine (0.70 L/ac)

Buctril M (0.4 L/ac)

Refine (8 g/ac)

2,4-D Amine (0.50 L/ac)

Estaprop (0.70 L/ac)

2,4-D Ester (0.50 L/ac)

Visual Injury (% June 1) – 5 Studies

1X RateSikkema, UG

Do not apply Estaprop or 2,4-D POST in the fall!

Winter Wheat

POST

Fall Application

2,4-D Amine

Estaprop 2,4-D Ester


Sikkema, UG


100

100

100

97

94

93

92

50 60 70 80 90 100


Refine (8 g/ac)

MCPA Amine (0.70 L/ac)

Banvel (0.12 L/ac)

2,4-D Ester (0.50 L/ac)

2,4-D Amine (0.50 L/ac)

Estaprop (0.70 L/ac)

Yield (% of check) – 5 Studies

1X RateSikkema, UG

Do not apply Banvel, 2,4-D or Estaprop in the fall!

Chickweed


Sikkema, UG

0 20 40 60 80 100

Refine (2.4 g/ac)

Refine (4.8 g/ac)

Refine (7.2 g/ac)

Refine (9.6 g/ac)

Refine (12 g/ac)


Buctril + Refine (4 g/ac)


Summary of 2 experiments

Chickweed Control

Sikkema, UG



• The POST fall application of 2,4-D, Estaprop and

Banvel results in reduced wheat yield

– 3-8% yield loss

• Buctril M, Infinity and Refine M are registered for fall

application

Summary


• Buctril M provides excellent control of winter annuals

such as stinkweed and shepherd’s purse

• Refine M provides excellent control of chickweed

and wild carrot in the fall

• Infinity provides good control of chickweed and

dandelions

Summary

• Not every field needs a spring applied broadleaf

herbicide

• Apply early to get the full benefit of the herbicide

• Timing of nitrogen application and herbicide

application usually do not coincide in the spring

• Combining herbicides with 28% N can result in

increased leaf burn

Broadleaf Weed Control

Winter Wheat - Spring Application

50 60 70 80 90 100 110

PWW04C1A

PWW04C1B

PWW04C1C

PWW04C1D

WW05C6A

WW05C6B

WW05C6C

MCWGT 104

MCWPON04

MCWWG05

Average

Yield (bu/ac)

Check Sprayed

Cowbrough,

OMAFRA

Sikkema, UG

Is there a benefit? Yield benefit: 8 of 10

Economic benefit: 6 of 10


70

76

76

69

69

59

0 20 40 60 80

Check

3-May

14-May

23-May

31-May

11-Jun

Yield (bu/ac)

Apply early in the spring for maximum benefits!

Sikkema, UG

Winter Wheat – Broadleaf Weed Control


I will discuss I will not cover

2,4-D

MCPA

Buctril M/Mextrol/Logic M/Badge

Estaprop/Dichlorprop-D/Turboprop

Target/Sword/Tracker

Refine SG

Trophy

Infinity

MCPA sodium

Embutox/Caliber/Cobutox

Mecoprop/Compitox

Tropotox/Clovitox/Topside

Banvel/Oracle

Dyvel

Pardner/Koril/Brotex

Lontrel


• There are 31 trade names in Publication 75

• There are 16 unique active ingredients/premixes

• 8 will be covered in this presentation


Treatment

(Phenoxies)

Low Rate

$/Acre

High Rate

$/Acre

MCPA

2,4-D

Buctril M

3

2

6

6

6

6


Winter Wheat

Historically farmers used

2,4-D and MCPA

for

weed control in wheat,

why?

Spring Application

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lamb's-quarters

Lettuce, Prickly

Mustards

Pigweeds

Shepherd's Purse

Stinkweed

Hempnettle

Ragweed, Common

Thistle, Canada

Fleabane, Canada

Dandelion

Cleavers

Lady's thumb

Chickweed, Common

Buckwheat, Wild

Carrot, Wild

MCPASikkema, UG

Weed Control

2 2

8 8

7

4 4

2 2

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

Lady's thumb Wild Buckwheat Hempnettle Horsetail, field Sowthistle

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

MCPA 2,4-D

MCPA vs 2,4-D

Sikkema, UG

• Good crop safety

– MCPA is safer than 2,4-D

• Do not apply 2,4-D in the fall

• It is safe to apply MCPA in the fall

• Broad-spectrum broadleaf weed control

– MCPA is better on hempnettle, horsetail and sowthistle

– 2,4-D is better on wild buckwheat and lady’s thumb

General Comments

MCPA and 2,4-D

Carrot, wild

Buckwheat, wild

Chickweed, common

Lady’s thumb

Cleavers

Dandelions

Fleabane, Canada

Thistle, Canada

Weaknesses

2,4-D and MCPA

Historically farmers used 2,4-D and MCPA for

weed control in wheat, why?

Summary

Answer:

1. Only herbicides available

2. Broad spectrum broadleaf weed control

3. Relatively safe

Winter Wheat

So, why did farmers switch from

MCPA and 2,4-D

to

Buctril M during the 1990s?

Spring Application

Weed Control

2 2

9 9

0

2

4

6

8

10

Lady's thumb Wild Buckwheat

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

MCPA Buctril M

MCPA vs Buctril M

Sikkema, UG

Shepherd’s purse in winter wheat

Check Buctril M


• Excellent crop safety

– Injury may occur …

• If the crop is under stress at the time of

application

• Cold temperatures before or after application

– Crop usually recovers with no impact on yield

• It is safe to apply in both the fall and spring

– Apply up to the flag leaf stage

Crop Safety

Buctril M

• Mottling, speckling and wilting

of the foliage

• Leaf tips and margins may

become chlorotic and

sometimes necrotic

• Leaves that emerge after

application are unaffected

• Injury is usually cosmetic and

rarely affects yield

Injury Symptoms

Buctril M

Buctril M injury in wheat

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Buctril M - Summary

So, why did farmers switch from MCPA and 2,4-D to

Buctril M during the 1990s?

Answer:

1. Excellent crop safety

2. Broad spectrum broadleaf weed control

a. Better control of wild buckwheat and lady’s thumb

3. Relatively low cost

Carrot, wild

Chickweed, common

Cleavers

Dandelions

Fleabane, Canada

Thistle, Canada

Weaknesses

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lamb's-quarters

Ragweed, Common

Mustards

Buckwheat, Wild

Shepherd's Purse

Stinkweed

Lady's thumb

Lettuce, Prickly

Pigweeds

Hempnettle

Thistle, Canada

Fleabane, Canada

Cleavers

Dandelion

Chickweed, Common

Carrot, Wild

Buctril MSikkema, UG

Treatment

(Phenoxies)

Low Rate

$/Acre

High Rate

$/Acre

Buctril M

Estaprop

Target

Refine M

Trophy

Infinity

6

7

6

10

11

9

6

7

10

10

11

9


Winter Wheat

Why would you consider switching from

Buctril M

to

Estaprop?

Spring Application

Winter Wheat

6 6

7

9

8

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Dandelion Spreading atriplex Horsetail

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

Buctril M Estaprop

Buctril M vs Estaprop

Sikkema, UG

Before

Dandelion control with Estaprop

After

Bourassa, Dupont

Bourassa, Dupont

Prickly Lettuce

in Winter Wheat

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Prickly Lettuce – Spring Application

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D

MCPA

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine

Weed Control (%)


Winter Wheat

Sikkema, UG

Estaprop

Sikkema, UG

• Decrease in plant height

• Distorted awns

• Short, bent or branched spikes

• Missing or sterile florets

• Multiple florets

• Delay in maturity

• Decreased yields

Sikkema, UG

MCPA, 2,4-D & Estaprop

Injury symptoms ...

• Application timing

– Do not apply 2,4-D and Estaprop in the fall

• Decrease in winter hardiness

• Delay in development

• Shortening of the crop

• Yield loss

– Early spring applications

• Temperatures near freezing

– Late spring applications

• Past stem elongation

Increased chance for injury ...


• Herbicide

– MCPA is the safest

– 2,4-D is intermediate

– There is greater potential for injury with Estaprop



Estaprop

Yield Loss - Huron County - HRWW

84

76

0 20 40 60 80 100

Buctril M

Estaprop

Yield (bu/ac)

Buctril M vs Estaprop

Why would you consider switching from Buctril M to

Estaprop?

Answer:

1. Better dandelion and spreading atriplex control

2. BUT

a. Greater potential for crop injury

b. Poorer control of field horsetail

Carrot, wild

Chickweed, common

Cleavers

Horsetail, field

Weaknesses

Winter Wheat

Why would you consider switching from

Buctril M

to

Target?

Spring Application

Winter Wheat

4

1

7 7

8

5

8 8

0

2

4

6

8

10

Cleavers Carrot, wild Thistle, Canada Sowthistle

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

Buctril M Target

Buctril M vs Target

Sikkema, UG

• Narrow margin of crop

safety

– Do not apply when

night temperatures

are below 10oC prior

to or after application

– Apply before wheat

is 30 cm tall (leaf

extended)

Crop Injury

Target

Bourassa, Dupont

Shorter wheat

Unsprayed

Target

• Initial effect is laying over of small grains

• Sharp bends at internodes

• Reduced plant height

• Leaning of crop for remainder of growing season

• Sterile florets

• Severely kinked heads and curled awns

• Chlorotic heads

• Decreased yields

Injury Symptoms

Target

Laying over of the wheat

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Distorted heads

Yield Loss with Target

50 60 70 80 90 100

Soft White

Soft Red

Yield (bu/ac)

Check 2,4-D amine Buctril M Estaprop TargetSikkema, UG

Winter Wheat

24 bu/ac yield

loss with Target

13 bu/ac yield

loss with Target

Wheat Yield

85

82

65

0 20 40 60 80 100

'April 20

'May 1

'May 10

Wheat Yield (bu/ac)Sikkema, UG

Target

20 bu/ac yield

loss with Target

due to late

application

timing


– Preplant applications in the fall

– Early spring applications

• Temperatures near freezing

– Late spring applications

• Past stem elongation


Target

Buctril M vs Target


Target?

Answer:

1. Better cleavers ,wild carrot, Canada thistle and

sowthistle control

2. BUT, greater potential for crop injury

Carrot, wild

Chickweed, common

Dandelion

Weaknesses

Winter Wheat

Why should you consider switching from

Buctril M

to

Refine M?

Spring Application

Winter Wheat

2

1

6

5

7

5

9 9

8 8

7

9

7 7

0

2

4

6

8

10

Chickweed,common

Carrot, wild Atriplex,spreading

Chamomile,scentless

Hempnettle Violet, field Nightshades

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

Buctril M Refine M

Buctril M vs Refine M

Sikkema, UG

Chickweed


Sikkema, UG

Common Chickweed

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D

MCPA

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine M

Trophy

Infinity

Weed Control (%)


Winter Wheat – Spring Application

Sikkema, UG

Common Chickweed

Check Refine SG


Wild Carrot

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Wild Carrot

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D

MCPA

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine M

Trophy

Infinity



Winter Wheat - Postemergence Herbicides

Sikkema, UG

Wild Carrot

Peak + Pardner

Refine M Check

Sikkema, UG



– Apply when cereals are in

the 2-leaf to flag leaf stage

– Safe to apply in fall or spring

• Injury Symptoms

– Stunting and shortening of

internodes

– Yellowing or chlorosis of

entire plant

– Roots may be stunted and

have a rubbery appearance

General Comments

Refine M

Yellowing or chlorosis

• Weather conditions

– Cold temperatures and high humidity (greater

than 85%)

• Stressed crops

• No tankmix

- Addition of MCPA increases the margin of crop

safety

- Ester formulations have a greater safening effect

than amines

Increased chance for injury …

Refine M

Buctril M vs Refine M


Refine M?

Answer:

1. Better chickweed ,wild carrot, spreading atriplex,

scentless chamomile, hempnettle and field violet control

Dandelion Cleavers

Weaknesses

Winter Wheat

Why should you consider switching from

Buctril M

to

Trophy?

Spring Application

Winter Wheat

4

6

5

9 9 9

8 8

7 7

0

2

4

6

8

10

Cleavers Atriplex,spreading

Violet, field Buckwheat, wild Lady's thumb

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

Buctril M Trophy

Buctril M vs Trophy

Sikkema, UG

Cleavers


Cleavers

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D

MCPA

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine M

Trophy

Weed Control (%)


Winter Wheat – Spring Application

Sikkema, UG

Buctril M vs Trophy


Trophy?

Answer:

1. Better cleavers ,spreading atriplex and field violet control

2. Good crop safety

a. Apply until the early flag leaf stage

3. BUT, poorer control of wild buckwheat and lady’s thumb

Buckwheat, wild Lady’s thumb

Weaknesses

Winter Wheat

Why should you switch from

Buctril M

to

Infinity?

Spring Application

Winter Wheat

3

4

2

6

7

8 8

9 9 9

0

2

4

6

8

10

Dandelion Cleavers Chickweed,common

Atriplex, spreading Hempnettle

We

ed

co

ntr

ol ra

tin

g

Buctril M Infinity

Buctril M vs Infinity

Sikkema, UG

Dandelion


Sikkema, UG

Dandelion

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D

MCPA

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine M

Trophy

Infinity

Weed Control (%)


Wheat

Sikkema, UG

Check Estaprop

Infinity 2,4-D

Sikkema, UG


Sikkema, UG


• Apply prior to the flag leaf emergence

• Crop injury may occur if …

– Application after flag leaf emergence

– Crop is stressed due to severe weather

conditions, frost, low fertility, drought, water

saturated soils, disease or insect damage

Crop Safety

Infinity

• Broad-spectrum broadleaf weed control

– Weed control may be reduced

• Under cool, dry conditions

• In the presence of heavy dew, fog, mist or rain

• Weeds are covered by dust

Weed Control

Infinity

Buctril M vs Infinity


Infinity?

Answer:

1. Better dandelion, chickweed, cleavers, spreading atriplex and

hempnettle control

a. The addition of ammonium sulfate improves the control of

cleavers

2. Excellent crop safety

Carrot, wild

Weaknesses

Weed Species Herbicide

Field Bindweed Target

Wild carrot Refine M

Scentless chamomile Refine M

Common chickweed Refine M, Infinity

Cleavers Trophy, Infinity, Target

Canada fleabane Infinity

Dandelion Infinity, Estaprop

Ground ivy Trophy

Hempnettle Infinity, Refine M

Horsetail MCPA

Prickly lettuce 2,4-D, MCPA, Estaprop, Target

Buctril M

Winter Wheat &

Red Clover

• Good crop safety

– Apply when the red clover is in the 1st to 3rd trifoliate and when the wheat provides a protective canopy over the clover

• May burn clover if it is hot & dry

• May not come back

• Most times at harvest there is no difference

• Broad spectrum broadleaf weed control

• Relatively low cost

Bourassa, Dupont

Bourassa, Dupont

Buctril M

Check Buctril M 2,4-D

Estaprop Target Refine SG

Trophy Infinity Peak + Pardner

Sikkema, UG



Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG

100

64

60

47

41

30

18

0 20 40 60 80 100

Buctril M

Trophy

Refine SG

2,4-D ester

Estaprop

Infinity

Target

Yield (% of control)DeJong, UG

Winter Wheat – Red Clover

Check Buctril M

Puma Super Achieve



Winter Wheat

Annual Grass Control

Treatment

Low Rate

$/Acre

High Rate

$/Acre

Trifluralin

Achieve

5

19

7

19

Winter Wheat

Annual Grass Control

Treflan Achieve

Bentgrass Wild oats

Barnyard grass

Green foxtail

Yellow foxtail

Treflan

• Seed the crop at least 5 cm deep

– Spatial separation between the wheat seed

and herbicide on the surface

• Apply Treflan shortly after seeding wheat

– Incorporate shallowly using drag harrows

• Used for the control of loose silky bentgrass

General Comments

Achieve


– 1-6 leaf stage of annual grasses

– Wild oat control is reduced if Refine is applied

before Achieve

• Tankmixes with broadleaf herbicides

– Buctril M & Infinity

– Apply other broadleaf herbicides apply 7 days

after Achieve

– Do not tankmix Achieve with Refine

General Comments

Weed

management in

winter wheat

Peter H. Sikkema

University of Guelph

Ridgetown Campus

Sikkema, UG

Bourassa, Dupont

weed management in winter wheat - ridgetown …€¢ good crop safety –mcpa is safer than 2,4-d...

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